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WISCONSIN'S 
WAR GOVERNORS 




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WISCONSIN 

IN THE WORLD WAR 

wiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiH 

An account of the activities of Wisconsin citizens 
during the great world war, giving in part the 
record of a loyal state and acknowledging in 
part its devotion and untiring service to the 
Nation and to its ideals for a lasting and benev- 
olent democracy. 



BY 
R. B. PIXLEY 



For aid in compiling the records in this book, and 
for the encouragement that made it possible, the 
author is indebted to the state officials at Madi- 
son, to men and women who helped make Wis- 
consin's record, and to the files of the press of 
Wisconsin, which told an interesting and accurate 
story, day by day, of the war work at home 
until victory was won. 



MILWAUKEE 
THE WISCONSIN WAR HISTORY COMPANY 

1919 






COPYRIGHT 1919 

BY 

R. B. PIXLEY 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 



S. E. TATE PRINTING COMPANY 

MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 

U. S. A. 



n-: 



«^ 



"EB 28 1919 



TO 

MY MOTHER 



WISCONSIN 

IN THE WORLD WAR 

CHAPTER ONE 

When, in the early thirties, the brave .spirits who settled 
Wisconsin made their way through forests and over fresh 
prairies to the territory which became the great Middle West, 
they could not foresee its future. The call of the open places, 
■ the desire for the freedom and the opportunity of the new 
country, sent them here. Like Crusaders they came, braving 
all dangers, enduring all hardships. 

They settled, here and there, the domain which is now the 
center of the northwest group of states, Illinois, Indiana, 
Ohio, Michigan and Wisconsin. Where rivers joined, upon 
the banks of lakes, in the fertile valleys already abloom with 
vegetation they paused, in small groups, to build their stock- 
ades, and set about the task of conquering a wilderness. 

In their veins flowed the blood of the pioneer. Their an- 
cestors had embarked from the Mayflower to settle Plymouth 
Colony. As history was made the Revolutionary War had 
been fought, and when the colonies took on the old world 
ways these pioneers sought newer, wilder places. Their 
paths led always westward, and finally they came here. 
They lived their lives of adventure, they founded cities, they 
harnessed in primitive fashion the power of rushing waters, 
they made the first, simple laws of the commonwealth, they 
cultivated a virgin .soil, they laid the foundation of a great 
sovereign state, and then passed on, to leave for us the fruits 
of their labors. 



6 Wisconsin In The World War 

Wisconsin grew like a healthy child; and during the 
Civil War President Lincoln found 93,000 men ready to 
answer his calls for troops. The territory which in 1634 had 
first been visited by a white man, and which for more than 
a century was but a far outpost of civilization, forgot itself 
and gave what it had to the Union. From the camps of the 
South, then, the men who survived came back, and Wisconsin 
took up the work of reconstruction, and in spite of the diffi- 
culties of a sorely-tried period the state grew and prospered. 
Its population doubled, over and over again, and its wealth 
steadily increased. It became the peaceful home of an in- 
dustrious, forward-looking people, faithful to its ideals, loyal 
to the nation. In that long period of peace which followed 
the Civil War, broken only temporarily by the victorious 
conflict with Spain, Wisconsin gave to the nation a tireless 
service. 

Then came the war in Europe. 

When the assassination of a crown prince gave the signal 
for the ruling, war-mad military group in Central Europe, and 
when, within a week, armies were being mobilized and the 
first shot of the greatest war history will ever know was fired, 
Wisconsin looked on amazed, but with no thought of danger. 
Germany was advancing upon Paris, leaving a devastated 
Belgium in its wake, England was sending her mighty fieet 
to sea and calling for men for her armies, France was awak- 
ening from her pleasures to face the grim reality of war and 
defend her capitol at the Marne, but the people of Wisconsin, 
peace-loving, with their own problems before them, gave little 
heed. 

When the state was young, in 1848, there had come from 
Germany a group of men who had been the first of thousands to 
choose Wisconsin as their home. These men, who later fought 
with Sigel in the Civil War, had passed on to their children, 
and their children's children, the love for German customs and 
the folk lore of their childhood. The man or woman who had 
known the Germany of fifty years ago could not know the 
ruling powers of the Germany which surrendered on No- 



Wisconsin In The World War 7 

vember 11, 1918. They had faith in the German people, they 
had the inherent love of fatherland, and when the issue was 
drawn and red blood was flowing in the terrible conflict they 
took Germany's side. Other men, for the same reason, took 
the side of England, and France, and as other countries were 
drawn into the war each had its friends in America, and Wis- 
consin was no exception. 

Then came the time when America was being slowly 
drawn into the war. The people of Wisconsin wanted peace, 
but the fighting blood of those pioneers who founded the 
commonwealth slowly became aroused. The Lusitania sent 
a shudder of horror through the hearts of Wisconsin. The 
crimes in Belgium, the brutal course of the armies of Ger- 
many, Austria and Turkey aroused the state, and when, after 
this nation had prayed for peace if it could be peace with 
honor. President Wilson put aside that thought and called 
for troops, Wisconsin was ready for war. 

How Wisconsin responded will in part be told in these 
pages. The story of the heroism of the men who marched 
away to camps and those who represented the state in the 
brilliant fighting which won victory for the Allied arms cannot 
be told here. The final tributes due them, so far as they can be 
told in the printed page, must be left to other, abler writers, 
who some day, when the facts are all known, will give us the 
history of Chateau Thierry and the other battles where Wis- 
consin troops were in the front line and knew no defeat. So 
far as the public record has been made, the story of the war 
workers at home will be told. Scant justice can be done, for 
public records tell only the doings of the leaders, and make no 
mention of the loyalty and sacrifice of the army of patriots 
whose names can never be known. 

The pioneers who came here nearly a century ago to 
follow the uncertain paths blazed through the forests by Jean 
Nicolet, the pioneers who, like Sieur des Groseilliers and his 
companions, made the first connection between Wisconsin 
and the places of civilization, have lived their lives and are 
gone. The crude implements with which they wrested the 



8 Wisconsin In The World War 

foundations of our fortunes from the earth are long ago 
rusted away upon the crumbling walls where they hung. 
The songs they sang, the tales of their barter and trade, the 
stories of their daily adventures are but legend. But down 
through the years that American spirit and courage which 
sustained them in the wilderness has lived. And from the 
wealth which they made possible, to win the greatest war in 
history, Wisconsin has given without counting the cost. 
Wisconsin has drawn upon its never exhausted fund of cour- 
age, and while thousands of young men have marched with a 
smile into the blazing lines of machine guns, other thousands 
have fought for the ideals of this nation at home. 

Some of the men who went to the battle fronts from 
Wisconsin now sleep under the poppies of France. Here 
there are homes where sorrow tempered by pride in the de- 
parted soldier'-s sacrifice will ever be present. 

Wisconsin gave its all for a righteous war, and when the 
final page is written this state, your state and mine, will be 
awarded its part in the glory, which will be apportioned, share 
and share alike, to the sisterhood of states. 



CHAPTER TWO. 
Wisconsin Prepares For War. 

When America entered the war Wisconsin boasted of a 
National Guard which ranked with that of New York, Illinois 
and Pennsylvania as the best in the nation. Years of mili- 
tary training and annual encampments at the splendid Camp 
Douglas military reservation had brought the Guard to a high 
standard. Many of the older officers had seen service in the 
Philippines twenty years before, and the Guard had recently 
returned from service on the Mexican border. 

The entire Wisconsin National Guard saw service at the 
border, being stationed at a camp near Fort Houston, San 
Antonio, Texas. Only these organizations remained in the 
state during that campaign : . 

First Separate company of infantry, Chippewa Falls. 

Second Separate company of infantry, Janesville. 

Battery B, First Field Artillery, Green Bay. 

Battery C, First Field Artillery, Racine. 

Troop B, First Cavalry, Milwaukee. 

Troop B later was sent to the border, to relieve Troop A. 

The other organizations were uniformed, but could not 
be equipped and armed, but were ordered to the state military 
reservation for a tour of instruction and while in camp were 
inspected by an officer of the United States army. 

As a result of the service on the border, the First, Second 
and Third regiments, officers and men, were seasoned soldiers 
On December 20, 1916, a few months before they were called 
by the government for service overseas, Newton D. Baker, 
Secretary of War, had paid them the following compliment, 



10 Wisconsin In The World War 

in a letter to the Commanding Officer, First Brigade Head- 
quarters, Wisconsin National Guard : 

"I wish to thank you and the officers and men of your 
organization who went to the border in response to the call 
of the President, Tor the valuable service which you have 
rendered to the country. When the National Guard was 
called into the service of the Federal Government, the lives of 
men, women and children along the frontier were in grave 
danger, owing to the formidable bandit raids from the Mexi- 
can side of the boundary. It is not too much to say that had 
these raids continued, there was danger of international war. 
From the time of the arrival of the units of the National 
Guard on the border, the raids cease"d, and the tension be- 
tween the two countries began to relax. It is the hope and 
belief of the Government that the presence of the units of the 
National Guard, together with the units of the Regular Army, 
on the border and in Mexico, and the presence of the mobiliza- 
tion camps of the units of the National Guard in readiness for 
such service has made possible a peaceful solution of a diffi- 
cult and threatening problem.^ 

With the war clouds gathering, the War Department 
had ordered several of the crack National Guard units into 
the Federal service, and the Third Wisconsin regiment was 
one of these. On March 26, 1917, this organization was re- 
turned to the Federal service, and was placed on duty through- 
out the central and northern portions of the state, guarding 
the large ore docks, tunnels and bridges on the main lines oi 
railroads, including the ore docks at Two Harbors, Minn. 

The legislature was in session, and the members gave 
over other problems to do their part in preparing the state 
for war. On April 12, 1917, ten days after President Wilson 
read his first war message to Congress, the bill creating the 
State Council of Defense was passed without a dissenting 
vote. It was the first organization of its kind in the United 
States. 

In the meantime Gov. E. L. Philipp and Adjutant Gen- 
eral Orlando Holway, head of the National Guard, had been 



Wisconsin In The World War H 

studying the problem of recruiting the Guard to war strength 
as provided by the new Federal law. Gen. Holway was given 
authority to open recruiting stations in various cities, and men 
were flocking to the ranks of the Guard. 

The selective service law having been passed by Congress. 
Wisconsin began the work of carrying out that law. Dr. 
Charles McCarthy of the Legislative Reference Library was 
selected by Gov. Philipp to aid in the preliminary work, and 
the first step was to organize the election machinery of the 
state into a voluntary unit. The use of this machinery was 
suggested to the Washington authorities, and in the case of 
Wisconsin was tendered without cost to the National Gov- 
ernment. 

The first registration day, June 5, 1917, was designated 
in an executive proclamation as Duty Day, and gave the state 
the first opportunity to lead the nation in a war activity. 

Wisconsin was alive to the necessity of caring for the 
health of its soldiers soon to be mustered into service, and 
as early as June 6, 1917, the registered nurses of the state 
were being called to the colors. To safeguard the health of 
the people at home, therefore, it was necessary to recruit an 
army of volunteers, and on June 6 the governor signed a bill 
which had been unanimously passed by the legislature appro- 
priating $30,000 for enlisting and training health aide classes. 
How the physicians and nurses served the state and nation 
will be told in another chapter. It must be said here, how- 
ever, that Wisconsin was the first state to recognize the need 
of such nurses during the war. 

The men who knew finance, the banker, the merchant, 
the manufacturer and in many cases the professional man, had 
turned their attention to the money needs of the war, and the 
first Liberty Loan campaign was in progress. In the case 
of the first loan the appeal was made principally to those who 
had been accustomed to bonds, and there was not the general 
response which accompanied subsequent campaigns. County 
organizations had not been completed, and the people had 
not thoroughly awakened to this individual responsibility and 



12 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

opportunity to help win the war. This was true in other 
states. In spite of this fact Wisconsin subscribed $36,236,750 
to this loan, which was an oversubscription, and on June 9, 
1917, the state was reported to have led all other states in the 
Seventh Federal Reserve district, which included Illinois, 
Michigan, Indiana and Iowa. The counties in the Northern 
and Western part of state, which were in the Ninth Re- 
serve district, also bought many bonds. 

On June 13, 1917, the legislature passed a bill exempting 
soldiers and sailors from civil process during the period of 
their service, and in this Wisconsin was first. The people 
recognized the rights of the soldiers and sailors in this regard, 
and the law had unanimous approval. 

Ten days later the legislature passed and the governor 
signed a bill providing for aid to the dependents of soldiers 
and sailors, as another step in preparing for war. The records 
of the administration of this law, given elsewhere, are a credit 
to the state. 

The ready response of the state to war activities already 
had attracted the attention of Washington, and, on June 28, 
1917, the first official recognition was received. Provost 
Marshall General Crowder, head of the national administra- 
tion of the selective service law, wired to Gov. Philipp, in 
acknowledging the record of the first registration day : 

"I have come to expect the impossible of Wisconsin." 

This tribute to the loyalty of the people spurred them 
on to even greater efforts. 

Less than a month after the first registration day the se- 
lected men had been called and examined and the quota of 
the state for the National army was ready for orders. Wash- 
ington reported on July 1, 1917, that Wisconsin's percentage 
of men of military age failing to respond to the draft was less 
than 2 per cent, while the average of the nation was more 
than 8 per cent. 

Gen. Holway's drive for enlistments in the National 
Guard^'had met with a wonderful response. Everywhere the 
companies of the veteran regiments, the First, Second and 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 13 

Third, had been filled quickly, and three other regiments of 
infantry, the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth, were organized. In 
many cities there was an early waiting list of applicants, some 
of the new companies being recruited over night. 

On August 1, 1917, four months after America entered 
the war, Gen. Holway reported that the Guard had been 
recruited to war strength of 15,266 men, in the following 
organizations : 

Six regiments of infantry. 

One regiment of cavalry. 

One regiment of artillery. 

One battalion of signal corps. 

One battalion of engineers. 

Two field hospital companies. 

Two ambulance companies. 

In perfecting the organization of the new units required, 
changes in the old organizations became necessary so that 
the Machine Gun Company, First Infantry, was transferred 
to the First Field Artillery as Battery D. 

Company M, First Infantry, was changed to Machine 
Gun Company, First Infantry. 

The Second Separate Company of Infantry was transferred 
to the First Infantry as Company M. 

The First Separate Company of Infantry was transferred 
to the Fourth Infantry as Company A. 

The following day the mobilization of the state troops 
began at Canip Douglas, which had been prepared for the 
housing and feeding of the men under the direction of Major 
Charles R. Williams, a Wisconsin officer who served in the 
line abroad and whose only son died in France. 

The story of this boy, one of the first from Wisconsin to 
give up his life, deserves recognition here as one of the touch- 
ing incidents of the war. Born the son of a soldier, he spent 
his boyhood days at Camp Douglas, and when a mere child 
was the comrade of the men who came each year to encamp- 
ments. When the call came for volunteers he was one of 
the first to respond, and he went overseas in the Thirty-second 



14 Wisconsin In The World War 

Division which was destined to bring new and lasting glories 
to the state. He died early in the war, a victim of disease, 
but none the less a hero. His body was sent home, and he 
lies sleeping in the shadow of one of the mounds of the 
reservation over which he played as a child. 

The organizations of the National Guard, as it was mobi- 
lized at Camp Douglas, and its officers, were as follows : 

Adjutant General's Department — Lieutenant Colonel John 
G. Salsman, Madison. 

Quartermaster Department — Lieutenant Colonel Charles 
R. Williams, Camp Douglas. 

Medical Department — Lieutenant Colonel Gilbert E. Sea- 
man, Milwaukee, Chief Surgeon ; Major Jas. W. Frew, Mil- 
waukee, assigned to First Infantry; Major Jas. R. Scott, Ap- 
pleton, assigned to Second Infantry ; Major Lewis A. Moore, 
Monroe, assigned to Third Infantry; Major Geo. W. Nielson. 
Milwaukee, assigned to Field Hospital Company No. 1 ; 
Major Gustavus I. Hogue, Milwaukee, assigned to First Cav- 
alry; Major Clarence J. Kenney, Milwaukee, assigned to First 
Field Artillery; Major Wm. F. Lorenz, Madison, assigned to 
Field Hospital Company No. 2; Major Robert H. Gray, La 
Crosse, assigned to Sixth Infantry; Major Edgar C. Barnes, 
Ripon, assigned to Fourth Infantry ; Major Dirk Bruins, Mil- 
waukee, assigned to Fifth Infantry ; Captain Jesse R. Bryant, 
Wausau, assigned to Third Infantry ; Captain Wm. C. Wat- 
kins, Oconto, assigned to Second Infantry ; Captain Robt. W. 
Blumenthal, Milwaukee, assigned to First Infantry ; Captain 
Arthur A. Mitten, Milwaukee, assigned to Ambulance Com- 
pany No, 1 ; Captain E. Armitage, Milwaukee, assigned to 
Field Hospital Company No. 1 ; Captain Herbert Graebner, 
Milwaukee, assigned to Field Hospital Company No. 1 ; 
Captain Wm. W. Johnston, Racine, assigned to Ambulance 
Corps No. 2 ; First Lieutenant Harry W. Sargeant, Milwau- 
kee, assigned to Ambulance Company No. 1 ; First Lieutenant 
Frank J. Schubert, Milwaukee, assigned to Ambulance Com- 
pany No. 1 ; First Lieutenant Geo. F. King, Green Bay, as- 
signed to First Field Artillery; First Lieutenant Wm. J. Han- 



Wisconsin In The AVoeld War 15 

ley, Kenosha, assigned to Ambulance Company No. 2; First 
Lieutenant Thos. E. Mackedon, Cedarburg, assigned to Fifth 
Infantry; First Lieutenant John M. Scantelton, Sparta, as- 
signed to Third Infantry ; First Lieutenant Wesley L. Boyden, 
Seymour, assigned to Second Infantry ; First Lieutenant Wm. 
P. Salbreiter, Racine, assigned to Ambulance Company No. 2; 
First Lieutenant Rollin D. Thompson, Reedsburg, assigned 
to Field Hospital Company No. 2 ; First Lieutenant Jas. A. 
Ballard, Hayward, assigned to Sixth Infantry ; First Lieuten- 
ant Michael J. Trock, Milwaukee, assigned to First Battalion 
Signal Corps; First Lieutenant Albin A. Krygier, Milwaukee, 
assigned to Fifth Infantry ; First Lieutenant Wm. J. Frawley, 
Appleton, assigned to Second Infantry ; First Lieutenant 
Miles D. Cottingham, Lake Geneva, assigned to First Cav- 
alry; First Lieutenant Jay C. Brewer, Jefferson, assigned to 
First Cavalry; First Lieutenant Walter E. Mueller, Green 
Bay, assigned to First Field Artillery ; First Lieutenant 
Daniel F. Hudick, Wales, assigned to Field Hospital Company 
No. 1 ; First Lieutenant Parker T. Trowbridge, Washburn, as- 
signed to Sixth Infantry; First Lieutenant Carl A. S. Gunder- 
son, Madison, assigned to Field Hospital Company No. 2 ; 
First Lieutenant Merlyn H. Draper, Deerfield, assigned to 
Field Hospital Company No. 2; First Lieutenant Geo. W. 
Krahn, Oconto Falls, assigned to 4th Infantry; First Lieuten- 
ant Ernest F. Hafemeister, Milwaukee, assigned to First In- 
fantry ; First Lieutenant Raymond L. Kenney, Milwaukee, 
assigned to Ambulance Company No. 1 ; First Lieutenant 
James Philip Dean, Madison, assigned to Field Hospital Com- 
pany No. 2; First Lieutenant Wm. Carl Liefert, Milwaukee, 
assigned to Field Hospital Company No. 1 ; First Lieutenant 
Thos. Patrick Kennan, Milwaukee, assigned to Ambulance 
Company No. 1 ; First Lieutenant Clarence C. Del Marcelle, 
Neenah, assigned to Ambulance Company No. 2; First Lieu- 
tenant William R. Doctor, Cazenovia, assigned to Sixth In- 
fantry ; First Lieutenant Luther N. Schnetz, Racine, assigned 
to Ambulance Company No. 2 ; First Lieutenant Homer M. 



16 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

Carter, Madison, assigned to First Battalion Engineers; First 
Lieutenant Taylor Cooksey, Madison. 

Dental Corps — First Lieutenant Wm. W. Barney, Mil- 
waukee; First Lieutenant Frederick J. Bergholte, Waukesha; 
First Lieutenant Otto B. Hins, Oshkosh; First Lieutenant 
Francis L. Gullickson, West Salem ; First Lieutenant Fred- 
erick Vater, Milwaukee ; First Lieutenant Clyde R. Modie, 
Madison; First Lieutenant Frank H. Fancher, Racine; First 
Lieutenant Wm. Russell Cressey, Milwaukee; First Lieu- 
tenant Frank Erwin Machus, Oconomowoc ; First Lieutenant 
Gordon E. Harrington, Marshfield ; First Lieutenant Halbert 
L Lewis, Washburn. 

Veterinary Corps — Second Lieutenant Stanley L. Pilgrim 
Wauwatosa, assigned to First Cavalry ; Second Lieutenant 
Wm. C. Schultz, Milwaukee, assigned to First Field Artillery ; 
Second Lieutenant Ray Whitman Smith, Racine, assigned to 
First Field Artillery. 

First Battalion Signal Corps — Major William Mitchell 
Lewis, Racine. 

Headquarters Company — First Lieutenant B. F. Crandall, 
Milwaukee. 

Company A, Milwaukee — Captain Robert S. Wheatson, 
First Lieutenant George A. Ward, First Lieutenant Christo- 
pher Boners. 

Company B, Milwaukee — Captain Edward A. Olson, First 
Lieutenant Elmer G. Meyer, First Lieutenant Leigh H. La- 
throp. 

Company C, Milwaukee — Captain John J. O. Farrell, First 
Lieutenant Carl J. Andrae, First Lieutenant Frank Russel, 
First Lieutenant Joseph B. Chamberlain. 

First Battalion Engineers — Major Howard Greene. 

Headquarters Company, Milwaukee — Captain Alexander 
C. Eschweiler. 

Company A, Milwaukee — Captain James W. Shaw, First 
Lieutenant George W. Lewis, First Lieutenant Ray C. Phipps, 
Second Lieutenant John E. Schafer. 

Company B, Milwaukee — Captain Clarence U. Smith, 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 17 

First Lieutenant Alexander E. Shiells, First Lieutenant 
Charles McL. Lewis, Second Lieutenant Armin C. Frank. 

Company C, Milwaukee — Captain Charles M. Soudder, 
First Lieutenant Frank B. Hatton, First Lieutenant Clyde 
H. Fuller, Second Lieutenant Robert S. Lutz. 

First Brigade Wisconsin Infantry — Brigadier General 
Charles R. Boardman, Oshkosh. 

Brigade Adjutant — Major Charles A. Greene, Appleton. 

Aides — First Lieutenant Alex. J. Lytle, Rhinelander ; 
First Lieutenant Otto G. F. Zeman, Superior. 

FIRST REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. 

Colonel John P. Joachim, Madison. 

Lieutenant Colonel Glen W. Garlock, West Salem. 

Major Wm. F. Mehl, Milwaukee. 

Major Charles S. Buck, Beloit. 

Major Paul Ahnert, Milwaukee. 

Captain Gustav Stearns, Chaplain, Milwaukee. 

Battalion Adjutants — First Lieutenant Thos. P. Colbert, 
Beloit; First Lieutenant Samuel W. Oakey, Madison; First 
Lieutenant Horace L. Anderson, Beloit. 

Headquarters Company, Madison — Captain Myron C. 
West, Madison. 

Machine Gun Company, Oconomowoc — Captain Anthony 
G. Derse, First Lieutenant Edw. Llewelyn Jones, Second 
Lieutenant Geo. W. Behrend, Second Lieutenant Carl E. 
Lugviel. 

Supply Company, Madison — Captain George F. O'Con- 
nell, Second Lieutenant Francis X. Ritger. 

Company A, Reedsburg — Captain Leo M. Darrenougue, 
First Lieutenant Herbert H. Prange, Second Lieutenant Thos. 
H. Tudor. 

Company B, Ft. Atkinson — Captain Arthur R. Langholff, 
First Lieutenant Delbert D. Hills, Second Lieutenant Louis 
B. Reich. 

Company C, Whitewater — Captain R. H. Lindbaum, First 
Lieutenant P. E. Trautman, Second Lieutenant J. A. Plank. 

Company D, Milwaukee — Captain Frank Meeke, First 



18 Wisconsin In The World War 

Lieutenant J. A. Johannes. Second Lieutenant Thomas L. 
Rickert. 

Company E, Milwaukee — Captain Raymond Arnold, First 
Lieutenant Nick P. Salm, Second Lieutenant Fred A. Clemens. 

Company F, Milwaukee — Captain Henry W. Biemdiecke, 
First Lieutenant W. F. Gaulke, Second Lieutenant Fred 
Schroeder. 

Company G, Madison — Captain William Smith, First 
Lieutenant Fred T. Finn, Second Lieutenant Steven O. Brig- 
ham. 

Company H, Monroe — Captain Allen E. Mitchell, First 
Lieutenant Fred W. Heer, Second Lieutenant Chas. H. Kohli. 

Company I, Neenah — Captain Bert L. Smith, First Lieu- 
tenant B. O. Bell, Second Lieutenant Anthony J. Webber. 

Company K, Milwaukee — Captain Leo L. Kosak, First 
Lieutenant Albert Gulczynski, Second Lieutenant Leo Gurda. 

Company L, Beloit — Captain E. Howe Allen, First Lieu- 
tenant Floyd C. Henderson, Second Lieutenant Ray C. 
Dickop. 

Company M, Janesville — Captain Edgar N. Caldwell, Fir^t 
Lieutenant Fred T. Rau, Second Lieutenant Harold S. Pelton. 

SECOND REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. 

Colonel Wilbur M. Lee, Oconto. 

Lieutenant Colonel Philip J. Zink, Beaver Dam. 

Major Walter A. Marden, Oshkosh. 

Major Wm. B. Hall, Oconto. 

Major Adolph M. Trier, Fond du Lac. 

Captain John T. Kendall, Chaplain, Viroqua. 

Battalion Adjutants — First Lieutenant Geo. Merkel, Ap- 
pleton ; First Lieutenant Fred B. Rhyner, Marshfield; First 
Lieutenant Allan B. Ellis, Appleton. 

Headquarters Company — Captain T. Byron Beveridge, 
Appleton. 

Machine Gun Company, Ashland — Captain Matt. C. Tom- 
kins, First Lieutenant Arthur S. Childs, Second Lieutenant 
Stanley W. Smith, Second Lieutenant Roy W. Kelley. 



Wisconsin In The World War 19 

Supply Company, Oshkosh — Captain Frank H. Crane. 
Beaver Dam ; Second Lieutenant Robert A. Hellard. 

Company A, Marshfield — Captain Frank Reigel, First 
Lieutenant W. C. Mueller, Second Lieutenant Wm. Beseler, 

Company B, Oshkosh— Captain John F. McCusker, First 
Lieutenant John D. Spencer, Second Lieutenant E. H. New- 
ton. 

Company C, Sheboygan — Captain Paul W. Schmidt, First 
Lieutenant Wm. N. Jensen, Second Lieutenant August Wolf. 

Company D, Ripon — Captain Emil G. Prellwitz, First 
Lieutenant Aug. C. Buchholz, Second Lieutenant Harry L. 
Dornbrook. 

Company E, Fond du Lac — Captain Adelbert R. Brunet, 
First Lieutenant J. Smith, Second Lieutenant Hy Vogt. 

Company F, Oshkosh — Captain Gustave C. Schwandt, 
First Lieutenant Richard B. Salsieder, Second Lieutenant A. 
R. Bahr. 

Company G, Appleton — Captain Lothar G. Graef, First 
Lieutenant Alvin J. Bogan, Second Lieutenant August A. 
Arens. 

Company H, Manitowoc — Captain Edw. J. Schmidt, First 
Lieutenant Wm. Jung, Second Lieutenant J. Goetz. 

Company I, Marinette — Captain Edward M. Mayville, 
First Lieutenant H. M. Donaldson, Second Lieutenant H. A. 
Pradome. 

Company K, Beaver Dam — First Lieutenant Theodore 
Parker, Second Lieutenant Geo. L. Draheim. 

Company L, Rhinelander — Captain Forest H. Himes, 
First Lieutenant Clarence J. Wesley, Second Lieutenant Kirk 
W. White. 

Company M, Oconto — Captain J. H. Kampo, First Lieu- 
tenant A. C. Pate, Second Lieutenant Herman H. Modrow. 

THIRD REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. 

Colonel John Turner, Mauston. 
Lieutenant Colonel Wm. Y. Burton, Hudson. 
Major Frank H. Fowler, La Crosse. 
Major Robt. A. Merrill, Sparta. 



20 Wisconsin In The World War 

Major Ulysses G. Carl, Oshkosh. 

First Lieutenant Wm. F. Hood, Chaplain, Rice Lake. 

Battalion Adjutants — First Lieutenant J, H. Ensch, 
Mauston. 

Headquarters Company, Sparta — Captain Orville L. 
Arnold, Sparta. 

Machine Gun Company, Rice Lake — Captain Dan L. Rem- 
ington, First Lieutenant John McCullon, Second Lieutenant 
James P. Clemens, Second Lieutenant M. E. Hurlburt. 

Supply Company, Superior — Captain Harvey F. Wiles, 
Second Lieutenant Leo R. Schwanekamp. 

Company A, Neillsville — Captain Allen W. Wildish, First 
Lieutenant Leo M. Jackson, Second Lieutenant Fred Ross- 
man. 

Company B, La Crosse — Captain Herman A. Rupp, Sec- 
ond Lieutenant Paul F. Nuffke. 

Company C, Hudson — Captain Otis H. King, First Lieu- 
tenant Andy Lystad, Second Lieutenant Albert J. Lyksett. 

Company D, Mauston — Captain Delos L. Strong, First 
Lieutenant Harry J. Lyon, Second Lieutenant Charles G. Bab- 
cock. 

Company E, Eau Claire — Captain Richard F. Sortomme, 
First Lieutenant Harvey C. Vermilyea, Second Lieutenant 
Roy W. Boberg. 

Company F, Portage — Captain Samuel B. Ernsperger, 
First Lieutenant Gregory W. Dempsey, Second Lieutenant 
Wm. Crawhall. 

Company G, Wausau — Captain Elmer L. Lucas, First 
Lieutenant Frank N. Drake, Second Lieutenant F. L. Gott- 
schalk. 

Company H, Menomonie — Captain Albert Nathness, First 
Lieutenant Harry C. Nelson, Second Lieutenant E. C. Hill. 

Company I, Superior — First Lieutenant Martin Ackerson, 
Second Lieutenant Elmer Olson. 

Company K, Tomah — Captain John G. Graham, First 
Lieutenant Clyde G. Strachan, Second Lieutenant R. A. 
Schendel. 



Wisconsin In The World War 21 

Company L, Sparta — Captain Wm. A. Holden, First Lieu- 
tenant Harold E. Markham, Second Lieutenant Alex L. Nicol. 

Company M, La Crosse — Captain Geo. H. Hale, First 
Lieutenant Daniel M. Erickson, Second Lieutenant Alvah M. 
Hill. 

Second Brigade Wisconsin Infantry — Brigadier General 
Randolph A. Richards, Sparta. 

Brigade Adjutant — Major Paul B. Clemens, Superior. 

Aides — First Lieutenant Alois A. Fix, Tomah ; First Lieu- 
tenant Harry G. Williams, Tomah. 

FOURTH REGIMENT INFANTRY. 

Colonel Robert B. McCoy, Sparta. 

Lieutenant Colonel John B. Schneller, Neenah. 

Major Edgar A. Firth, Chippewa Falls. 

Major Anton C. Martin, Neillsville. 

Major Robert Connor, Marshfield. 

First Lieutenant Charles Willard Brown, Chaplain, Fox 
Lake. 

BattaHon Adjutants — First Lieutenant Robert L. Wiley, 
Chippewa Falls; First Lieutenant Henry J. Breitman, Cran- 
don. 

Headquarters Company, Chippewa Falls — Captain F, J. 
Schneller, Neenah. 

Machine Gun Company, Tomahawk — Captain John B. 
Fosnot, First Lieutenant Jens Manthe, Second Lieutenant 
Roy F. Lyons, Second Lieutenant Eugene L. Meunier. 

Supply Company, Waterloo — Captain Herbert A. Whip- 
ple, Second Lieutenant Wm. N. White. 

Company A, Chippewa Falls — First Lieutenant P. J. 
Pangborn. 

Company B, Stanley — Captain John C. P. Hanley, First 
Lieutenant France H. Phillips, Second Lieutenant John Ma- 
son Galbraith, 

Company C, Waupaca — Captain Clifford W. Andrews. 

Company D, Black River Falls — Captain George B. Jen- 
sen, First Lieutenant Carl Hanson, Second Lieutenant George 
D. Nelson. 



22 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

M 

Company E, Menasha — Captain Richard T. Hill, First 
Lieutenant Wilbur R. Winch, Second Lieutenant James P. 
Christofferson. 

Company F, Shawano — Captain L. A. Leadbetter, First 
Lieutenant Bradley M. Barnes, Second Lieutenant Leo C. 
Raddant. 

Company G, Antigo — Captain O. A. Miller, First Lieu- 
tenant Otto F. Berner, Second Lieutenant Vernon Quigley. 

Company H, Crandon — Captain Leo. H. Schoenhofen, 
First Lieutenant Daniel J. Scorey, Second Lieutenant Clar- 
ence G. Noble. 

Company I, Platteville — Captain Harvey D. Weidman, 
First Lieutenant Scott A. Cairy, Second Lieutenant Earl Y. 
Sangster. 

Company K, Stoughton — Captain Christopher J. RoUis, 
First Lieutenant Ernest Wood, Second Lieutenant Clarence 
A. Rowe. 

Company L, Waukesha — Captain Daniel J. Martin, First 
Lieutenant Harry J. Welch, Second Lieutenant Richard W. 
Austerman. 

Company M, Kenosha — Captain Edward Dayton, First 
Lieutenant Asbury H. Vale, Second Lieutenant Francis A. 
Singer. 

FIFTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. 

Colonel Peter Piasecki, Milwaukee. 

Lieutenant Colonel James McCully, Ashland. 

Major E. T. Markle, Fond du Lac. 

Major Stanley E. Piasecki, Milwaukee. 

Major Martin D. Imhoff, Milwaukee. 

First Lieutenant Geo. C. Filers, Chaplain, St. Francis. 

Battalion Adjutants — First Lieutenant Philip A. Frear, 
Milwaukee; First Lieutenant Jerome H. Cole, Milwaukee; 
First Lieutenant Howard M. Sivyer, Milwaukee. 

Headquarters Company, Milwaukee — Captain Fred C. 
Best, Milwaukee. 

Machine Gun Company, Milwaukee — Captain Alfred E. 



Wisconsin In The World War 23 

Gaartz, First Lieutenant Thos. T. Sweetman, Second Lieuten- 
ant Wm. J. Shiells, Second Lieutenant Claude C. Manley. 

Supply Company, Port Washington — Captain Harry R. 
Hibbard, Second Lieutenant Ernest G. Renkel. 

Company A, Milwaukee — Captain Michael F. Blenski, 
First Lieutenant Marian M. Ziombeck, Second Lieutenant 
Martin F. Blenski. 

Company B, Milwaukee — Captain John A. Bonin, First 
Lieutenant Stanley A. Jewasinski, Second Lieutenant R. K. 
Celechowski. 

Company C, Milwaukee — Captain Joseph B. Zawodney, 
First Lieutenant Arthur D. Weiher, Second Lieutenant John 
W. Blechacz. 

Company D, Hartford — Captain Harold G. Rogers, First 
Lieutenant Wm. J. Veiling, Second Lieutenant Nicholas M. 
Schantz. 

Company E, Watertown — Captain Albert F. Solliday, 
First Lieutenant Jas. T. Hale, Second Lieutenant Lawrence 
W. Murphy. 

Company F, Sturgeon Bay — Captain Edward S. Reynolds. 
First Lieutenant Ralph Perry, Algoma, Second Lieutenant 
Hany E. Ihlenfeld. 

Company G, Berlin — Captain Robert S. Doering, First 
Lieutenant Earl L. Tanner, Second Lieutenant Jos. Bombin- 
ski. 

Company H, Chilton — Captain Waldo E. Rosebush, First 
Lieutenant John P. Hume, Second Lieutenant Randolph P. 
Grassold. 

Company I, Milwaukee — Captain Walter M. Gaudynski, 
First Lieutenant Edmund T. Czaskos, Second Lieutenant 
Frank Krukar. 

Company K, Milwaukee — Captain Fred E. Theilacker, 
First Lieutenant Chas. P. Ward, Second Lieutenant Edward 
J. Lambrecht. 

Company L, Wautoma — Captain Frank E. Teska, First 
Lieutenant Arthur R. Nichols, Second Lieutenant Frank A. 
Inda. 



24 Wisconsin In The World War 

Company M, Fond du Lac — Captain Thomas A. Watson, 
First Lieutenant John G. Brunkhorst, Second Lieutenant Leo 
J. Longdin. 

SIXTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. 

Colonel Marshall Cousins, Eau Claire. 

Lieutenant Colonel Emanuel Rossiter, Superior. 

Major Walter Abel, Manitowoc. 

Major Percy C. Atkinson, Eau Claire. 

Major Emil F. Kraning, Oshkosh. 

First Lieutenant Philip Henry Linley, Chaplain, Eau 
Claire. 

Headquarters Company, Superior — Captain A. W. Flue- 
gel, Superior. 

Machine Gun Company, Durand — Captain John P. Ingle^',, 
First Lieutenant Harley Lea Vasseur, Second Lieutenant 
Geo. F. Harrington. 

Supply Company — Captain Charles E. Butters, Viroqua, 
Second Lieutenant Frank V. Johnson. 

Company A, Phillips — Captain Edward O. Witt, First 
Lieutenant Ira A. Kenyon, Second Lieutenant Owen A. Muck. 

Company B, Superior — Captain Carl Hanton, First Lieu- 
tenant Raphael B. Ebert, Second Lieutenant Frank E. Dun- 
don. 

Company C, Mellen — Captain Angus A. McDonald, First 
Lieutenant Andrew H. Yorton, Second Lieutenant Louis Seif. 

Company D, Washburn — Captain H. H. Peavey, First, 
Lieutenant Randall W. Smith, Second Lieutenant Ralph A. 
Harvey. 

Company E, Spooner — Captain John H. Holtz, First Lieu- 
tenant Clarence O. Stout, Second Lieutenant Paul E. Dejung. 

Company F, Rice Lake — Captain Ray C. Peck, First Lieu- 
tenant Lee M. Boyden, Second Lieutenant Roy A. Aune. 

Company G, Ashland — Captain Lyman W. Pool, First 
Lieutenant William E. Otis. 

Company H, Hayward — Captain Wm. W. Wismer, First 
Lieutenant Robt. W. Harness. 

Company I, Baraboo — Captain Carl Swinson, First Lieu- 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 25 

tenant Paul S. Stewart, Second Lieutenant Ernest A. Isen- 
berg. 

Company K, Marshfield — Captain Wm. Mittelstad, First 
Lieutenant Fred Braen, Second Lieutenant John Kohl. 

Company L, Galesville — Captain Wm. F. Rowles, Second 
Lieutenant Thorwald Thorsen. 

Company M, New London — Captain Frederick W. Hoff- 
man, First Lieutenant Henry J. Pettigrew. 

FIRST REGIMENT FIELD ARTILLERY. 

Colonel Philip C. Westfahl, Milwaukee. 

Lieutenant Colonel Guy D. Armitage, Milwaukee. 

Major Alonzo J. Comstock, Milwaukee. 

Major Geo. W. Rickeman, Racine. 

First Lieutenant Frederick S. Penfold, Chaplain, Racine. 

Adjutant — Captain Louis G. Fuhrman, Milwaukee. 

Battalion Adjutants — Captain Alvin A. Kuechenmeister, 
Milwaukee ; Captain Otto J. Langbecker, Milwaukee. 

Headquarters Company, Milwaukee — Captain John Geo. 
Reed, Milwaukee ; First Lieutenant Bernhard Ehm, Milwau- 
kee. 

Supply Company, Milwaukee — Captain Arthur W. Wal- 
ters, Milwaukee ; First Lieutenant Wm. Lick, Milwaukee. 

Battery A, Milwaukee — Captain Wm. F. Fraedrich, First 
Lieutenant Richard T. Bennett, First Lieutenant Chas. F. Laf- 
ferty, Second Lieutenant Gilbert J. Spence, Second Lieutenant 
Patrick E. Shea. 

Battery B, Green Bay — Captain Harvey F. Smith, First 
Lieutenant Leland Wells, First Lieutenant Louis J. Hoffman. 
Second Lieutenant Leroy Hoberg, Second Lieutenant Thos. 
A. Bedell. 

Battery C, Racine — Captain Richard G. Bryant, First 
Lieutenant Harry J. Sanders, First Lieutenant Ludwig Kuehl, 
Second Lieutenant Harry J. Herzog, Second Lieutenant Har- 
rison L. demons. 

Battery D, Milwaukee — Captain Ralph R. Hibbard, First 
Lieutenant Frank W. Kemmer, First Lieutenant Charles R. 
Loomis, Second Lieutenant Charles C. Benson, 



26 Wisconsin In The World War 

Battery E, Green Bay — Captain John M. West, First 
Lieutenant Walter T. Bie, First Lieutenant Roy P. Fleming, 
Second Lieutenant Wm. C. Entzminger, Second Lieutenant 
Carl A. Eckhardt. 

Battery F, Racine — Captain James W. Gilson, First Lieu- 
tenant Hugo A. Rickeman, First Lieutenant Walter L. 
Haight, Second Lieutenant Geo. H. Wallace, Second Lieu- 
tenant Harry C. Stearns. 

FIRST REGIMENT OF CAVALRY. 

Colonel Carl Penner, Milwaukee. 

Lieutenant Colonel Irving A. Fish, MiWaukee. 

Major Aug. M. Krech, Milwaukee. 

Major Herbert B. Einfeldt, Milwaukee. 

Major Oliver O. Treadwell, Milwaukee. 

First Lieutenant William O'Connor, Chaplain, Milwau- 
kee. 

Battalion Adjutants — First Lieutenant Lester Bigelow, 
Milwaukee ; First Lieutenant Irwin C. Ritzier, Milwaukee ; 
First Lieutenant James R. Harper, Milwaukee. 

Headquarters Troop, Milwaukee — Captain Charles F. 
Sammond, Milwaukee. 

Machine Gun Troop, Milwaukee — Captain Ernest V. 
Cook, First Lieutenant Hilbert C. Walber, Second Lieutenant 
James Z. Leaman, Second Lieutenant Edward J. Kusserow. 

Supply Troop, Milwaukee — Captain Alfred W. Einfeldt, 
Second Lieutenant Christian W. Schaefer, Second Lieutenant 
James H. Jackson. 

Troop A, Milwaukee — Captain J. G. Swift, First Lieuten- 
ant Paul A. Frank, Second Lieutenant Louis Nicoud. 

Troop B, Milwaukee — First Lieutenant Percival B. Slater. 
Second Lieutenant Otto C. Mueller. 

Troop C, Milwaukee — Captain James J. Quill, First Lieu- 
tenant Wallace S. Schutz, Second Lieutenant Bradlee Van 
Brunt. 

Troop D, Milwaukee — Captain Edgar J. Tapping, Jr., 
First Lieutenant James J. Duke, Second Lieutenant Carl O. 
Bellack. 



Wisconsin In The World War 27 

Troop E, Kenosha — Captain John S. Coney, First Lieu- 
tenant Fred W. Steinert, Second Lieutenant John D. Alex- 
ander. 

Troop F, Lake Geneva — Captain Benoni O. Reynolds, 
First Lieutenant Jas. H. Grant, Second Lieutenant Carroll R. 
Slensby. 

Troop G, Grand Rapids — Captain Richard M. Gibson, 
First Lieutenant John F. Carrigan, Second Lieutenant Elmer 
Babcock. 

Troop H, Merrill — Captain Albert H. Smith, First Lieu- 
tenant Edw. F. Blixt, Milwaukee ; Second Lieutenant Ralph G. 
Kraft. 

Troop I, Stevens Point — Captain Chas. W. Swan, First 
Lieutenant Russell Moen, Second Lieutenant Lyman B. Park. 

Troop K, Ladysmith — Captain Amzi A. Hadden, First 
Lieutenant Ralph H. Drum. 

Troop L, Eau Claire — Captain James F. Cahill, First 
Lieutenant Wm. Bluedorn, Second Lieutenant Cornelius S. 
Nicoud. 

Troop M, Sheboygan — Captain Herbert Kohler, First 
Lieutenant Herman Runge, Second Lieutenant Theo. PhaleJi. 

The strength of these organizations as they were mobi- 
lized at Camp Douglas was greatly increased by later enlist- 
ments. The National Guard had a fighting strength of 18,000 
when it went to France. The units making up the Guard 
was composed, on August 31, 1917, of the following men: 

STAFF CORPS AND DEPARTMENTS. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Adjutant General Dept 1 

Medical Department 1 

Quartermaster Dept 1 5 



28 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 



FIRST BATTALION ENGINEERS. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field & Staff 1 

Headquarters Co 1 7 

Sanitary Detachment 1 11 

Company A 4 163 

Company B 4 164 

Company C 4 159 

15 ^ 

FIRST BATTALION SIGNAL CORPS. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field & Staff 1 

Headquarters Company 1 8 

Supply Detachment 6 

Sanitary Detachment 1 4 

Company A 4 "71 

Company B 3 81 

Company C 4 71 

14 'tAJ 
sanitary troops. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field Hospital Company No. 1 4 68 

Field Hospital Company No. 2 6 80 

Ambulance Company No. 1 . 5 120 

Ambulance Company No. 2 5 119 

20 387 
Sanitary detachments attached to regiments reported with 
the regiment. 

HEADQUARTERS, FIRST INFANTRY BRIGADE. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

General Commanding 1 

Brigade Adjutant 1 

Aides 2 

Detachment 15 

~4 "Is" 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 



29 



FIRST INFANTRY. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field & Staff 9 

Headquarters Company 1 58 

Machine Gun Company 4 74 

Supply Company 2 ^ 37 

Sanitary Detachment 5 33 

Company A 3 150 

Company B 3 148 

Company C 3 149 

Company D 3 146 

Company E 3 141 

Company F 3 138 

Company G 3 150 

Company H 3 150 

Company I 3 149 

Company K 3 146 

Company L 2 150 

Company M 3 150 



56 1969 

SECOND INFANTRY. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field & Staff 9 

Headquarters Company 1 58 

Machine Gun Company 4 69 

Supply Company 2 35 

Sanitary Detachment 4 33 

Company A 3 149 

Company B 3 140 

Company C 3 148 

Company D 3 148 

Company E 3 144 

Company F 3 141 

Company G 3 145 

Company H 3 140 



30 Wisconsin In The World War 

Company I 3 138 

Company K 2 144 

Company L 3 146 

Company M 3 139 



55 1917 

THIRD INFANTRY. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field & Staff 8 

Headquarters Company 1 54 

Machine Gun Company 4 71 

Supply Company 2 32 

Sanitary Detachment 5 33 

Company A 3 146 

Company B 2 141 

Company C 2 148 

Company D 2 150 

Company E 2 146 

Company F 2 147 

Company G 3 123 

Company H 3 128 

Company I 3 141 

Company K 3 143 

Company L 2 142 

Company M 3 149 



50 1894 

HEADQUARTERS, SECOND INFANTRY BRIGADE. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

General Commanding 1 

Brigade Adjutant 1 

Aides 2 

Detachment 15 

4 15 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 31 

POURTH INFANTRY. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field & Staff 7 

Headquarters Company 1 58 

Machine Gun Company 4 74 

Supply Company 2 40 

Sanitary Detachment 2 33 

Company A 1 150 

Company B 3 150 

Company C 1 150 

Company D 2 150 

Company E 3 150 

Company F 3 150 

Company G 3 150 

Company H 3 150 

Company I 3 150 

Company K 3 150 

Company L 3 150 

Company M 3 150 



47 2005 

FIFTH INFANTRY. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field & Staff 8 

Headquarters Company 1 46 

Machine Gun Company 4 69 

Supply Company 2 37 

Sanitary Detachment 3 33 

Company A 3 150 

Company B 2 102 

Company C 3 150 

Company D 3 107 

Company E 3 86 

Company F 3 150 

Company G 3 84 

Company H 3 113 

Company I 3 149 



32 Wisconsin In The Woeld War 

Company K 3 

Company L 3 

Company M 3 



128 
133 
150 

1687 



53 

SIXTH INFANTRY. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field & Staff 5 

Headquarters Company 1 57 

Machine Gun Company 3 51 

Supply Company 2 30 

Sanitary Detachment 4 28 

Company A 3 126 

Company B 3 135 

Company C 3 101 

Company D ' 3 109 

Company E 3 111 

Company F 3 102 

Company G 2 . 100 

Company H 2 102 

Company I 3 105 

Company K 3 101 

Company L 1 97 

Company M 2 91 

47 146 

FIRST CAVALRY. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field & Staff 8 

Headquarters Troop 1 76 

Machine Gun Troop 4 85 

Supply Troop 3 51 

Sanitary Detachment 6 - 33 

Troop A 3 104 

Troop B 2 95 

Troop C 3 105 

Troop D 3 103 




COL, MARSHALL COUSINS, 
EAU CLAIRE. SIXTH IMFANTRY. 



OCONTO. SECOND INFANTRY. 



COL.PETERF.PIASECKI, 
MILWAUKEE. FIFTH INFANTRY. 






STATE JAIUI l/\|}y LEADERS^ 




COL. CARL PEN N EC, 

I MILWAUKEE. FIRST CAVALRY. 



COL.JOHNP.JOACH/M, 
J ItiADISON. FIRST INFANTRY. 



Wisconsin In The World War 33 

Troop E 3 105 

Troop F 3 100 

Troop G 3 . 105 

Troop H 3 105 

Troop I 3 102 

Troop K 2 100 

Troop L 3 101 

Troop M 3 103 



56 1473 

FIRST FIELD ARTILLERY. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Field & Staff 8 

Headquarters Company 2 90 

Supply Company 2 35 

Sanitary Detachment ' 6 23 

Battery A 5 160 

Battery B 5 176 

Battery C 5 195 

Battery D 4 178 

Battery E 5 184 

Battery F 5 190 



47 1231 

AGGREGATE. 

Officers Enlisted Men 

Staff Corps & Departments 3 5 

First Battalion Engineers 15 504 

First Battalion Signal Corps 14 247 

Sanitary Troops 20 387 

Headquarters First Brigade Inf 4 15 

First Infantry 56 1969 

Second Infantry 55 1917 

Third Infantry 50 1894 

Hdq. Second Infantry Brigade 4 15 

Fourth Infantry 47 2005 

Fifth Infantry 53 1687 



34 Wisconsin In The World War 

Sixth Infantry 47 1446 

First Cavalry 56 1473 

First Field Artillery 47 1231 



471 14795 

Charles R. Boardman, Oshkosh, who had served as adju- 
tant general and had had years of active service, was selected 
by Gov. Philipp as ranking brigadier general. He was in 
command of the First Brigade of Wisconsin Infantry as it 
entrained for Waco, and went to France with the Wisconsin 
troops. Because of age limitations and other personal reasons 
he was allowed to resign his command several months later 
and returned to Wisconsin, where he did valiant work for 
the Liberty Loan and other campaigns. 

The First Brigade was made up of the First, Second and 
Third infantry regiments, known as the veterans, nearly every 
enlisted man of which had served on the Mexican border and 
many of whom had seen years of service. 

Col. Randolph A. Richards, Sparta, who had been in 
command of the Third regiment of infantry, was advanced 
by the governor upon the recommendation of Adjutant Gen- 
eral Holway to the command of the Second Brigade, with the 
rank of brigadier general. 

The Second Brigade was made up of the Fourth, Fifth 
and Sixth infantry regiments, all recruited after war was de- 
clared. 

While these troops were in camp at the state military 
reservation during the month of August, Companies E, F and 
G of the Second Infantry were by orders of the War Depart- 
ment taken from the Second Infantry, transferred to the 
Forty-second division. National Guard, called the Rainbow 
division, and organized as the 150th Machine Gun Battalion, 
Companies A, B, and C, respectively, and were sent to Camp 
Mills, Long Island, New York, for preliminary training pre- 
paratory to shipment to France. 

The history of that organization as it helped to lead the 
way for the American armies will some day be told. This 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab . 35 

state ever will point with pride to its representation. By a 
strange coincidence, the cities which sent these men to war 
were Oshkosh, Appleton and Fond du Lac, which were the 
places visited by Nicolet, the first white man to enter the 
wild territory which became Wisconsin. 

While Adjutant Gen. Holway had been recruiting the 
National Guard, the problem of equipping the troops had been 
solved. Gov. Philipp, when war was declared, set about this 
task, which at first appeared one of mere detail, but developed 
seemingly insuirnountable difficulties. 

Supplies had previously been issued by the National gov- 
ernment, but it soon was found that peace conditions are not 
those of war. The war department, suddenly faced by the 
greatest problems in its history, was unable to furnish im- 
mediate equipment except for troops overseas. 

Several months before war was declared the decision 
had been made to prepare the Guard for actual war, which 
seemed inevitable and Adjutant Gen. Holway, when he be- 
gan recruiting the Guard to war strength, already had asked 
for supplies. 

Adjutant General Holway was sent to Washington in an 
effort to secure the equipment to put Wisconsin National 
Guard troops in a position to take the field, but without 
favorable results. 

Appeals were made later to the chief of the militia bureau, 
and by Gov. Philipp direct to Secretary of War Baker. 

Senator Paul O. Husting then was appealed to, the fol- 
lowing letter from the adjutant general to Senator Husting, 
under date of June 3, 1917, explaining the situation: 

"I had the privilege to explain to you even more fully 
than to the Secretary of War personally the very urgent 
reasons other than purely military why it was most advisable 
and necessary to put in State training camp at the earliest 
practicable date the full quota of National Guard troops allot- 
ted to Wisconsin, under the National Defense Act. Since my 
return from Washington I have assured the procuring of all 
absolutely necessary uniform clothing and other supplies for 



36 Wisconsin In The World Was 

this purpose excepting tents, rifles and a few field ranges. 
There are submitted for your information copies of telegrams 
relating to these articles of equipment recently exchanged be- 
tween Federal and State military authorities, to-wit : 

" 'Madison, Wis., May 28, 1917. 

" 'The Chief, Militia Bureau, 

" 'Washington, D. C. 

" 'Outlook favorable for purchase and early delivery of ten 
thousand each of blankets, hats, shoes, uniforms and cots. 
Reference tents, may four hundred pyramidal large or equiv- 
alent supplying deficient equipment war strength organiza- 
tions recognized Federally previous to April nineteen seven- 
teen be procured from Quartermaster Generals Department 
either temporarily on receipt or issued on requisition or pur- 
chase. May nine hundred additional such tents for new units 
since organized be procured on same or other conditions. 
First contingency, shall use soldier carpenters and labor 
largely to construct cantonments for new units but prefer 
latter alternative and to construct cantonments only for depot 
battalions accommodations now and for other uses later. Of 
ordnance property may ten thousand rifles be had on like or 
any terms. Can make shift without other equipment until 
same can be furnished. Also need quartermaster stores, ten 
field ranges for recognized units and sixty-five for new. In- 
formation by telegram will be appreciated. 

" 'HOLWAY.' 

" 'Washington, D. C, May 30, 1917. 
" 'Adjutant General Wisconsin, 
" 'Madison, Wis. 

" 'Reference your request twenty-eighth absolutely no 
tents, ranges or rifles procurable from supply department. 
" 'Mann, Chief Militia Bureau.' 

" 'Madison, Wis., June 1, 1917. 

" 'The Secretary of War, 

" 'Washington, D. C. 

" T appeal to you personally in the matter of the immediate 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 37 

furnishing of tentage and rifles for National Guard this State 
which Militia Bureau telegraphs cannot be procured from 
Supply Department. Reasons for this request other than 
strictly military were communicated to you by my personal 
messenger the State Adjutant General. All other absolutely 
necessary military supplies are being provided through State 
means. 

" 'E. L. Philipp, Governor.' 

"I realize that the War Department and especially the 
Secretary of War have a multitude of affairs of the greatest 
importance on their hands, but I believe, my dear Senator, 
that this early encampment and training for war of Wisconsin 
troops is also of sufficient importance and will have such in- 
fluence on future conditions in the State as to warrant your 
immediate personal intercession with the Secretary himself in 
furtherance of the Governor's telegram. 

"The State has procured or is procuring without drawing 
from Federal supplies all things necessary to equip its Guard 
except the articles specified in the telegrams. Of these, field 
ranges can and will be procured elsewhere if they cannot be 
issued but of tents and rifles the Federal Supply Departments 
have practically an absolute monopoly, both of supply and 
contract. These articles cannot be had from any other source. 
The rifles are admitted on hand and scheduled for later issue 
to these same troops. Why not now so that we can begin to 
accustom recruits to their use? 

"In lesser degree and yet to an extent that is ample to 
meet the present necessities of the Guard of this State, the 
same facts obtain as to tentage. 

"Please note that the wire request for tentage does not 
necessarily contemplate more than the temporary use of such 
shelter for the Wisconsin troops and that the alternative is 
suggested of a lesser or greater amount of such tentage. Tf 
the lesser amount can be had, the organizations thus sheltered 
will furnish enough men skilled or semi-skilled in plain car- 
pentering to build, under proper supervision, the cantonments 
for the remaining troops. 



38 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

"If there is any charge for transportation of tentage loaned 
or issued in this manner which cannot be lawfully paid from 
Federal funds, the State will right willingly assume its pay- 
ment. 

"In short, we have men, organized and ready for train- 
ing, necessary clothing, bedding, food and mess supplies pro- 
vided — camp site and training grounds prepared for their oc- 
cupancy — pay of officers and men for thirty days provided 
from other than Federal funds, and lack only these tents and 
rifles to begin the work which the events of each succeeding 
day render increasingly imperative. 

"Time counts very heavily with me just now and I shall 
hope that you can secure an early conference with the Secre- 
tary of War and that you will advise me by wire as soon as 
practicable thereafter whether I may or may not obtain im- 
mediate shipment of these absolutely essential articles of 
supply. Very sincerely yours, 

"The Adjutant General, Wisconsin." 

Senator Husting's efforts having proven of no avail, be- 
cause of the situation in Washington, Gov. Philipp then asked 
Gen. Holway if the supplies could be obtained if the necessary 
funds were provided from the state treasury. That was de- 
cided upon as the method of procedure, and with $800,000 
the state went into the open market to equip the Guard. 
Years of military experience aided Gen. Holway, and four 
months later, when the troops were mobilized, the men were 
fully equipped. Tents had been secured for 20,000 men. 
Every man had a modern rifle, which he later used in France. 
Every man had a complete equipment of clothing, his own 
mess kit, and every company had a mess outfit. Until the 
Thirty-second Division went to France not a single item of 
equipment was issued to or needed by the Wisconsin troops, 
and then only supplies necessary for overseas travel and train- 
ing. It cost the state nearly all of the $800,000, but this was 
a loan to the National government, to be returned with inter- 
est. In expending this money the state was only following 
the example of Wisconsin during the Civil war, when $2,251,- 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 39 

000 was used for the same purpose. Few other states, how- 
ever, have this record for the European war. 

The health of the Wisconsin troops was not forgotten, 
Gilbert E. Seaman of Milwaukee, then major and chief surgeon 
of the National Guard, was commissioned lieutenant colonel 
and ordered to proceed to Camp McArthur, Texas, where the 
Thirty-second Division was to go, to prepare the camp. His 
first work was to make an inspection of the city of Waco, 
Texas, near which the camp was situated, and to assist and 
direct the cleaning up of that city. His work at the camp 
was thorough, and, as a result, when other camps were being 
mentioned in the subsequent congressional investigation, the 
name of Waco was not brought into the testimony. Our 
troops had clothing, and their health had been safeguarded. 

The work of Colonel Seaman was forgotten in the heat 
of battle, and, as a matter of fact, it was little known except 
in military circles, but it will stand out as one of the great 
achievements of Wisconsin during the war. 

Soon after war was declared, and while the Guard was 
• being recruited. Gov. Philipp, who had had long personal ex- 
perience in the south, came to the belief that the Wisconsin 
troops could be better cared for during the summer months 
in a climate to which they were accustomed, and accordingly, 
in the following telegram to the secretary of war, dated July 
13, 1917, ofifered Camp Douglas to the National government 
as a training camp for Wisconsin and other northern troops : 

"Press reports indicate that the Wisconsin National 
Guard will immediately be ordered to a southern state. It is 
intimated that they will be sent to Waco, Texas. If it is the 
intention of the government to mobilize these troops for the 
purpose of training it would be better for the health of the 
men if they could be permitted to remain here at least until 
October. No state in the union has a better or more health- 
ful training camp than Wisconsin has at Camp Douglas, and 
if our men are permitted to remain there they will retain their 
health and vigor and will be in much better condition for 
a winter's campaign in France." 



40 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

That Gov. Philipp's belief was shared by the head of the 
National Guard in Michigan, which, with the Wisconsin 
troops, made up the Thirty-second division, is shown by the 
following telegram from Gov. Albert E. Sleeper of that state : 

"I agree entirely with your views relative to sending 
Wisconsin and Michigan troops to Texas at this time. Have 
wired emphatic protest to our senators and to the secretary 
of war. Michigan offers a camp site of sixteen thousand acres 
with line water supply, hospitals, warehouses, kitchens, and 
adequate railway facilities. Will be glad to have Wisconsin 
troops with us in Michigan. There is no reason military or 
otherwise for sending men of Wisconsin and Michigan south 
now. We should do everything we can to prevent it. Any 
suggestions you have to offer in the way of cooperation will 
be appreciated." 

Secretary Baker, however, in the following courteous 
letter, explained the position of the War Department, and the 
Wisconsin troops moved south according to the original 
plans : 

"His Excellency, 

"The Governor of Wisconsin. 

"My dear Governor : 

"I am in receipt of your telegram of July 13, 1917, con- 
cerning the advisability of retaining the National Guard of 
your State in Camp Douglas, Wisconsin, after its mobiliza- 
tion rather than to send the troops to a southern encampment. 

"In order that you may fully appreciate that this move- 
ment of troops from northern States has been decided upon 
only after the careful consideration which it deserves and 
only with the desire to expedite the readiness of our forces 
for active participation in the war, I am glad to furnish you 
the following information concerning the plans of the War 
Department for the training of the National Guard after its 
entry into Federal service. 

"It is intended to send the National Guard, or such units 
thereof as are properly equipped and trained, to join the Amer- 
ican expeditionary force in France, before the additional forces 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 41 

authorized by the Act above, now called the National Army, 
can be sent. When the plans for mobilizing these two forces 
were drawn, it was not known how soon the National Army 
could be assembled under the draft. The National Guard 
having already in its possession some equipment and having, 
after several months' service on the border, received a certain 
measure of training, it was believed that that force could be 
more promptly despatched to France than the National Army, 
which at the time the plans were approved had not been au- 
thorized by Congress. 

"Plans for the despatch of our forces to France depend 
not only upon their training and equipment, but also upon the 
availability of sufficient tonnage for transportation. Had it 
been possible to assure, before winter, transportation to 
France for the National Guard of all States in the North, it is 
quite possible that my advisers would have recommended that 
the National Guard be placed in cantonments in the North. 
Had such plan been proposed and given eflfect, and tonnage 
been insufficient, the approach of winter would have found 
the National Guard in a climate where out-of-door training 
would have been impracticable. It would then have been 
necessary, after considerable expenditure for the construction 
of cantonments, to transport them to the South, build new 
cantonments, and possibly return them to a northern harbor 
for embarkation. Hence it was decided to construct canton- 
ment shelter for the National Guard in the South. 

"After sites had been selected for many of the divisions 
of the National Guard and the National Army, it was re- 
ported by the officer in charge of cantonment construction 
that, due to the price of material, the sum of money appropri- 
ated for cantonment construction would be sufficient for only 
about half the number (thirty-two) of cantonments planned. 
It was also reported that the construction of half the number 
of cantonments could be completed by September 1, 1917, but 
not by July, the month in which it had been planned to call 
the National Guard into the military service. This month 
was selected because, due to the lack of clothing and other 



42 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

equipment, it was believed impracticable to complete the 
equipment of the Regular Army with all its increments before 
July, and it was not desirable to call the National Guard be- 
fore it was possible to supply the necessary equipment. 

"Because of the impracticability of constructing thirty- 
two cantonments with the funds appropriated, it was decided, 
as the National Guard had then in its possession a certain 
amount of tentage, and the War Department could reasonably 
hope to supply the necessary complement by the end of July, 
to place the National Guard under canvas, in order that their 
training might not longer be delayed, and to confine canton- 
ment construction to the sites selected in various divisional 
areas for the National Army. 

"It is hoped to send the National Guard to France within 
a reasonable time, but it is manifestly impracticable with the 
limited tonnage available to transport all the National Guard 
of the northern States to France before cold weather, even if 
the despatch of the divisions of the Regular Army be post- 
poned for that purpose. If the National Guard of Wisconsin 
should be camped in Wisconsin, considerable expenditure will 
be necessary at the site selected. On the approa'^h of cold 
weather, it will be necessary to transport them to the South 
and to spend an equal amount on the construction of a camp 
there. In the sites which have been selected, training of the 
National Guard may be continued throughout the winter. 
During the winter, if not before, it is hoped that sufficient 
tonnage will be available for the despatch of most of the 
National Guard to France ; namely, those divisions properly 
equipped and trained for service in war. 

"I can assure you that every step taken by the War De- 
partment for the organization and training of all our military 
forces has been prompted solely by the desire to further the 
prosecution of the war in such a manner as to effect the best 
results. It is impossible to foresee what diflficulties may arise 
in the future, but the present plans of the War Department 
are so framed as to provide for the training of each portion 
of the army as soon as equipment can be furnished, and to 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 43 

despatch each portion of the army to France as soon as it is 
trained and equipped and tonnage becomes available. 

"Very sincerely, 

"Newton D. Baker, 

"Secretary of War." 

It was not until the worst of the summer season of heat 
in the south was over that the Thirty-second division was 
ordered to Waco. In the meantime, under the direction of 
Gen. Boardman, Gen. Richards, Gen. King and a hard work- 
ing stafif, the National Guard had been made into an organ- 
ization of finely trained troops, ready for the further training 
which must be given them before their departure for the 
front. 

Wisconsin, with its brilliant National Guard straining at 
the leash at Waco, with civic organizations forming and much 
war work already accomplished, was, on Sept. 1, 1917, ready 
for war. Thousands of other Wisconsin men were at the 
camps of the National army, the result of the untiring labors 
of the draft boards. 

During the month of September the remaining troops 
had been sent from Camp Douglas to Camp MacArthur, to 
be incorporated with the Thirty-second division, National 
Guard. Almost immediately upon their arrival at that camp, 
a reorganization of company, regimental and division units 
based upon the French system was determined upon by the 
War Department. 

Gov. Philipp telegraphed to the secretary of war, tender- 
ing on behalf of the state, voluntary enlistments in whatever 
number might be necessary to fill each company and regiment 
already accepted into Federal service to their maximum 
strength under the new tables of organization, citing in sup- 
port of his offer the voluntary enlistment provisions of the 
selective service law. The secretary of war declined the 
tender of such enlistment, however, on the ground of military 
policy. 

Accordingly, the Regiments of Infantry were practically 
disbanded and reorganized on the new basis, the infantry to 



44 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wae 

comprise the Sixty-fourth Infantry Brigade composed of the 
127th and 128th Infantry regiments and the 121st Machine 
Gun BattaHon. The regiments as organized on this basis of 
a total strength approximated 3500 men. The Second in- 
fantry became the nucleus of the 127th infantry and the Third 
infantry of the 128th infantry. The First infantry became 
absorbed into both of these regiments, as did portions of the 
Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth. Of these latter three regiments a 
great proportion were absorbed into the military police, the 
ammunition train, both motor and animal drawn, and the 
supply train, both motor and animal drawn, and one company 
of the Fourth infantry to the Artillery brigade as a trench 
mortar battery. Some of the infantry companies were ab- 
sorbed into the 119th Machine Gun Battalion, which was the 
Divisional Machine Gun Battalion, and the 121st Machine 
Gun Battalion which was the Machine Gun Battalion of the 
Sixty-fourth brigade. 

The First Cavalry regiment was practically disbanded as 
such regiment of twelve line troops and the headquarters, 
machine gun and supply troop and reorganized into a regi- 
ment of field artillery of six batteries with one headquarters 
company and one supply company. 

The First Field artillery was changed from a regiment 
to be armed with three inch field guns to a regiment armed 
with six inch howitzers. These two regiments of artillery 
were assigned to the Fifty-seventh Field Artillery brigade 
attached to the Thirty-second division. 

The battalion of engineers was assigned to the 107th 
regiment of engineers as a battalion. 

The field signal battalion was disbanded and reorganized 
as Company C, (Outpost company) of the 107th Field signal 
battalion. 

The two field hospital companies and the two ambulance 
companies were incorporated with the 107th Sanitary train. 

This reorganization and consolidation, made surplus a 
number of colonels, majors and captains of the different arms 
of the service, and while all were physically quahfied, a 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 45 

number, especially in higher grades, were discharged. A few 
of these officers, by accepting much reduced grades, succeed- 
ed in returning to the service with other organizations. 

No attempt will be made in this volume to follow the 
Wisconsin National Guard through its brilliant fighting in 
France. As this chapter is written the men are in Germany, 
in the front line of the army of occupation. No official in- 
formation had, at the time this was written, been received 
from the War Department. However, that much of the story 
which has been compiled from reports of officers and men 
who have returned is given. 

During the months of October, November and December, 
the division had been trained in the new modes of warfare, 
the company organizations completed by the commissioning 
of a great number of meritorious noncommissioned officers to 
the grades of First and Second lieutenants, and during the 
month of January the shipment of the division to the sea- 
board for embarkation to France had been begun, and the 
month of March found them practically all in France, the 
exceptions being the casual detachment of men not fitted on 
account of health for immediate active service and a number 
of sick that were left at Camp Merritt, which was the camp 
nearest to the embarkation port. The shipment was success- 
fully completed and the only loss entailed among the troops 
of the Wisconsin National Guard were those lost by the 
torpedoing of the transport steamer, Tuscania, near the Coast 
of Ireland. 

The division was scattered in billets in a number of vil- 
lages in France until during the months of April and May the 
infantry were united in the Tenth French training area near 
Dijon, with division headquarters at Prothay. From there 
the division was moved by train to the front lines in Alsace, 
taking over the entrenchments facing Altkirch and Miihl- 
hausen. Here the division remained during the months of 
June and part of July, suffering some losses. On July 20 
the division was moved by train to the front in the sector of 
the line west of Rheims, moving by train west to Paris, and 



46 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

entered the zone of military operations near Chateau Thierry 
on July 27. The division was attached to the French Fourth 
Army commanded by General Mangin, and on July 28 
marched to the front relieving the Third division, American 
troops, taking station near La Charmel. 

The offensive began on July 30, at 3 :30 p. m., with the 
putting into action of the leading battalion of the 127th in- 
fantry and for the following ten days the division was heavily 
engaged, overcoming heroically the greatest difficulties of 
terrain, capturing every position in its front, at one time hold- 
ing the objective after the eighth attack. The losses were 
severe, but were greater in the ranks of the foe before them. 

These operations are known under the general term of 
the advance from the Ourq to the Vesle, and the objective was 
the line at Fismes. In these operations the Sixty-fourth Bri- 
gade was given the name "Brigade Terrible" and the division, 
the name "Division Terrible," by the French. 

At the close of operations at Fismes, the division was 
moved to the left and took position at the north of Soissons 
and participated at the extreme front in the operations in that 
vicinity. From here the division was sent to a rest camp to 
reorganize and refit, and later was in action in the sector 
north of Verdun, in the direction of Metz. 

The following orders by the generals commanding army 
corps and armies of the French army under whose orders they 
had been placed show the appreciation accorded to the Thirty- 
second division : 

"General Order No. 5, 40th Army Corps (French), July 
25, 1918. 

"At the time when the Thirty-second U. S. Division 
leaves the zone of Haute-ALSACE, the General commanding 
the Tenth army corps wishes to express to the commanding 
general of the division, and to his troops, the great satisfac- 
tion he has experienced in having them under his command. 

"By the courage, the excellent spirit, the perfect bearing, 
the zeal to gain knowledge, of which they have given proof 
in all circumstances, these troops, under the command of Gen- 



J 



Wisconsin In The World War 47 

eral Haan have shown all that can be expected of them. 

"The Thirty-second U. S. division leaves for coming bat- 
tles, and our best wishes go with them. The general, the offi- 
cers, and the men know that they are taking with them the 
affection and the esteem of the French troops in the zone, 
with whom they have collaborated in a spirit of such cordial 
comradeship, and the gratitude of the populations of ALSACE 
whom, together with their brothers in arms, they will con- 
tribute to return definitely to their country. 

"General PAULINIER, Commanding the 40th A. C." 

"General Order 6th Army (French), August 9, 1918. 

"Before the great offensive of the 18th of July, the Amer- 
ican troops, forming a part of the Sixth French Army, dis- 
tinguished themselves by taking from the enemy the BOIS 
DE LE BRIGADE DE MARINE and the village of VAUX, 
and by checking his offensive on the MARNE and at 
FOBSOY. 

"Since that time they have played a most glorious part 
in the Second Battle of the MARNE, rivaling the French 
troops in spirit and valour. They have, in twenty days of 
incessant fighting, liberated numerous French villages and 
have accomplished, across a difficult country, an advance of 
40 kilometers, which has carried them beyond the VESLE. 

"Their glorious advances are marked by names which will 
in the future illumine the military history of the UNITED 
STATES : 

TORCY, BELLFAU, Platear d' ETREPILLY, EPIEDS, 
LE CHARMEL, the OURCQ, SERINGES-et-NESLES, 
SERGY, the VESLE, and FISMES. ' 

"New divisions, which faced fire for the first time, showed 
themselves worthy of the best military traditions of the reg- 
ular army. They had the same ardent wish to defeat the 
Boche, and that quality of discipline which makes it possible 
for the orders given by the chief to be always executed, no 
matter what the difficulties to overcome may be and the sacri- 
fices to be paid. 



48 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

"The magnificent results attained are due to the energy 
and skill of the chiefs and to the gallantry of the soldiers. 
"I am proud to have commanded such troops. 
"The General Commanding the Sixth Army. 
"DEGOUTTE." 

"Order, 38th Army Corps (French), August, 1918. 

"The time having now come for him to hand over the 
zone of battle to General BULLARD, commanding the Third 
Corps, American E. P., General de MONDESIR, command- 
ing the Thirty-eighth French Corps, addresses all his thanks 
to the splendid troops of the Twenty-eighth and Thirty-sec- 
ond American divisions, who have proved during the pursuit, 
which is still being continued, not only their courage but also 
their staying qualities. 

"The casualties, the toils and hardships due to the diffi- 
culties of bringing up rations during the marching and fight- 
ing of this period, were unable to break their high morale, 
their go and their warlike spirit. 

"General de MONDESIR is proud to have had the op- 
portunity to command them. He hopes that the day will 
come when he will have them next to him as comrades in our 
common fight. 

"The General Commanding the Thirty-eighth Army 
Corps. 

"L. de MONDESIR." 

"ORDER GENERAL No. 318. 

"Officers, Noncommissioned Officers and Soldiers of the 
Thirty-second United States Army Corps, 

"Shoulder to shoulder with your French comrades you 
were thrown into the counter-offensive battle which com- 
menced on the 18th of July. 

"You rushed into the fight as though to a fete. 

"Your magnificent courage completely routed a surprised 
enemy and your indomitable tenacity checked the counter-at- 
tacks of his fresh divisions. 



Wisconsin In The World War 49 

"You have shown yourselves worthy sons of your great 
country and you were admired by your brothers in arms. 

"Ninety-one guns, 7200 prisoners, immense booty, ten 
kilometers of country reconquered : this is your portion of 
the spoil of this victory. 

"Furthermore, you have really felt your superiority over 
the barbarous enemy of the whole human race, against whom 
the children of liberty are striving. 

"To attack him is to vanquish him. 

"American Comrades ! I am grateful to you for the blood 
so generously spilled on the soil of my Country. 

"I am proud to have commanded you during such days 
and to have fought with you for the deliverance of the world 

"(Signed) 

"MANGIN." 

No record of the achievements of the Wisconsin National 
Guard can be written without reference to the services of 
Capt. Charles King, U. S. A., Brigadier General, W. N. G., 
retired. Gen. King had been on detail by the War Depart- 
ment and had given tireless service in building up the Guard. 
When war came he tendered his services and they were eager- 
ly accepted. From the day that the Guard reached camp un- 
til it was ordered south Gen. King worked to perfect it, and 
his soldierly discipline and knowledge was responsible for 
much of the credit gained by the Wisconsin troops. Later, 
when the Home Guard was organized. Gen. King whipped 
the men into a body of troops which earned high praise from 
military critics. 

Wisconsin's response to the President had been an en- 
thusiastic offer of its resources in men, money and material. 
The state was ready for the months or years of war to come 
until a final victory had been achieved. How the organiza- 
tions which were formed did their part will be described in 
other chapters. Before this chapter is closed, however, some 
small part of the credit due Adjutant Gen. Holway must be 
given. 



50 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

A veteran of the Spanish-American war, with more than 
thirty years of service in the National Guard, this Httle giant 
of Wisconsin's military history had been assigned, when war 
was declared, the greatest single task in the state. Of rather 
slight physical build, he would appear to the casual visitor 
who had some idea of his responsibility as being unequal to 
this task. His iron will and rugged constitution, however, 
had not been counted upon. Friends, noting the long hours 
at his desk, feared for his health, but the general would not 
listen to them. A born soldier, it is certain that he longed 
for the opportunity to accompany Wisconsin's troops to the 
front. Instead, he remained at his post. Other men were 
given the glory and the gold and silver trappings. Other 
oflficers deservedly received the plaudits of a grateful people. 
Other men wore the uniforms and led their men into battle. 
Other men will return to hear the applause so well earned. 
Only those who know his work, only those who understand 
his duties, will applaud this quiet master of them all, who 
sent 20,000 men to battle fit to represent the proudest sov- 
ereignty on earth. Men fought better because of him, men 
copied his quiet courage and faced death with less fear, men 
came home because of him and his work who might now be 
"Somewhere in France," keeping the bivouac of the dead. He 
belongs in the roster of Wisconsin's heroes of 1918, and his- 
tory will place him there. 



CHAPTER THREE. 

The War Time Legislature, 

Wisconsin was called upon to help defend the Nation and 
the world against the aggression of autocracy at a time when 
the state legislature was in session, and that body responded 
to the call without delay and in a loyal manner. Naturally 
a politically divided organization, with factionalism the 
custom, and with a sprinkling of socialist members whose 
party creed did not agree with war, the legislature disputed 
over some war measures, but all those which meant the win- 
ning of the war were given practically unanimous support. 
The legislature had its critics, some captious and self-seeking, 
and others honest. This volume deals with what Wisconsin 
has done to help win the war. It will not argue with those 
critics, especially those who were honest and only seeking to 
advance the state's record for loyalty. The record of the 
Wisconsin legislature, the equal of that of any other state 
for practical aid for the war, speaks for itself. 

The members of the war time legislature were : 
State Senate — Lieut. Gov. Edward F. Dithmar, Baraboo, 
presiding ofificer; Senator Timothy Burke, Green Bay, pres- 
ident pro tem; Senator M. W. Perry, Algoma; Senator 
Charles H. Everett, Racine; Senator Herman C. Schultz, Mil- 
waukee; Senator H. O. Reinnoldt, Milwaukee; Senator W. 
C. Zumach, Milwaukee; Senator Louis A. Arnold," Milwaukee; 
Senator Frank Raguse, Milwaukee, who was later expelled ; 
Senator David V. Jennings, Milwaukee; Senator George B. 
Skogmo, River Falls; Senator Fred A. Baxter, Superior; Sen- 
ator A. H. Wilkinson, Bayfield ; Senator Byron Barwig, May- 
ville ; Senator Anton Kuckuk, Shawano ; Senator Henry Roll- 



52 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

mann, Chilton ; Senator Henry E. Roethe, Fennimore ; Sen- 
ator Piatt Whitman, Highland; Senator Albert J. Pullen, 
North Fond du Lac; Senator William M. Bray, Oshkosh ; 
Senator Theodore Benfey, Sheboygan; Senator Frank H. 
Hanson, Mauston ; Senator Lawrence E. Cunningham, Be- 
loit; Senator Andrew R. Potts, Waupaca; Senator Isaac P. 
Witter, Grand Rapids; Senator W. W. Albers, Wausau; Sen- 
ator Henry A. Huber, Stoughton ; Senator George Stauden- 
meyer, Caledonia; Senator Roy P. Wilcox, Eau Claire; Sen- 
ator Al C. Anderson, Menomonie; Senator Willard T. Stevens, 
Rhinelander; Senator J. Henry Bennett, Viroqua; Senator 
Eugene F. Clark, Galesville ; Senator Charles Mulberger, Wa- 
tertown; Oliver G. Munson, Viroqua, chief clerk; F. E, 
Andrews, Bloomer, sergeant-at-arms. 

Assembly — Lawrence C. Whittet, Edgerton, First Dis- 
trict, Rock County, speaker; Alan Galbraith, Adams and Mar- 
quette counties ; John C. Chappie, Ashland county ; Isaac V. 
Kvam, Barron county (deceased), who was succeeded by C. 
A. Beggs; Walter A. Duffy, Bayfield county; Nicholas Feld- 
hausen. First District, Brown county; Henry J. Janssen, Sec- 
ond District, Brown county ; Frank Schaettle, Buffalo and Pep- 
in counties; James H. Jensen, Burnett and Washburn 
counties ; Otto N. Luehrs, Calumet county ; Weston Wood- 
ard, Chippewa county; William L. Smith, Clark county; W. 
R. Chipman, Columbia county; O. P. Vaughan, Crawford 
county; William T. Evjue, First District, Dane county; 
James Hanson, Second District, Dane county; Homer A. 
Stone, Third District, Dane county; Edmund J. Labuwi, First 
District, Dodge county; Samuel R. Webster, Second District, 
Dodge county ; Frank N. Graass, Door county ; R. H. Bradley, 
First District, Douglas county; J. W. Conner, Second Dis- 
trict, Douglas county ; Carl Pieper, Dunn county ; C. N. 
Saugen, Eau Claire county; Arthur M. Rogers, Forest, Flor- 
ence and Oneida counties ; Herman Schroeder, First District, 
Fond du Lac county; John E. Johnson, Second District, Fond 
du Lac county; Benjamin Webster, First District, Grant 
county; John J. Ruka, Second District, Grant county; S. A. 



Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 53 

Schindler, Green county ; Newcomb Spoor, Green Lake 
county; John T. Williams, Iowa county; Edward A. Everett, 
Iron and Vilas counties; P. A. Hemmy, Jackson county; 
Henry J. Grell, First District, Jefferson county ; William Ev- 
erson, Second District, Jefferson county ; George Frohmader, 
Juneau county; E. J. Vincent, Kenosha county; W. H. 
O'Brien, Kewaunee county; Carl Kurtenacker, First District, 
La Crosse county; Henry Freehoff, Second District, La 
Crosse county; J. M. Engebretson, Lafayette county; Ed. 
Nordman, Langlade county ; Robert Kleinschmidt, Lincoln 
county ; Carl Hansen, First District, Manitowoc county ; 
Martin Rappel, Second District, Manitowoc county ; Herman 
Hedrich, First District, Marathon county; D. S. Burnett, Sec- 
ond District, Marathon county; F. N. Bernardy, Marinette 
county; Ben. H, Mahon, First District, Milwaukee county; 
William A. Campbell, Second District, Milwaukee county; 
John P. Donnelly, Third District, Milwaukee county; Henry 
Ohl, Jr., Fourth District, Milwaukee county; Gilbert H. Poor, 
Fifth District, Milwaukee county; Charles S. Schiewitz, Sixth 
District, Milwaukee county ; Bernard Gettelman, Seventh Dis- 
trict, Milwaukee county; Frank S. Kubatski, Eighth District, 
Milwaukee county; Herman O. Kent, Ninth District, Mil- 
waukee county; Glenn P. Turner, Tenth District, Milwaukee 
county; W, E. Jordan, Eleventh District, Milwaukee county; 
William L. Smith, Twelfth District, Milwaukee county ; Hugo 
C. Jeske, Thirteenth District, Milwaukee county; Thomas 
Szewczykowski, Fourteenth District, Milwaukee county; 
Theodore Engel, Fifteenth District, Milwaukee county; Wil- 
liam A. Schroeder, Sixteenth District, Milwaukee county, 
Frank B. Metcalfe, Seventeenth District, Milwaukee county; 
Arnold C. Otto, Eighteenth District, Milwaukee county; Del- 
bert Miller, Nineteenth District, Milwaukee county; Miles L. 
Hineman, Monroe county; Albert Marlett, Oconto county, 
Herman W. Wieckert, First District, Outagamie county; 
Thomas W. Armstrong, Second District, Outagamie county; 
Eugene J. Poole, Ozaukee county; Charles E. Hanson, Pierce 
county; Carl B. Casperson, Polk county; George D. White- 



64 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wae 

side, Portage county; Hugo Kandutsch, Price county; John 
Dixon, First District, Racine county ; P. Walter Petersen, 
Second District, Racine county ; John C. Anderson, Richland 
county ; Charles D. Rosa, Second District, Rock county ; V. 
V. Miller, Rusk county ; John A. Chinnock, St. Croix county ; 
George Carpenter, Sauk county; J. H. Van Doren, Shawano 
county; John J. Koepsel, First District, Sheboygan county, 
R. B. Melvin, Second District, Sheboygan county; John Cam- 
per, Taylor county ; John F. Hager, Trempealeau county ; 
Clarence H. Carter, Vernon county ; Riley S. Young, Wal- 
worth county; Jacob J. Aulenbacher, Washington county ; 
John F. Buckley, First district, Waukesha county; W. H. Ed- 
wards, Second District, Waukesha county; Fred Hess, Wau- 
paca county ; F. M. Clark, Waushara county ; Martin T. Bat- 
tis. First District, Winnebago county ; William Arnemann, 
Second District, Winnebago county; Charles F. Hart, Third 
District, Winnebago county ; Byron Whittingham, Wood 
county; C. E. Shaffer, Madison, chief clerk; Thomas G. Cret- 
ney, Ridgeway, sergeant-at-arms. 

One of the first acts of the legislature to place the staie 
in a position to help win the war was the introduction, by the 
finance committee, of the bill creating the State Council of 
Defense. When the bill came in not more than half a dozen 
of the 133 members knew what it meant. In fact, few men in 
the capitol realized its importance and fewer understood that 
it was a practical measure. Several influential members, with- 
out meaning to obstruct the war program of the state or 
nation in the slightest measure, announced that they would 
oppose its passage, taking the view that it would be an un- 
limited expense and theoretical rather than practical. It 
was an idea new to the state, and, in fact, new to the nation. 
No other state had at this time discussed such a plan. It is 
to the everlasting credit of the Wisconsin legislature that, 
after the bill had been discussed, most of the members realized 
the importance and scope of such an organization, and that 
the other members, who had not studied it as closely, voted 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 55 

for the bill on the ground that Wisconsin should do every- 
thing to help win the war. 

An interesting fact was that the very men who feared 
the expense helped draw the clause which made an unlimited 
appropriation for the state council, the only check being a 
provision that before money could be drawn from the state 
treasury such an order must be approved by the governor. 

The bill was introduced in the assembly on April 6, four 
days after President Wilson read his first message to Con- 
gress. It went to a committee of the whole, and members of 
the senate took advantage of the discussion on the assembly 
floor. There was no opposition, except as to some of the 
details, and on April 10 the bill was given its final passage 
and messaged to the senate. The assembly vote was 80 for 
the measure and 1 against it. 

The state senate, having studied the bill while it was 
pending in the assembly, passed it under suspension of the 
rules on the same day that it reached that body. The vote 
in the upper house was unanimous, 32 ayes. The state print- 
ers did their part and on April 12 the printed bill was in the 
hands of the governor. The executive office is allowed six 
days in which to sign a bill, which makes it a law, but Gov. 
Philipp affixed his signature as soon as the measure reached 
him, and Wisconsin had created the first State Council of 
Defense in the United States ten days after war was declared. 

A second bill concerning the state council of defense, giv- 
ing that body the power to meet emergencies in time of war, 
was passed with practically a unanimous vote of both houses. 

The law provided that "whenever the state council of 
defense shall find and determine that a serious scarcity of 
food, fuel, seeds, or any other personal property, necessary 
for common defense, or for the general public welfare as the 
same may affect or be affected by the common defense, exists 
or threatens while the nation is at war, or whenever while 
the nation is at war such council shall find and determine that 
the supply of any of said property is or threatens to be re- 
stricted or made unavailable for purposes of common defense 



56 Wisconsin In The World War 

or for such general public welfare by reason of excessive, ex- 
tortionate or prohibitive prices, then the council is authorized 
and empowered to take possession of such amounts of any 
of such property, as it may deem to be required for common 
defense or for such general public welfare, in the name of 
the state, and shall pay or offer to pay therefor just com- 
pensation to be determined by said council of defense." 

The law gave the council the right, also, to take over such 
buildings, warehouses, or other storage facilities as might be 
necessary to care for such property taken in time of war. A 
sum sufficient to carry out the provisions of the law was ap- 
propriated, and the bill was passed in the assembly by a vote 
of 61 to 1. 

In the senate the vote was 19 to 2, the opposition of the 
three legislators being because of minor provisions of the 
bill which they had attempted to amend. 

On April 20 a bill was introduced by Senator Bray in the 
upper house to protect soldiers and sailors in the service of 
the United States from civil process during the period of such 
service. This bill had no opposition and was passed under 
suspension of the rules in both houses. 

The bill provided : 

"All persons, residents of this state, now in the military 
service of the United States or of this state, and all those who 
may hereafter enlist, be appointed, or drafted into the mili- 
tary service of this state or of the United States, for the pur- 
pose of the present war, shall, during such service, be exempt 
from all civil process, and in all civil cases now pending 
against any person in such service, the proceeding shall be 
continued and stayed until the discharge of such person from 
such service." 

On April 16 a bill was introduced in the senate by Senator 
Roy P. Wilcox of Eau Claire relating to enlistments in a 
civilian service during the war. The bill provided : 

"Any person who is disqualified for or exempt from mil- 
itary service may enlist in such branch or division of the civil- 
ian service of this state as may best subserve the interests of 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 57 

this state and of the nation in the present war. All such en- 
listments shall be entered and recorded in a muster roll to be 
provided by the state council of defense and said muster roll 
shall be carefully preserved in the office of the council as long 
as the said council remains in existence and thereafter in the 
office of the secretary of state. The state council of defense 
shall classify the civilian service into such branches or divi- 
sions as may be necessary for the purposes of this act, and 
shall cause appropriate and distinctive badges, buttons or 
other insignia to be made therefor. No person other than 
those enlisting and enrolling in such civilian service shall be 
entitled to receive and wear any of the distinctive badges, 
buttons or other insignia herein provided for." 

An appropriation was made for funds necessary to carry 
out the provisions of the act, available upon the approval of 
the governor. 

The bill passed the senate by a vote of 26 ayes and no 
noes, and the assembly by a vote of 56 to 17. It was signed 
by the governor and became a law May 21. 

On April 18 Senator Timothy Burke of Green Bay intro- 
duced in the senate a bill to provide aid for dependents of 
soldiers and sailors. The bill provided : 

"Any dependent parent, wife or child of any enlisted man 
of the Wisconsin National Guard in the service of the United 
States or of any resident of this state mustered into any 
branch of the military or naval forces of the United States, 
who is a resident of this state, shall be entitled to aid as pro- 
vided in this act. 

"Application for aid under this act shall be made upon 
blanks furnished by the adjutant general of this state, and 
shall be signed by any adult member of the dependent family, 
by the guardian of the dependent children, or by the enlisted 
man. The application shall be filed with the adjutant gen- 
eral, who shall forthwith cause such investigation to be made 
as he may deem necessary, and thereupon shall issue and 
transmit to the secretary of state a certificate showing the 
amounts payable to such dependent or dependents. 



58 Wisconsin In The Wobld War 

"All aid allowed under this act shall be paid monthly and 
shall continue for the duration of the present war, or until the 
legislature shall otherwise provide. The amount of such aid 
shall be such that, together with the income of the dependent 
or dependents derived from other sources, except such as may 
be contributed from the service pay of the enlisted man, shall 
amount to thirty dollars for one dependent, forty dollars for 
two dependents, fifty dollars for three dependents, and five 
dollars for the fourth and each additional dependent." 

The bill passed the senate by a vote of 29 ayes and no 
noes and the assembly by a vote of 72 ayes and no noes. 

The administration of this law, which distributed more 
than $100,000 to dependents of soldiers and sailors up to Nov. 
1, 1918, forms an interesting chapter of Wisconsin's war 
record, and it was one of the most practical acts of the legis- 
lature. 

On May 11 there was introduced in the senate by the joint 
committee on finance a bill appropriating funds to the state 
council of defense for the establishment of special courses 
for intensified training of attendants of the sick. The bill pro- 
vided : 

"There is appropriated from the general fund to the state 
council of defense not to exceed the sum of fifteen thousand 
dollars, for the purpose of establishing, under its supervision, 
special courses for intensified training of attendants of the 
sick, through the establishment of scholarships, and by such 
other means as the council may deem advisable. Such schol- 
arships shall be granted only upon the condition that the per- 
sons receiving the same shall agree to engage in practical 
nursing in this state for a period of two years following the 
completion of the special courses for which such scholarships 
are granted." 

This bill passed the senate by a vote of 25 ayes and no 
noes and the assembly by a vote of 64 ayes and 2 noes. The 
administration of the law was part of the contribution of the 
physicians and nurses to the war, and is described in another 
chapter. 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 59 

These were the laws passed at the regular 1917 session 
of the legislature to aid in winning the war. Numerous other 
bills were introduced, many of which were incorporated in 
the legislation adopted. Many resolutions were also intro- 
duced. 

The expelling of Senator Frank Raguse of Milwaukee was 
the most exciting incident of the session. Senator Raguse. 
a Socialist, at the evening session of the senate on April 24, 
had made certain remarks which were considered unbecoming 
from a member of the senate by many of his colleagues, and 
when the senate was called to order on the evening of April 
26 the senator rose to a point of personal privilege and ad- 
dressed that body as follows : 

"I wish to make a supplementary and explanatory state- 
ment to an address I made in the senate on April 24, 1917, 
on Joint Resolution No. 53, S, and ask to have the same in- 
corporated in the senate journal. 

"The remark that 'patriotism can be created only in two 
ways : First : you must either destroy people ; or, second, you 
must destroy property,' was apparently misunderstood by 
some of the senators. What I intend to convey was that 
a certain kind of patriotism which is not of the genuine kind 
is at times foisted upon the people by certain interests who 
desire war, and who employ any pretext in stirring up the 
public, such as the destruction of lives and property, whether 
intentional or unintentional. 

"I did not have reference to and do not question the true 
and genuine patriotism of the people. I believe that the peo- 
ple of this country, and particularly the people of Wisconsin, 
are not lacking in patriotism to their country in the true sense. 
I directed my remarks at what I considered to be a manu- 
factured form of patriotism and the methods employed and 
the agencies at work in bringing about an undue state of 
public mind. 

"The people of Wisconsin from the time the first settle- 
ment was made at Green Bay up to the present time, have 
always been engaged in the laudable work of developing the 



60 Wisconsin In The World War 

arts of civilization, and of contributing their share in making 
this country a still better place to live in. This is true pa- 
triotism. The people of Wisconsin, having contributed their 
share in the building up of America, naturally manifest an 
intense interest in its afifairs. 

"If I have chosen words which have been understood 
otherwise, I regret to have been the cause of such misunder- 
standing. 

"I again respectfully request that this statement be in- 
corporated in the journal." 

These remarks, which were ordered spread upon the 
journal, did not satisfy the senators who had been insisting 
upon a retraction of the senator's previous remarks, and the 
senate went into a committee of the whole to consider the sit- 
uation. Senator Burke moved a call of the senate, which was 
supported. All senators reported as being in their seats by 
the sergeant-at-arms, the call was raised and the following 
resolution was introduced : 

"Resolution No. 18, S. 

"Concerning the retraction by Senator Frank Raguse of 
certain statements made in the open senate, or in the failure 
so to do, providing for his expulsion from said body. 

"Whereas, at the evening session of the Wisconsin state 
senate on the twenty-fourth day of April, 1917, Senator Frank 
Raguse, a senator from the eighth senatorial district of Wis- 
consin, made certain remarks from written memoranda then 
before him, some of which are quoted in the journal of the 
state senate of Wisconsin as of that date, and some of which 
were not made matters of record, to the following effect: 

" T would like to inquire from the senator from the Fourth 
(Senator Schultz) what he meant the other day when this 
resolution (referring to joint resolution No. 53, S, providing 
for the printing and distribution of the message of President 
Wilson, urging a declaration of war against Germany) was 
being discussed when he said that he would spend a million 
dollars for patriotism. Did he mean that he would blow up 
another Maine? As I understand it, the Maine was blown 



Wisconsin In The World War 61 

up from the inside for the purpose of creating so-called pa- 
triotism. It seems that patriotism can only be created in two 
ways — by the destruction of property or the destruction of 
lives. I had a brother in the Spanish-American war that came 
back with fever and I remember that after that war the pres- 
ident (meaning William McKinley, then president of the 
United States) was walking up and down on velvet carpets 
in his palace, surrounded by silks and satins, while some poor 
fellow who lost his leg in that war was out in the woods 
cutting down a tree to make himself a wooden leg. It is no 
wonder that you do not have any patriotism. It seems even 
blowing up the Lusitania did not even make the people pa- 
triotic. How can a man have any patriotism when he has 
not got any land, for I claim that unless a man owns land he 
has not got any country, and I am one of them who don't 
own no land. Eighty-five per cent of the people in this 
country have got no land and what we ought to do to make 
patriotism is to find some way to get them some land. You 
never can do it by passing resolutions like this.' 

"And that during said incident other remarks of like 
tenor and character were made by the said senator in repb,^ 
to interrogatories addressed to him by the senator from the 
second and the senator from the thirty-first; and 

"Whereas, the said senator from the eighth district stated 
at the close of said incident : 'If it is your wish that I retract 
my statement I shall do so.' Thereupon on the twenty-sixth 
day of April, at two o'clock p. m. the entire membership of the 
said senate met in the senate parlor in informal caucus and 
presented to the said senator from the eighth district a form 
of written retraction, a copy of which is hereto attached, 
marked 'Exhibit A,' and made a part hereof, and requested 
him to sign the same in retraction, satisfaction and reparation 
of the affront to the senate of Wisconsin, the people of the 
state, the federal government and the citizens of the United 
States ; and 

"Whereas, the said senator from the eighth, Frank 
Raguse, thereupon wilfully and deliberately persisted in the 



62 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

contumacious conduct which had characterized the statements 
made by him in the open senate as aforesaid, and stated that 
because of his affiliations; to-wit, with the SociaHst party, he 
was not at Hberty to sign said statement, but presented and 
offered a certain other statement which was in effect a prac- 
tical repetition in part of some of said statements and wholly 
unsatisfactory to said senators as a retraction or apology. 

"Whereas, the members of the senate thereupon called 
his attention to the fact that this was not a party but was a 
personal matter and requested him to state as to whether or 
not he made the statements above quoted at the direction of 
his party, and he replied that he did not. 

"Thereupon, on motion, the presiding officer of said in- 
formal meeting; to-wit, Henry Huber, senator from the 
twenty-sixth district of Wisconsin, appointed the Honorable 
Timothy Burke, president pro-tem of the senate, Honorable 
A. H. Wilkinson, Honorable William M. Bray, Honorable 
Charles M. Mulberger and Honorable Roy P. Wilcox a com- 
mittee to draft suitable resolutions looking to the formal re- 
traction of said statements by said Senator Raguse or to his 
expulsion from the Wisconsin state senate. Now, therefore, 
be it 

"Resolved, by the senate, that the sergeant-at-arms forth- 
with conduct said senator, Frank Raguse, before the bar of 
this senate, and that he be directed to sign and file forthwith 
with the chief clerk the form of retraction and apology set 
forth in 'Exhibit A' as aforesaid. 

"Resolved further, that in the event that the said senator, 
Frank Raguse, fail or neglect to sign and file said retraction 
in accordance with this resolution, there is hereby appointed 
a committee consisting of Honorable Timothy Burke, presi- 
dent pro-tem of the senate. Honorable A. H. Wilkinson, Hon- 
orable William M. Bray, Hon. Charles M. Mulberger and 
Honorable Roy P. Wilcox, who are hereby authorized and 
directed forthwith to prepare and present to this body a reso- 
lution for the expulsion of said senator, Frank Raguse, from 
membership in the state senate of Wisconsin," 



Wisconsin In The World Wae 63 

This resolution was presented by Senator Burke, at the 
request of the senate. 

"Exhibit A," referred to in the resolution, read as follows : 

"In view of the fact that certain remarks I made in the 
Wisconsin senate on April 24th, 1917, which if construed in 
their literal sense, would convey the idea that I am disloyal 
to the United States of America and the state of Wisconsin, I 
take this means of explaining my attitude in reference to that 
situation and to remove any doubt as to my loyalty as an 
American citizen. I, therefore, declare that I claim to be an 
American citizen and renew my allegiance to the United 
States of America and the state of Wisconsin and I also de- 
clare that I am fully in accord with the government of the 
United States and the state of Wisconsin and in all respects 
recognize its authority, as required by both the state and the 
nation. I further retract any and all references that I have 
made to the memory of the lamented William McKinley, the 
martyred president of the United States. I retract all state- 
ments made by me in the Wisconsin senate on the evening of 
April 24th, 1917, without any qualification, mental reserva- 
tion or secret evasion of mind, which savored of disloyalty, 
and I fully apologize to the Wisconsin senate and to the peo- 
ple of the state of Wisconsin for any remarks that I made on 
that occasion, which, either directly or indirectly savored of 
disloyalty. 

"I further consent that this declaration be spread upon 
the minutes of the Wisconsin senate, to be incorporated in 
the proceedings of the journal of that body." 

On motion of Senator Burke the resolution was adopted 
by the following vote : 

Ayes — Senators Albers, Anderson, Barwig, Baxter, Ben- 
fey, Bennett, Bray, Burke, Clark, Cunningham, Everett, Han- 
son, Huber, Jennings, Kuckuk, Mulberger, Perry, Potts, Pul- 
len, Reinnoldt, Roethe, Rollmann, Schultz, Skogmo, Stauden- 
meyer, Stevens, Whitman, Wilcox, Wilkinson and Witter — 30. 

Noes — Senators Arnold, Raguse and Zumach. 

Senator Raguse then was brought before the bar of the 



64 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

senate, and the resolution and exhibit were read to him. He, 
however, refused to sign the exhibit, and the special com- 
mittee presented their report, which was in the form of a reso- 
lution, as follows : 

"Resolution No. 19, S. 

"A resolution expelling Frank Raguse, a senator from the 
eighth district of Wisconsin, from membership in the senate 
of Wisconsin. 

"Whereas, the senate on the twenty-sixth day of April, 
1917, passed Senate resolution No. 18, S, and 

"Whereas, in accordance therewith Senator Frank Ra- 
guse was brought before the bar of said senate for the pur- 
poses therein specified, and 

"Whereas, he then and there, in open session of the sen- 
ate, contumaciously and wilfully refused to comply with the 
provisions of said resolution No. 18, S, by failing and refus- 
ing to sign or file the retraction and apology therein con- 
tained ; 

"Now, Therefore, It is found and adjudged by the senate 
that the said Senator Frank Raguse is guilty of contempt, 
disorderly behavior and conduct unbecoming a senator of 
Wisconsin, within the provisions of section 8, of article 4, of 
the Wisconsin constitution ; and 

"Be it further resolved, That he is hereby expelled from 
membership in the senate of Wisconsin ; 

"Resolved further, that the sergeant-at-arms forthwith 
serve upon the said Frank Raguse and the secretary of state 
a certified copy of this resolution, and file proof of service 
thereof with the chief clerk of the senate." 

A motion to postpone consideration of this resolution 
having failed, it was adopted by the following vote : 

Ayes — Senators Albers, Anderson, Barwig, Baxter, Ben- 
fey, Bennett, Bray, Burke, Clark, Cunningham, Everett, Han- 
son, Huber, Jennings, Kuckuk, Mulberger, Perry, Potts, Pul- 
len, Reinnoldt, Roethe, Rollmann, Schultz, Skogmo, Stauden- 
meyer, Stevens, Whitman, Wilcox, Wilkinson and Witter — 30. 

Noes — Senators Arnold, Raguse and Zumach — 3. 




PLATT WHITMAN. HIGHLAND, 

CHAIRMAN senate: FINANCE. 

COMMITTEES. 



♦ 

I 

♦ 

♦ 







W.T. STEVENS, RH IN ELAN DER., 
CH/^ I R MAN SENATE STATE AFFAIRS 
COMM ITTE.EL. 




LAWRENCE C.WHITTET, EDGERTON, 

SPEAKER OF ASSEMBLY. 




♦ 
I 



EDWARD F DITHMAR, BARABOO, 
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR-. 



WAR 
TIME 

LAW 
MAKERS 

iYt 




JOHN GAMPER, MEDFORD, 

CHfllRMAM ASSEMBLY STATE AFFAIRS 
COM t-1 ITTELEI. 



^ 



E.A.EVERETT, EAGLE RIVER, 
CHAIRMAN ASSEMBLY FINANCE 
CO M MITTEIE. 



I 



Wisconsin In The Wobld War 66 

The regular session of the war time legislature adjourned 
sine die on July 16, 1917, and the members proceeded to their 
homes to take prominent parts in the various campaigns for 
aiding in the war program of the state. Meanwhile, new 
problems arose, and it was deemed necessary to call a special 
session to further place the state in a position to do its part. 
Accordingly, on February 1, 1918, a proclamation was issued 
by Gov, Philipp calling the legislature into special session on 
February 19, for the purpose of considering certain legisla- 
tion, among which were the following proposed laws con- 
nected with the war : 

An act authorizing the state to borrow money to repel in- 
vasion, suppress insurrection and defend the state in time of 
war. (This was to provide a means of replenishing the state 
treasury, if it be found necessary, for the money used to equip 
the National Guard.) 

To amend the laws relative to voting by electors absent 
from the state on account of military service. 

To authorize the increase of teachers' salaries during the 
war. 

To amend the statutes relating to the registration of 
nurses, so as to provide additional nurses during the war. 

To enact legislation relating to sedition during the war. 

To amend the banking laws so as to enable state banks to 
qualify as depositories for government funds. (This was to 
aid the sale of Liberty Bonds.) 

Louis A. Fons, Milwaukee, was a new member of the 
senate, having been elected to succeed Senator Frank Raguse, 
expelled. 

New members of the assembly were Griffith Thomas, 
Hurley, elected to succeed Edward A, Everett, Eagle River, 
resigned; Walter Wittman, Manitowoc, elected to succeed 
Carl Hansen, Manitowoc, deceased ; Herman Marth, Wausau, 
elected to succeed D. S, Burnett, Wausau, resigned to enter 
military service, and Publius V, Lawson, Neenah, elected to 
succeed William Arnemann, Neenah, deceased. 

With little delay, the special session took up the war 



66 Wisconsin In The World War 

legislation recommended by the governor. Senator Witter 
introduced a bill known as No. 4, S, which provided for addi- 
tional nurses during the war by adding the following para- 
graph : 

"Provided that any college graduate who has completed 
college courses with laboratory work in physics, chemistry 
and biology may be given credit by such training school for 
at least nine months of such first two years." 

Another section of the law was amended by adding the 
following: 

"Provided that any such training school may give credit 
for at least nine months of such theoretical and practical train- 
ing to any college graduate who has completed college courses 
with laboratory work in physics, chemistry and biology." 

This bill was passed without a dissenting vote by both 
houses. 

A bill, known as No. 6, S, was introduced by Senator 
Burke, which provided : 

"No person shall print, publish, edit, issue or knowingly 
circulate, sell, distribute or publicly display any paper, book, 
document, or written or printed matter in any form, which 
advocates, or attempts to advocate, or advises or teaches that 
citizens of this state of military age should not enlist in the 
military or naval forces of the United States or of this state. 

"No person shall in any public place or at any meeting 
where more than five persons are assembled, advocate, teach 
or advise that citizens of this state should not enlist in the 
military or naval forces of the United States or of this state. 

"No person shall advocate, teach or advise, that citizens 
of this state should not aid or assist the United States in 
prosecuting or carrying on war with the public enemies of 
the United States. 

"A citizen of this state for the purpose of this act is here- 
by defined to be any person within the confines of this state. 

"Any person violating the provisions of this act shall be 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be 
punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor 



Wisconsin In The Wokld Wab 67 

more than one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment in the 
county jail for not less than three months nor more than one 
year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion 
of the court." 

This bill passed the senate by a vote of 25 to 3 and the 
assembly by a vote of 62 to 13. 

A bill, known as No. 4 A, was introduced by Assembly- 
man Chappie, which gave state banks the right to qualify 
as a depository for government deposits during the period of 
the war and for one year thereafter, the object being to aid 
in the sale of Liberty Bonds. This bill passed the assembly 
by a vote of 90 ayes and no noes and the senate by a vote of 
23 to 1. 

A bill known as No. 6 A, was introduced by Assembly- 
man Arnold C. Otto, which gave school boards power to in- 
crease the salaries of teachers during the period of the war. 
The bill passed the assembly by a vote of 43 to 42 and the 
senate by a vote of 21 to 1. 

A bill, known as No. 9 A, was introduced by Assembly- 
man Petersen, which provided that the vote of electors absent 
because of military duty should be taken by commissioners 
appointed for the purpose wherever a unit of 200 or more 
such electors were stationed in any one camp. The bill passed 
the assembly by a vote of 72 ayes and no noes and the senate 
by a unanimous vote. 

A bill, known as No. 9 S, was introduced by Senator 
Whitman, which provided for the issuance of bonds to re- 
plenish the state treasury for funds used in equipping the 
National Guard if such bonds were found to be necessary. A 
substitute bill was introduced by Senator Wilcox, which 
passed both houses, but was vetoed on constitutional grounds 
by the governor. Senator Whitman's bill then was passed, 
and became a law. 

The legislature at this session adopted a resolution me- 
morializing congress to enact legislation allowing free postage 
on letters from men in the military or naval service of the 
United States during the war. 



68 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

The war spirit which was pervading the capitol was 
shown in a resolution offered by Senator Perry. The wall 
decorations over the desk of the president of the senate in- 
cluded a figure which at least resembled the German eagle. 
This became offensive to the senators and by this resolution, 
which received unanimous approval, Superintendent of Pub- 
lic Property M. F. Blumenfeld was directed to cover the 
"eagle" with an American flag. This was done with applause 
from the galleries. 

The legislature passed several bills to provide for voting 
by soldiers and sailors. 

One of its first acts was to pass without opposition a bill 
which provided for the use of the election machinery of the 
state in the administration of the draft. This bill was intro- 
duced by Assemblyman Rosa and became a law a month be- 
fore Congress passed the selective service act. 

This, then, is the record of the war time legislature, and 
part of its contribution to the war. No call from the Nation 
went unheeded, and, as has been shown, the legislation which 
was needed received no opposition. 

Several members entered actual war service. Assembly- 
man William A. Campbell entered the naval reserve. As- 
semblyman D. S. Burnett entered the military service. Sen- 
ator Albert J. Pullen tendered his services to the medical 
corps, and Assemblyman George D. Whiteside joined the 
overseas Red Cross service. Senator William A. Bray at- 
tended an officers' training camp, and before war was ended 
had been commissioned captain in the army. 

In common with other citizens, the names of the other 
members will be found on the roster of soldiers-at-home who 
worked for the success of financial and other campaigns and 
for the splendid war record of their state. 

Not less patriotic were the newspaper correspondents 
who "covered" the war time legislature, and whose stories 
helped shape sentiment for acts which would help win the 
war. They were : 

Fred L. Holmes, Associated Press. 



1 



i 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 69 

J. Winter Everett, Milwaukee Daily News. 

Frank Wernisch, Milwaukee Germania. 

Frank L. Clarke, Madison Democrat. 

William P. Welch, Madison Democrat. 

Fred C. Sheasby, Milwaukee Sentinel. 

J. Craig Ralston, Milwaukee Journal. 

Douglas Anderson, Madison State Journal. 

Don C. Chamberlain, United Press. 

Victor F. Barnett, International News Service. 

W. D. Schoenfeld, Milwaukee Sentinel. 

G. E. Vandercook, Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin. 

Morris Togstad, Madison Democrat. 

Barnett served in the army, going from Camp Custer 
overseas, and Togstad was in the first drive of the Yanks as 
a member of Company G of Madison. Only 22, he gained 
the commission of lieutenant, and on Nov. 10, 1918, the day 
before the armistice was signed, was killed in action. 

Sheasby served as a correspondent at Camp Douglas and 
at Camp McArthur, and Chamberlain had the good fortune to 
accompany the American troops overseas, where he repre- 
sented the United Press. 



CHAPTER FOUR. 
The State Council of Defense. 

No more important body took part in carrying out Wis- 
consin's war program than the State Council of Defense. 
Created at the very beginning of the war, it laid the founda- 
tion for practically all of the war activities which followed its 
organization. Its influence extending down through the 
counties to the smallest divisions of the state, it was a power 
for good which never can be estimated. Much of its work 
was done quietly, and its value to the state and to the nation 
can not be stated in figures. 

Two of its most important functions were investigation 
and publicity, and its aid to the food administration and other 
bodies which operated through headquarters in Washington 
was appreciated, at least, by those who were charged with 
such responsibilities. Its members were public spirited citi- 
zens, who worked without compensation except that which 
came to them for having helped Wisconsin and contributed 
to its war record. 

The express function of the State Council of Defense, as 
designated by the law passed by the legislature, was to "assist 
the governor in doing all things necessary to bring about the 
highest effectiveness within our state in the crisis now exist- 
ing and to coordinate all our efforts with the federal govern- 
ment and with those of other states." Throughout the act, 
it was evident that it was the legislative intent to create a 
board which was to supervise the mobilization of the aggre 
gate resources of the state — military, naval, financial, indus- 
trial and social. 

The council was to consist of the governor, the adjutant 



Wisconsin In The World War 71 

general, and ten other citizens to be appointed by the governor 
and representative of the various industries, organizations 
and professions of the state, including manufacturing inter- 
ests, labor, farming, relief organizations, medicine, banking, 
railroads and engineering. 

The council was empowered and directed : 

"To adopt such rules and regulations as might be neces- 
sary to carry out the law creating it. 

"To communicate at once with the National Council of 
Defense and with the defense bodies of other states, tendering 
Wisconsin's cooperation. 

"To investigate all questions relating to the mobilization 
of the resources of the state, and in so doing to subpoena wit- 
nesses and to require their testimony, under penalty. 

"To report whenever it was discovered that excessive 
profits were being made through the manufacture or supply 
of food, fuel, and other articles necessary for the common 
defense, so that the governor might secure special legislation 
making provision for control thereof by the state." 

All departments, bureaus, commissions, boards and pub- 
lic institutions, all state, county and municipal organizations 
and all citizens of the state were expressly commanded to co- 
operate with and to aid the council in its work. 

Gov. Philipp selected as the first chairman of the council 
Magnus Swenson of Madison, a man who had accumulated 
a modest fortune through his own efforts. Mr. Swenson came 
to the United States from Norway as a boy. A personal 
description can be summed up in this characteristic remark, 
made to a friend shortly after war was declared : 

"I came to this country a poor boy. Through the op- 
portunities which it offered me, I have been successful in 
business. I have accumulated enough to satisfy my wants. 
Everything I have I owe to this country, and I am ready to 
give it all, if need be, in its defense." 

Mr. Swenson made good this offer in the long hours 
which he devoted to the council. Through his personality 
much of the prestige which Wisconsin's state council gained 



72 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wae 

in Washington came. He resigned as chairman of the council 
only after the duties of the state food administrator, an office 
he held also during the entire war period, made that step 
necessary. 

To succeed him the governor appointed W. S. Heddles 
of Madison, a man of the same type, who had previous to 
coming to the council given valuable time to other war activ- 
ities. 

As the member to represent the engineering interests 
Prof. John G. D. Mack, state engineer, was appointed. Prof. 
Mack had for years been a member of the faculty of the Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin before entering the service of the state. 
He was an untiring member of the council, holding the posi- 
tion of vice chairman, and being the head of many important 
committees. His residence in Madison gave him an oppor- 
tunity to study and follow the work of the council not given 
to other members. He served, late in the war, as chairman 
of the non-war construction board, and took an active part 
in the investigation of the fuel situation. 

Fred Brockhausen, a representative of the State Federa- 
tion of Labor, a former member of the legislature, and long 
recognized as a liberal and constructive socialist, was labor's 
member. Mr. Brockhausen brought to the council a spirit 
of fairness in the discussion of labor problems, and his work 
was valuable. 

As the farmer member the governor appointed Assembly- 
man Edward Nordman of Polar. Because of his legislative 
duties Mr. Nordman was obliged to resign and Assemblyman 
George Carpenter of Baraboo was chosen to succeed him. 
Mr. Carpenter gave much time to the council, but he, too, 
found that his work in the legislature did not permit him to 
give it the time he desired, and, believing that the farmer 
should be represented by a man who could give practically 
all his time to the work he tendered his resignation. 

Mr. Carpenter was succeeded by George A. Buckstaff of 
Oshkosh, who brought to the council the experience of a man 
who had taken an active interest in state affairs for years. 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 73 

As a member of the state legislature he had gained an ac- 
quaintance of men and conditions in the state which was of 
immense value. Mr. Buckstaff became at once one of the 
most earnest members, his work as chairman of the committee 
on agriculture standing out as one of the accomplishments of 
the council. He served, also, as food administrator for his 
home county, Winnebago, and was one of Mr. Swenson's 
active lieutenants in that important work. 

P. C. Eldridge of Milwaukee, assistant general superin- 
tendent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad, who 
was accepted as an authority on transportation problems, rep- 
resented the railroads. Combined with his work with the 
council was that undertaken as a member of the federal ad- 
ministration of traffic. Much of the success attained in 
handling freight traffic was due to his efforts. 

As the representative of the medical profession Dr. J. S. 
Evans, head of the University clinic, was appointed. Dr. 
Evans had abandoned a large practice in the east to come to 
Wisconsin at a nominal salary because of the opportunity for 
research work, and had made his department at the University 
a leading institution of its kind in the country. Throughout 
the war he gave a studious, effective service, taking a personal 
interest in the record of the physicians and nurses of the state. 

Mrs. Henry H. Morgan, an active Red Cross worker for 
many years, with experience as a trained nurse and a recog- 
nized authority on home economics, was chosen as the woman 
member. Mrs. Morgan justified her selection by the complete 
and efficient organization which she made in the state, the 
women of every county responding to her call for volunteers. 
When the work of conservation began she contributed much 
to its leadership, and the child welfare and women in industry 
committees profited by her judgment and executive ability. 

John M. Reese, publisher of a widely read country weekly, 
a banker and farmer, was appointed a member-at-large. Mr. 
Reese was made head of the publicity committee, an important 
assignment, for the great task of the council was to spread a 
propaganda for the war in the state and to interest the citi- 



74 Wisconsin In The World War 

zens in their duties toward the state and nation. He had 
made dairying and stock raising a specialty and was able to 
give valuable advice to the council because of that fact. He 
served as county food administrator for Iowa county, and 
gave practically all of his working hours to war problems. 

As the representative of the manufacturing interests A. 
T. Van Scoy of Milwaukee was selected. He had long made 
a study of the common interest of capital and labor. During 
the period of the war Mr. Van Scoy served as food adminis- 
trator for Milwaukee county, the largest division of the state, 
with manifold duties, so that it was said with no exaggeration 
that he had "enlisted" for the war. 

To represent the banking and financial interest of the 
state Gov. Philipp chose J. Russell Wheeler of Columbus, 
president of the State Bankers' association, and a close student 
of finance. Mr. Wheeler represented the council as Lib- 
erty Loan chairman and took part in all of the loan campaigns. 
He was appointed food administrator for Columbia county 
and gave over his private business to others for the time 
being. 

The first executive secretary of the council was Prof. A. 
L. P. Dennis of the University of Wisconsin, who had been 
one of the first citizens in the state to recognize the need of 
such an organization. The details of the law had been 
worked out with his assistance. Later he was called to work 
in Washington and when the war ended was in London as 
an attache at the American embassy. 

Upon his resignation Andrew H. Melville, who had been 
assistant secretary, was given his place and served until the 
duties of the food administration, of which he was secretary 
under Mr. Swenson, made it necessary to separate that or- 
ganization from the council. 

To succeed him the council elected J. B. Borden, for 
many years assistant to C. P. Cary, state superintendent of 
schools. Mr. Borden resigned a few weeks before the war 
ended to go to the University faculty. He was succeeded by 



Wisconsin In The World War 75 

H. A. Burd, who had been with the council since its organiza- 
tion. 

At its first meeting, April 18, 1917, the council authorized 
the following committees : 

Finance — A committee on ways and means ; the use of 
money for industrial and agricultural purposes ; the supervi- 
sion of collection of money by private organizations and in- 
dividuals ; avoidance of unnecessary duplication or possible 
fraud. 

Agricultural — A committee on increased production of all 
foodstuffs ; supervision of town gardens ; cooperation with 
county agents and town labor agents ; combining all work for 
common benefit. 

Labor — A committee to cooperate with farmers and man- 
ufacturers to help the factory labor agent and to secure 
proper supply of labor for various interests and to provide 
for the social and physical welfare of the laborer. 

Manufactures and General Business — A committee to 
promote general prosperity ; conservation of the interests of 
industry and cooperation with committees of labor and agri- 
culture ; to render assistance in meeting peak loads of harvest 
periods; to preach "business as usual," and keep prices on 
a normal basis so far as possible. 

Transportation and Communication — A committee to in 
every way facilitate the welfare of agriculture and industry 
by assisting in securing facilities for communication and in 
carrying out the policy of the state council as regards high- 
way construction ; to work at all times in the best interests 
of the home, state and national transportation and communi- 
cation needs. 

Press — A committee to give through the newspapers and 
educational institutions the widest publicity to matters con- 
cerning national, state and county council policies; to stim- 
ulate the right mental and spiritual attitude toward patriotic 
service. 

Recruiting and Patriotic Organizations — A committee to 
assist in recruiting for the army and navy; to preach sane and 



76 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

safe patriotism ; to promote patriotic meetings and make sug- 
gestions as to the maintenance of peace and order. 

Women's Organizations and Red Cross — A committee to 
call the immediate attention of the women to the furtherance 
of Red Cross work, to problems of health, food and clothing, 
women's employment, home gardening, and marketing 
throughout the state; to cooperate and work with the state 
council in all counties and to be advised and directed by the 
women's advisory committee of the Council of National De- 
fense. 

Sanitation and Medicine — A committee to deal with all 
matters relating to hygiene, medicine, sanitation and nursing 
in cooperation with the national authorities. 

At the same meeting the council provided a plan for the 
organization of county councils throughout the state. 

The publication of FORWARD, the official bulletin of 
the council, was authorized, and the first issue was mailed 
May 16. Before the end of the war the magazine had a cir- 
culation of 15,000. 

The council early began the circulation of bulletins which 
would have a tendency to promote the interest of the nation 
at war. Among the first sent out were those bearing the fol- 
lowing suggestive titles: "Why Not Buckwheat?" "Fresh 
Eggs One of the Nation's Needs." "Start a Flock." "Help 
Supply Your Own Table." "Drain the Wet Spots." "Have 
a Backyard Garden." "Potato Growing in Wisconsin." 

The first registration day was approaching when the 
council was organized and that body began a statewide cam- 
paign to assist in this work. The duty of each county and 
an appeal for the aid of citizens was made the subject of a 
bulletin. The penalty for failure to register was pointed 
out, and an appeal to the patriotism of the state was made. 

The First Liberty Loan campaign was in progress, and 
through its finance committee the council took up that prob- 
lem. In a letter sent to the county councils they were asked 
to designate influential citizens to receive applications, to in- 
fluence employers to arrange satisfactory security for their 



Wisconsin In The World War 77 

employes, to extend the campaign of education in behalf of 
the loan and to hold public meetings. 

The first statewide conference of county councils was 
held in Madison on May 22. This meeting was addressed by 
Chairman Swenson, Mr. Carpenter, Commissioner of Agri- 
culture C. P. Norgard, Prof. John R. Commons, S. M. Mc- 
Fedries, F. H, West and Martin Gillen. 

The following organization of county councils was re- 
ported : 

Adams — J. W. Purves, chairman ; Charles H. Oilman, 
secretary. 

Ashland — Carl Rudquist, chairman ; Ralph F. Brown, sec- 
retary. 

Barron — R. B. Hart, chairman; T. J. Thompson, secre- 
tary. 

Bayfield, D. M. Maxcy, chairman ; Nels M. Oscar, secre- 
tary. 

Brown — John A. Kittel, chairman; Frank H. Smith, sec- 
retary. 

Buffalo — C. W. Oilman, chairman ; P. H. Urness, secre- 
tary. 

Burnett — A. P. Nelson, chairman; Paul C.^Meier, secre- 
tary. 

Calumet — A. T. Hipke, chairman ; Leo P. Fox, secretary. 

Chippewa — L. M. Newman, chairman ; R. B. Clark, sec- 
retary. 

Clark — W. A. Chapman, chairman ; A. L. Devos, secre- 
tary. 

Columbia — H. E. Andrews, chairman ; C. H. Hall, sec- 
retary. 

Crawford — O. P. Vaughan, chairman ; Eugene C. Amann, 
secretary. 

Dane — John S. Donald, chairman ; W. N. Parker, secre- 
tary. 

Dodge — W. H. Sherman, chairman ; John Clifford, secre- 
tary. 



78 Wisconsin In The World Was 

Door — H, C. Scofield, chairman; Ralph Herlache, secre- 
tary. 

Douglas — Solon L. Perrin, chairman; J. P. O'Connor, sec- 
retary. 

Dunn — R. H. Rodgers, chairman; Herbert Quilling, sec- 
retary. 

Eau Claire — George B. Wheeler, chairman. 

Florence — Max Sells, chairman; James J. Pontbriand, sec- 
retary. 

Fond du Lac — H. E. Swett, chairman ; F. A. Foster, sec- 
retary. 

Forest — H. A. Fry, chairman ; John Swenehart, secretary. 

Grant — Harry E. Carthew, chairman; E. B. Goodsell, sec- 
retary. 

Green — Howard Chadwick, chairman ; C. A. Roderick, 
secretary. 

Green Lake — John J. Wood, Jr., chairman; E. A. Wein- 
kauf, secretary. 

Iowa — J. B. Eagan, chairman ; Jesse Van Netta, secre- 
retary. 

Iron — George C. Foster, chairman ; Ed. Hagen, secretary. 

Jackson — B. L. Van Gordon, chairman; Samuel Lund, 
secretary, 

Jefferson — William D. James, chairman ; A. L. Stengel, 
secretary. 

Juneau — G. H. Livernash, chairman ; J. T. Hanson, sec- 
retary. 

Kenosha — Charles H. Pfenning, chairman; Cathie Mc 
Namara, secretary. 

Kewaunee — John Borgman, chairman ; Matt Cherney, sec- 
retary. 

La Crosse — J. E. McConnell, chairman ; James R. Kinsloe, 
secretary. 

Lafayette — Dr. C. O. Gratiot, chairman; Bessie Deakin, 
secretary. 

Langlade — L. Freiburger, chairman ; C. J. Te Selle, sec- 
retary. 



Wisconsin In The World War 79 

Lincoln — F. E. Donoghue, chairman; Joseph A. Chilsen, 
secretary. 

Manitowoc — George Vits, chairman ; H. F. Kelley, sec- 
retary. 

Marathon — C. B. Bird, chairman ; E. B. Thayer, secretary. 

Marinette — Jacob Wittig, chairman; Horace C. Baker, 
secretary. 

Marquette — B. Houslet, chairman; Charles Barry, secre- 
tary. 

Milwaukee — Willets Pollack, secretary. 

Monroe — W. H. Hanchett, chairman; H. W. Jefferson, 
secretary. 

Oconto — J. B. Chase, chairman; E. W. Witter, secretary. 

Oneida — Ira E. Smith, chairman; Albert J. O'Melia, sec- 
retary. 

Outagamie — John Tracy, chairman ; William F. Wolf, sec- 
retary. 

Ozaukee — Harry W. Bolens, chairman ; George H. 
Adams, secretary. 

Pepin — M. Dorwin, chairman ; W. H. Biles, secretary. 

Pierce — W. P. Knowles, chairman ; J. M. May, secretary. 

Polk — George A. Nelson, chairman ; Harry Baker, secre- 
tary. 

Portage — G. L. Park, chairman; E. A. Bourn, secretary. 

Price — Michael Barry, chairman ; L. P. Goodrich, secre- 
tary. 

Racine — William Mitchell Lewis, chairman ; M. L Queck- 
enstedt, secretary. 

Richland — C. R. Thompson, chairman ; F. L. Brewer, sec- 
retary. 

Rock — Simon Smith, chairman ; Howard W. Lee, secre- 
tary. 

Rusk — J. C. Stubbs, chairman. 

St. Croix — Richard Baker, chairman ; H. S. Offerdahl, 
secretary. 

Sauk — Charles A. Clark, chairman ; A. H. Clark, secre- 
tary. 



80 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Sawyer — H. E. Rolph, chairman ; John Berger, secretary. 

Shawano — Herman Rafoth, chairman ; J. E. Scanlon, sec- 
retary. 

Sheboygan — Thomas O'Neill, chairman; A. L. Sommers, 
secretary. 

Taylor — Joseph Brehm, chairman; J. E. Phillips, secre- 
tary. 

Trempealeau — F. M. Symonds, chairman; Elmer E. Bar- 
low, secretary. 

Vernon — Dr. C. V. Porter, chairman ; Berlie Moore, sec- 
retary. 

Vilas — John R. Powell, chairman ; Alfred Houg, secre- 
tary. 

Walworth — J, F. Lyon, chairman; Grant Harrington, sec- 
retary. 

Washburn — O. H. Kjorstad, chairman ; F. A. Keeler, sec- 
retary. 

Washington — Harry J. Lieven, chairman ; George H. 
Schmidt, secretary. 

Waukesha — Howard T. Greene, chairman ; Ray M. Funk, 
secretary. 

Waupaca — E. L. Miles, chairman ; R. C. Bigford, secre- 
tary. 

Waushara — E. F. Kileen, chairman ; F. S. Durham, secre- 
tary. 

Winnebago — J. C. Thompson, chairman; E. R. Williams, 
secretary. 

Wood — N. M. Berg, chairman ; C. B. Edwards, secretary. 

William Mitchell Lewis served as chairman of the Racine 
county council until July 25, 1917, when he entered the army 
and went overseas as major. He was succeeded by F. Lee 
Norton. Other members were William H. Armstrong, Ra- 
cine, vice chairman ; William Horlick, Jr., Racine, treasurer ; 
M. H. Pettit, A. C. Mehder, Peter T. Stoffel, Peter J. Meyers 
and John D. Jones, Jr., all of Racine, executive committee; 
Mayor T. W. Thiesen, Frank H. Miller, John H. Dwight, O. 
C. Friend, Mrs. F. R. Pettit, Mrs. Stuart Webster, Jacob 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 81 

Heim, N. C. Nelson, W. T. Harvey, John D. Jones, Jr., Frank 
B. Renak, Jr., W. J. Hansche, A. L. Thomas, S. B. Walker, 
Mrs. R. S. Preble, Racine; Mrs. W. G. Rasch, George W. 
Waller, D. A Warren, H. A. Runkle, C. Roy McCanna, Bur- 
lington ; M. H. Herzog, A. B. Steele, A. G. Cady, Corliss ; 
Albert Hanson, A. S. Titus, Henry Caley, Waterford ; J. Z, 
Collier, Robert Nugent, O. P. Graham, Union Grove; L. C. 
Christensen, Matt Lavin, Joseph Smerchek, John H. Kamper, 
Franksville; George Ela, Rochester. 

Chairman J. PI. G. Lieven and Vice Chairman B. C. 
Zeigler of the Washington county council served throughout 
the war. Secretary George H. Schmidt was succeeded in 
March, 1918, by D. E. McLane. Other members were George 
H. Blank, Walter Schroder, John Gehl, Henry B. Kaempfer, 
Frank Day, Mrs. C. C. Henry, George T. Carlin, Robert Rolfs, 
Henry Rolfs, Charles Hayden, F. W. Bucklin, Miss Alva 
Groth, Martin Walter, Dan Couglin, Thomas O. O'Meara, 
John N. Peters, West Bend; George A. Kissel, J. P. Smart, 
James B. Day, Edward Sauerherring, Charles H. Karch, Hen- 
ry Esser, Sadie Le Count, E. W. Sawyer, A. A. Hauser, Joseph 
E. Russell, John Foote, Charles H. Lohr, Edward F. Russell, 
M. T. Buckley, Hartford ; Henry V. Schwalbach, South Ger- 
mantown; B. H. Rosenheimer, Adolph Rosenheimer, Otto 
Lay, Kewaskum ; Dr. Syl. Driessel, Peter Jansen, Barton ; Ben 
Woog, Boltonville; William H. Froelich, Dr. H. A. PfeiflFer, 
Jackson ; August Storck, Joseph J. Gudice, Schleisingerville ; 
Peter W. Wolf, Richfield; Philip Schellinger, Kohlsville. 

Chairman Thomas McNeil and Secretary A. L. Sommers 
of the Sheboygan county council served until the armistice 
was signed. Other members were William J. Rietow, She- 
boygan, treasurer; G. W. Lycan, Herman C. Dornbush, E. 
A. Dow, H. G. Davis, M. H. Hand, Plymouth; A. C. Ooster- 
huis, Fred S. Morris, Raymond H. Smith, C. E. Broughton, 
Mrs. C. E. Hillyer, Mrs. T. M. Bowler, Dr. G. H. Stannard, 
Prof. W. P. Roseman, Mayor Herman Albrecht, Herm.an 
Schuelke, Rev. Francis E. Murphy, Miss Jennie Schrage, 



82 Wisconsin In The World War 

Walter J. Vollrath, George A. Robbins, Sheboygan; JacoD 
Miller, Elkhart Lake; Otto Gunther, Cascade. 

In Door county Chairman H. C. Scofield and Secretary 
Ralph Herlach served throughout the war. Other members 
were Henry Fetzer, W. E. Wagener, E. M. Laplant, N. C. 
Garland, T. A. Sanderson, H. L. Peterson, A. W. Lawrence, 
W. A. Lawrence, H. A. Wagener, R. A. Soukup, Mrs. C. M. 
Sampson, Clyde M. Stephenson, F. A. Shimmel, E. C. Hart, 
Joseph Schauer, Rev. E. Helmich, J. G. Ollinger, William Mac 
Eacham, Fred Bushman, Sturgeon Bay; William Toft, Carl 
Preuter, Baileys Harbor; Joseph L. Bouche, Joseph Cumber, 
Brussels; George Ahlswede, Emil Miller, Kolberg; George 
Madden, Oscar Johnsrude, Clay Banks ; E. S. Leverich, Ed- 
ward Gagnon, Egg Harbor; Fred Martin, Carl Schultz, Carls- 
ville; William Bastar, Edward M. Perry, Forestville ; Fred 
Babler, C. J. Hoeppner, Maplewood ; Ralph Jenquin, C. A. 
Eichinger, Gardner; A. E. Doolittle, Mearl Thorp, Fish Creek; 
H. R. Holand, C. S. Smith, Ephraim ; Matt Peffer, Charles A. 
Johnson, Jacksonport; Jay W. Rogers, H. Mason, Liberty 
Grove ; Frank Logerquist, George W. Van Antwerp, Sister 
Bay; George Whitford, E. S. Ackerman, Nasewaupee; Chris 
Rogen, John Jensen, Hainesville ; F. Jaekles, J. D. Petersilka, 
Sevastopol ; August Simpson, R. W. Gilbert, North Sturgeon 
Bay; George Johnson, F. A. Krueger, South Sturgeon Bay; 
George J. DeKeyser, Union ; William Jess, Bo L. Anderson, 
Washington. 

J. F. Wittig served as chairman of the Marinette county 
council until January, 1918, when he was succeeded by Ralph 
Skidmore, who remained at the head of the organization. On 
the same date G. H. Landgraf took the place of H. C. Baker 
as secretary. Other members, who served through the war, 
were J. Murray Andrew, Marinette, treasurer; George Bo- 
gand, Wausaukee ; R. B. Goodman, Goodman ; R. M. Smith, 
John Harper, Peshtigo ; M. Martins, Coleman; Elmer Grim- 
mer, Louis A. McAlpine, Edward W. Miller, L. J. Evans, 
Mrs. Joshua Hodgins, Miss Leona Habighorst, Mrs. Gertrude 
Schwittay, Dr. H. F. Schroeder, Fred Burke, D. C. Robert- 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 83 

son, F. J. Lauerman, Edward Golden, Howard I. Wood, J. 
F. Leason, H. R. Goldman, A. C. Hawkins, James Peterson, 
Marinette. 

In Jefferson county W. D. James served as chairman 
until the end of the war, as did John W. Porter, vice chair- 
man, and George J. Kispert, treasurer. A. L. Stengel re- 
signed as secretary to enlist in naval aviation, and was suc- 
ceeded by D. Q. Grabill. Other members were Miss Carrie J. 
Smith, H. A. Main, A. J. Glover, R. T. Lawton, Rev. L. R. 
Moessner, Henry Schempf, E. W. Simons, Charles B. Rogers, 
Dr. H. O. Caswell, Fort Atkinson; Miss Gladys MoUart, F. 
F. Wittenwyler, Gordon E. Bacon, V. P. Kaub, J. F. Prentiss^ 
Watertown; A. F. Gafke, Carl Muck, A. J. Thorne, D. M. 
Weller, Mrs. D. M. Weller, Jefferson; E. C. Brown, Lake 
Mills; Henry Grell, Johnson Creek; Martin Goss, Palmyra; 
Otto Strache, Ixonia ; Ray Twining, Waterloo ; Will Parsons, 
Hebron. 

Solon L. Perrin continued as chairman of the Douglas 
county council until peace was declared, and J. P. O'Connor 
as secretary. Other members, who served during the war, 
were A. S. Craik, R. Bruce Johnson, T. B. Mills, J, T. Murphy, 
R. J. Nye, Superior; W. J. Leader, East End; K. W. McLag- 
gan, Gordon. 

L. D. Harvey of Menomonie was chairman of the Dunn 
county council from its organization. H. F. Good, Menom- 
onie, was succeeded by R. E. Bundy, Menomonie, as secretary 
in May, 1918. Other members were Martin Fladoes, treas- 
urer; J. S. Covin, E. O. Wright, H. C. Ihlenfeld, G. P. Wolf, 
D. P. Hughes, Mrs. Ella Egdahl, S. W. Jackson, Mrs. R. E. 
Bundy, Frank Pierce, Al C. Anderson, Alfred Thomas, Me- 
nomonie. 

J. B. Eagan remained as chairman of the Iowa county 
council with J. A. Van Natta as secretary. R. E, Cribble. 
Dodgeville, served as vice secretary, and other members were 
J. W. Pryor, Barneveld ; Henry Bollerud, Moscow; M. C. 
Mclntyre, Avoca ; A. D. Richardson, Wyoming; Thomas F. 
Cody, Highland; W. H. Correll, W. R. Smith, R. M. Craw- 



84 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

ford, Mineral Point; William N. Billings, Cobb; O. G. Rewey, 
Rewey; M. J. Briggs, Dr. W. J. Pearce, Charles Singer, 
Dodgeville; Mrs. John Williams, Jr., Edmund; R. E. Billing- 
ton, Arena. 

In Forest county H. A. Fry of Hiles was the first presi- 
dent of the county council. He was succeeded by R. S. Elli- 
ott of Laona, who was later succeeded by H. P. Kieth of 
Crandon, who served until the end of the war. Other mem- 
bers were S. J. Conway of Crandon and John Swenehart of 
Crandon, both of whom served as secretary, E. E. Palmer of 
Crandon and A. C. Luthey of Crandon, both of whom served 
as treasurer, H. A. Weingartner, G. P. Junkman, M. J. Dick- 
enson, Wabeno; L. A. Rogers, Hiles; William Krause, H. S. 
Anderson, North Crandon ; Mrs. A. L. Mordt, W. A. Wescott, 
Crandon ; John Quinlan, Soperton ; Frank Planner, Blackwell ; 
Otto F. Bocher, Laona. 

Schuyler G. Gilman of Mondovi and Edwin F. Ganz of 
Alma served as chairmen of the Buffalo county council. 
Theodore Buehler of Alma acted as secretary during the en- 
tire war period. T. S. Saby was treasurer and other members 
of the executive committee were Nic. Weinandy and Gottlieb 
M. Rohrer of Cochrane. 

In Crawford county Assemblyman O. P. Vaughan was 
chairman during the war, and Eugene C. Amann continued 
as secretary. Members of the executive committee were J. 
S. Earll, Prairie du Chien ; George T. Atwood, Gays Mills ; 
Dr. A. J. McDowell, Soldiers Grove ; H. E. Pier, Eastman ; 
L. W. Lathrop, Barnum. 

William H. Sherman was chairman of the Dodge county 
council during the war, and John Clififord continued as secre- 
tary. Other members were P. M. Kettenhorn, Beaver Dam, 
vice chairman; John Beule, Fox Lake, treasurer; A. H. Kuhl- 
man, Juneau ; Ernst Wrucke, Horicon. 

The officers of the Clark county council, William A. 
Chapman, chairman, A. L. Devos, secretary and John J. 
Irvine, treasurer, served throughout the war. Other mem- 



Wisconsin In The World War 85 

bers were George A. Ure, Myron E. Wilding, J. E. Ketel, 
Mrs, L. H. Howard, Neillsville. 

John J. Wood, Jr., remained as chairman and G. A. Wein- 
kauf as secretary of the Green Lake county council, and the 
members of the executive committee were Dr. V. Kutchin, 
Green Lake; A. O. Ellison, Kingston; George V. Kelley, 
Princeton; John O'Connell, Howard N. Howe, Berlin; Alex 
McDonald, Markesan ; Frank Paterick, Marquette. 

In La Crosse county the county council was headed by 
J. E. McConnell during the war, with W. A. Anderson as 
vice chairman, James R. Kinsloe as secretary and John C. 
Burns as treasurer. A. M. Brayton, F. P. Hixon, B. C. Smith 
and A. L. Goetzmann were members of the executive com- 
mittee. Other members of the council were T. H. Campion, 
R. G. Knutson, G. W. Burton, John F. Doherty, Mrs. Edwin 
C. Thompson, Dr. Edward Evans, B. C. Oltman, D. W. Mac 
Willie, E. J. Kneen, J. M. Halderson, S. P. Markle, F. W. 
Storandt, Walter Winter and Bert Jolivette. 

Chairman Edward J. Sullivan, Secretary Cathie Mc 
Namara, Vice Chairman Charles H. Pfennig and Treasurer 
Joseph N. Funck served during the war in Kenosha county. 
Members of the executive committee were W. H. Alford, H. 

E. Barden, George H. Allen, Clark S. Judd and Russell H. 
Jones. 

F. E. Donoghue served as chairman of the Lincoln county 
council from the date of the organization until November, 
1918, when he was succeeded by Joseph A. Chilsen, who had 
been secretary. Herman Walther was chosen secretary to 
succeed Mr. Chilsen. Members of the executive committee 
were August J. Stange, George L. Gilkey, R. B. Runke, A. 
H. Cole and Mrs. L. J. Belott. 

The officers of the Oneida county council, Ira Smith, 
chairman, E. O. Brown, vice chairman and A. J. O'Melia, 
secretary, served during the war. Other members were D. 

F. Becker, F. A. Marshall, W. D. Juday, Mrs. S. S. Miller, 
Sam Perinier, Dr. T. B. Mclndoe, J. O. Moen, T. C. Wood, 
F. A. Lowell, A. H. Lewis, C. P. Crosby, R. F. Tompkins, 



86 Wisconsin In The World War 

E. O. Brown, E, A. Forbes, Grant V. Clark, James Baker, S. 
D. Sutlifif, C. F. Smith, Harry Krause, August Carlson, Otto 
Bonnie, A. E. Wessner, H. L. Reevs, Edward Boyce, Jr., 
Rhinelander; Willis P. Jewell, Crescent; R. Schoeneck, En- 
terprise; Charles Rumery, Hazelhurst; George Kelly, Little 
Rice; A. J. Le Claire, Lynne; Frank Rogers, Minocqua; R. H. 
Grant, Monico ; W. W. Thayer, Newbold; H. D. Johnstone, 
Piehl ; George Burkhart, Pine Lake ; Dennis Rice, Schoepke ; 
S. F, Weatherly, William Gilly, Pelican ; Henry Jones, Fred 
Tripp, Sugar Camp ; John Gorski, Three Lakes ; R. Wood- 
zicki, Tomahawk Lake ; Thomas Woolney, Woodboro ; David 
Kahn, Woodruff. 

In Pepin county M. Dorwin served as chairman, W. H. 
Biles as vice chairman and Dr. C. C. demons as secretary 
during the war. Members of the executive committee were 
John Brunner, Jr., G. W. Kees, George Tarrant, H. P. Nicklas, 
Durand; A. G. Throne, Eau Galle; Charles Longsdorf, Arkan- 
saw; W. A. Parker, Mondovi. 

In Rock county M. P. Richardson served as chairman 
and C. J. Smith as secretary during the war. Members of 
the executive committee were A. M. Church, R. E. Acheson, 
J. A. Melrose, J. B. Humphrey, F. L. demons, I. F. Worten- 
dyke, Mrs. Dr. F. Van Kirk, Janesville; J. M. Gahagan, Milton 
Junction; Albert Lange, W. J. Baker, W. S. Perrigo, Beloit; 
C. J. Pearsall, Evansville; O, P. Gaarder, Orfordville; F. W. 
Herron, Clinton ; Andrew Mcintosh, Edgerton ; B. W. Snyder, 
Footville. 

Chairman H. E. Rohlf and Secretary John Berger served 
during the war in Sawyer county. Other members were C. 
P. West, I. J. Silesky, William Alexander, Mrs. J. S. Mc 
George, Mrs. E. M. Harrington, George C. Glover, W. V. 
Silverthorne, Hayward; Thomas E. Noyes, Winter. 

There was no change in the organization of the Trem- 
pealeau county council during the war. Rear Admiral F. 
M. Symonds, Galesville, remained as chairman, and E. E. 
Barlow, Arcadia, as secretary. Other members were John C. 
Gaveney, E. F. Rotering, J. I. Dewey, Dr. G. N. Ridershide, 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 87 

Helen M. Berg, Arcadia; A. C. Cox, F. M. Smith, C. O. Dahl, 
Osseo; Albert M. Pederson, Ettrick; H. A. Anderson, P. K. 
Risberg, Mrs. J. M. Ingalls, Whitehall ; E. A. Hegge, Pigeon ; 
F. A. Kotchkiss, J. N. Hunter, Independence; Bert A. Gipple, 
Galesville. 

In Marquette county M. M. Smart continued as chairman 
and C. H. Butler as secretary during the war. Other mem- 
bers were Lottie Woodford, H. J. Eubank, Westfield; W. F. 
Currie, A. H. Weltaufer, D. W. McNamara, Joseph Madison, 
Montello; W. M. Ellis, Thomas Skinner, Endeavor; B. Hous- 
let, Oxford ; F. J. Kimball, Douglas ; H. A. Miller, Neshkora ; 
Matt Wilbur, Packwaukee ; C. F. Pierce, Shields; Walter 
Reid, Buffalo. 

The members of the Florence county council were Max 
Sells, chairman; E. E. Wilcox, secretary; Chase O. Youngs, 
James J. Akrigg, C. R. Tiderman, O. G. Johnson, James J. 
Pontbriand, E. A. Thieman, John Rudstrom, William Judge, 
Fred P. McGovern, E. W. Peterson, L. A. Jones, L. H. 
Wochos, Edward Elmer, Herbert Winkler, Dr. A. F. Lyon, 
Dr. W. V. Hausherr, J. E. Parry, E. F. Ziesler, Charles J. 
Erickson. 

Those who served on the Green county council of defense 
were Willis Ludlow, president ; P. F. Neverman, chairman ; 
R. D. Gorham, treasurer; F. J. Bolander, F. W. Wettengel, 
F. B. Luchsinger, James J. Lacey, J. N. Burns, M. T. Get- 
tings, W. J. Knight, C. S. Dodge, Mrs. F. B. Luchsinger, C. 
H. Dietz, Dr. W. B. Monroe, H. W. Chadwick, W. T. Saucer- 
man, Nicholas Schmidt, Sr., J. B. Pierce, Dr. S. J. Morgan, 
W. F. Trunkenbrod, Dr. Edward Blumer, P. J. Weirich, J. 
J. Figi, L. J. Stair. 

John C. Thompson was chairman and E. R. Williams 
secretary of the Winnebago county council during the war. 
The members of the executive committee were G. A. Buck- 
staff, Louis Schrieber, Otto Konrad, D. E. McDonald, Mrs. 
E. R. Smith, Oshkosh ; C. B. Clark, Neenah ; Walter 
Schroeder, Winneconne ; Joseph Hull, Menasha. 

Other members were A. T. Hennig, Mayor John Mulva, 



88 Wisconsin In The World War 

William Glatz, T. R. Wall, Albert Pomerening; W. G. Maxcy, 
George Loper, W. J. Wagstaff, Rev. J. C. Hogan, R. C. Brown, 

E. W. Ihrig, Frank Stein, Dr. J. M. Conley, G. A. Sell, Mrs. 
Ben Hooper, Oshkosh ; Mayor W. C. Remnel, Joseph Hill, 
Harry Fisher, Menasha; E. E. Lampert, William Grimes, Eli 
Deffnet, Neenah; F. W. Stanley, Omro. 

H. E. Swett was chairman of the Fond du Lac county 
council from its organization until March, 1918, when he was 
succeeded by Frank J. Wolff. J. E. Roberts and L. P. Peeke, 
who had been vice chairmen, were succeeded by Bishop R. 
H. Weller. F. W. Chadbourne became secretary in place of 

F. A. Foster and C. F. Karstens succeeded T. C. Ebernau as 
treasurer. All of the officers were from Fond du Lac. Other 
members of this active council were T. L. Doyle, A. E. Klock, 
S. D. Wyatt, William DeSteese, C. W. Keys, E. S. Durham, 
Henry Balthazor, S. E. McCumber, John F. Hohensee, E. M. 
Jenison, C. F. Coffman, J. W. Rosenbaum, J. E. Roberts, C. 
L. Gloyd, A. E. Richter, C. A. Fowler, B. A. Husting, H. S. 
Miller, Rev. R. S. Hopkin, T. E. Ahern, E. A. Kremer, T. H. 
O'Brien, F. J. Rueping, H. A. Michler, M. W. Mitchell, D. F. 
Blewett, Rev. W. P. Leeke, Miss Frances Perkins, Fond du 
Lac ; W. D. Pattee, F. F. Jacobs, Waupun ; Andrew Strachota, 
Peter Schrooten, W. L. Calvey, Thomas Curran, Campbells- 
port ; Bennett E. Sampson, Byron ; H. E. Bergen, Charl'c;s 
Bintz, Peebles; W. J. Nast, Dr. J. E. McCarthy, Eden; War- 
ren R. Anderson, Eldorado ; Peter Loehr, Albert Wagner, 
Mt. Calvary; Walter J. McCune, Thomas J. Baker, Faii- 
water; H. R. Emigh, James Bierne, Oakfield; A. W. Har- 
grave, Edgar Zobel, G. B. Horner, Ripon; Thomas Madigan, 
J. R. Hatch, Rosendale ; W. F. Whiting, J. W. Foster, Bran- 
don; J. E. Koepnick, North Fond du Lac; Peter Entringei, 
St. Cloud. 

Herman Rafoth served as chairman of the Shawano 
county council from the date of its organization until March. 
1918, when he was succeeded by R. A. Upham. J. E. Scan- 
Ion, secretary, and Eli Elifson, treasurer, served during the 
war. Other members were Louis Rollman, M. G. Eberlein, 



Wisconsin In The World War 89 

M. Moore, I. J. Weeks, F. G. Brenner, F. W. Humphrey, 
King Weeman, H. Neumeyer, Albert Engel, Walter Dolan, 
Arthur Ewin, A. C. Weber, William Stoppenbach, A. N. 
Hazeltine, J. F. Gallagher, J. C. Schweers, Arthur Mathwig, 
M. R. Stanley, E. J. Scott, Edith Raddant, Beulah White- 
house, lone Amel, Hilda Jaeckel, MoUie Fritz, Lulu Roberts, 
Mrs. Mary E. Weber, W. J. Dolan, H. Richmond, George 
Klosterman, H. M. Sanderson, F. G. Bishop, M. R. Stanley, 
A. M. Andrews, James Christopherson, O. E. Morgan, James 
R. Harding, Shawano; Otto Terkilson, Olaf Gjermunderson, 
Martin Gjermunderson, Morris; T. A. Loken, H. Schwanke, 
Tigerton; W. F. Meagher, J. J. Lorrig, W. T. Pahr, George 
Proper, D. Lightbody, Nich Lorrig, W. B. Kramer, Charles 
Beinderra, S. H. Krat, O. F. Partidge, S. H. Kratz, Ed. Kesse, 
M. J. Elstad, T. L. Kratz, George Duenkel, Mattoon ; D. W. 
Van Doren, Birnamwood ; Adolph Spengler, John Reiten, John 
Reiten, Jr., Mrs. John Jacobson, Bonduel; Julius Rollman, 
Cecil; A. S. Nicholson, Neopit; Rev. Emil Stubenvoll, Pella ; 
J. Frohlin, Elmer Erickson, Oscar A. Olson, O. Erickson, 
Rose Lawn ; Erving Larkson, Fred Porter, Barney Zoykow- 
ski, Leeman. 

George C. Foster served as chairman of the Iron county 
council throughout the war period, as did E. S. Hagen as 
secretary. Other members were T. F. Egan, John T. Ken- 
drigan, Charles Bonino, Frank Lukey, Charles Galabino, 
James M. Davis, L. M. Hardenburgh, J. F. Sullivan, Henry 
Meade, Theodore Kohl, Earl Sealy, A. L. Ruggles, W. S. 
Reynolds, F. A. Emunson, Martin Vickers, W. T. Lennon, 
William Trezona, Marion F. Reid, J. A. Slender, Dr. C. C. 
Urquhart, Mrs. Luella Trier, Mrs. C. C. Urquhart, Mrs. J. 
F. Sullivan, Mrs. F. E. Atwood, Miss Sarah Waters, Miss 
Nellie D. McConnell, Mrs. James M. Davis, Mrs. Frank 
Marta, Mrs. A. L. Ruggles, Miss Delia C. Emunson, J. E. 
Murphy, W, H. Lucia, Frank Marta, Daniel Reid, Hurley; 
Victor J. Simon, Joseph J. DeFer, Arthur Auger, A. F. Rol- 
linger, John Porier, Saxon ; M. J. White, Upson ; Thomas 
Honnula, Van Buskirk; Frank B. Goodman, O. M. Schaus, 



90 WisconsinIn The World War 

Mrs. F. B. Goodman, E. O. Ringo, George Sullivan, Montreal; 
John Wiita, Ole Olson, W. J. Weaver, W. J. Draver, Iron 
Belt; Kimball Clark, Kimball; John Sherman, Pow^ell ; George 
Geshell, Pence; Mrs. Fern Ball, William Hoobs, Mercer; Carl 
H. Olmsted, Gurney, J. G. Moore, A^toore; B. Norman, Gile. 

With Chairman Harry E. Carthew and Secretary E. B. 
Goodsell, the following executive committee served through- 
out the war in Grant county : D. T. Parker, Fennimore ; W. 
J. Brennan, Lancaster; William Victoria, John H. Cox, Hazel 
Green, A. V. Wells, Livingston, served until his death in 
August, 1918. 

Chairman Howard T. Greene, Genesse Depot, was suc- 
ceeded in Waukesha county in November, 1918, by Burton 
M. Smith of North Lake. Carl H. Sawyer of Waukesha suc- 
ceeded Ray M. Funk as secretary in October, 1917. 

Several changes were made in Chippewa county, William 
E. De Kelver taking the place of L. M. Newman as chairman 
in March, 1918, Robert Clark being succeeded as secretary by 
G. O. Banting in June, 1917, to be succeeded in turn by 
Charles Ainsworth in March, 1918. 

William N. Knauf succeeded A. T. Hipke as chairman of 
the Calumet county council in January, 1918, and A. C. King- 
ston took the place of L. P. Fox as secretary. 

Others members were F. J. Egerer, G. M. Morrissey, Her- 
man Rau, George M. Goggins, Dr. E. L. Bolton, O. L. Dor- 
schel, Henry Rollmann, Mrs. Susan Lloyd, Henry Hoffmann, 
Louis McGrath, William Koch, H. J. Duecker, J. G. Griem, 
John Seybold, Peter Iversen, Dr. Royal Klofanda. 

C. B. Bird served throughout the war as chairman of the 
Marathon county council. Herman E. Marquardt succeeded 
E. B. Thayer as secretary in June, 1918. 

Other members were C. C. Yawkey, vice chairman ; Alex 
Archie, Edward Gensman, Dr. Joseph F. Smith, H. G. Flieth, 
S. Winkelman, A. V. Gearhart, F. F. Chesak, J. E. Giesel, S. 
B. Tobey, A. G. Burg, W. L. Erbach, W. A. Von Berg, Mrs. 
W. H. Nablo, Mrs. C. H. Hooker. 

In Price county Michael Barry acted as chairman during 



Wisconsin In The World War 91 

the war, but in July, 1918, L. F. Goodrich was succeeded by 
W. H. Lippels as secretary. 

Other members were George M. Chamberlain, treasurer, 
Phillips; G. W. Campbell, Guy Waldo, J. L. McGregor, R. 
E. Smith, E. J. Aschenbrenner, Park Falls; Thomas E. Bar- 
rett, C. L. Peck, B. J. Fuller, Kennan ; Mrs. William Milne, 
Mrs. Frank Henry, George E. Sackett, Dr. H. R. Soulen, C. 
E. Tobey, Mrs. F. H. Sargent, George R. Foster, F. H. Sar- 
gent, P. S. McLurg, George W. Leighty, Dr. C. D. Fenelon, 
John F. Wenz, Phillips ; John Morner, A. L. Grimm, P. H. 
Hammer, Prentice ; August Heden, Ogema. 

In Washburn county Thomas H. Fielding, Frank L. 
Lampson, Frank Hammill, F. E. Tripp and L. H. Mead served 
with the other officers as an executive committee during the 
war. 

Ward B. Stilwell succeeded F. S. Durham as secretary 
of the council in Waushara county in February, 1918. 

In Vernon county Chairman C. V. Porter was succeeded 
by A. H. Dahl in July, 1918, and H. P. Proctor succeeded F. 
W, Alexander as secretary. 

Mrs. Walter Erler succeeded George H. Adams as secre- 
tary of the Ozaukee county council early in the war period. 

Other members, who served throughout the war were 
Charles J. Kunney, F. W. Walker and Charles A. Mueller. 

In Manitowoc county Chairman R. C. Douglas served 
until July, 1917, when he was succeeded by George Vits. At 
that time Secretary Harry F. Kelley was succeeded by H. G. 
Kress. 

Other members were J. E. Hamilton, L. E. Wedertz, R. 
G. Plumb, Elias Gunnell, Albert Schuette, Frank A. Miller, 
Joseph Connell, Norman Torrison, Gilbert Thompson, Henry 
Mulholland, Charles Esch, E. W. Mackey, H. C. Gowran, Ed- 
ward Miller, Mrs. F. C. Robinson. 

John S. Donald served as chairman of the Dane county 
council until June, 1918, when he was succeeded by F. J. 
Vea. In April, 1918, W. N. Parker was succeeded by G. W. 
Gehrand as secretary. 



92 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

Harry E. Kriig took the place of A. P. Nelson as chairman 
of the Burnett county council in October, 1918, and in De- 
cember, 1917, Secretary Paul C. Meier was succeeded by J. E. 
Spangberg. 

Other members were H. A. Anderson, treasurer. Grants- 
burg; George Briggs, F. R. Huth, O. H. Gasoers, Mrs. Alice 
Anderson, Grantsburg; J. E. Spangberg, J. O. Nelson, Siren; 
A. M. Brooks, Rev. W. E. Barber, Danbury; L. R. Roberts, 
Dr. G. L. Converse, Webster ; E. H. Johnson, Trade Lake ; 
Isaac Lundquist, West Marshland ; C. R. Merchant, Dewey ; 
Roy Long, Swiss; J. D. Hunter, La Follette. 

H. J. Masters succeeded H. W. Jefferson as secretary of 
the Monroe county council in August, 1917. 

Other members besides Chairman Hanchett, who served 
throughout the war, were J. W. Leverich, Robert Canfield, 
Fred Crossett, C. B. Drowatzky, William Foresman, A. W. 
Barney, J. W. Spradling, W. P. Waffle, Mrs. Grace M. War- 
ren, C. M. Beebe, M. M. Haney, Mrs. Amelia Williams. 

Secretary F. E. Monroe of the Rusk county council was 
succeeded by J. W. Carow in June, 1918. 

Other members were J. C. Stubbs, Weyerhauser; J. Z. 
Arpin, Atlanta; L. C. Streater, L. E. McGill, Charles Kirwan, 
Ladysmith ; C. K. Ellingson, Hawkins. 

In Bayfield county Chairman D. M. Maxcy and Secretary 
Nels M. Oscar served throughout the war. Other members 
were John F. Hauser, H. J. Wachsmuth, I. R. Nye, J. W. 
Dady, A. H. Wilkinson, C. R. Leihy, Mrs. A. H. Wilkinson, 
Bayfield ; E. Bryan, George Morgan, William Olson, Harvey 
Irish, Mrs. E. C. Alvord, Dr. H. G. Lampson, R. W. Smith. 
H. H. Peavey, F. W. Downs, J. M. Long, C. F. Morris, V. E. 
Brubaker, Washburn ; C. H, Werden, Mason ; P. J. Savage, 
Iron River. 

In Polk county the members were, besides Chairman Nel- 
son and Secretary Baker, W. W. Winchester, Amery; C. P. A. 
Jensen, Luck; Axel Johnson, Turtle Lake; J. S. Klinka, Bal- 
sam Lake; Mrs. Jane. Hanson, Osceola. 

In Walworth county the members of the county board 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 93 

served as members of the county council. The executive 
committee consisted of J. C. Brennan, Grant D. Harrington, 
Jay F. Lyon and L, L. Oldham. 

In Milwaukee county the county council naturally was 
the largest in the state. It had three chairmen, Mayor Daniel 
W. Hoan, who served from May 8, 1917, until May 31, 1918, 
Charles Allis, who was chosen May 31, 1917, and served until 
his death on July 22, 1918, and E. E. White, elected August 
29, 1918. Mr. White resigned November 16, 1918, and from 
that date Cornelius Corcoran, president of the common coun- 
cil, served as acting chairman. 

The members of the council were Mayor Hoan, C. C. 
Jacobus, Cornelius Corcoran, Fred C. Bogk, William Cole- 
man, Louis Harms, A. J. Melms, George B. McKinley, Wil- 
liam E. McCarty, John Koerner, James Hanna, A. T. Van 
Scoy, R. W. Bradshaw, Fred H. French, Harry S. Culver, 
William Eichfeld, H. W. Ladish, Alfred Morawetz, Fred 
Schroeder, R. P. Tell, J. G. Kissinger, Frank Klode, W. H. 
Pipkorn, R. B. Brown, Albert Friedmann, Dr. Nelson P. 
Hulst, D. W. Weiss, J. J. Fleming, Ernst W. Heller, Frank 
J. Hahn, Henry C. Janzer, E. H. Kiefer, Hugh Kinney, Frank 
B. Metcalfe, Henry Rumpel, M. H. Whitaker, Frank Weber, 
George E. Mutter, O. C. Fuller, Walter Kasten, J. W. P. 
Lombard, Robert Uihlein, Dr. G. H. Fellman, Bert W. Fueger, 
Harry Grant, Fred S. Hunt, C. J. Kallmeyer, E. A. Marthens. 
John Popendieck, Jr., H. A. Wagner, Vice Chairman A. H. 
Vogel, Secretary Willits Pollock, George French, Rev. W. F. 
Greenman, F. C. Morehouse, Mrs. J. W. Mariner, M. C. Pot- 
ter and Wheeler P. Bloodgood. 

Other citizens, who served on various committees during 
the war, were Dr. H. E. Dearholt, Julius Frank, D. W. Nor- 
ris, P. P. Donahue, William D. Farnum, O. R. Smith, Ger- 
trude Sherman, Ora Blanchar, Ella Babcock, Mrs. H. B. Hitz, 
Mrs. L. C. Mayhew, Mrs. C. E. Anderton, Mrs. Wilbur Le 
Cron, Mrs. C. S. Reynolds, Mrs. Perry Williams, Mrs Simon 
Kander, Mrs. George Chamberlain, Ida Roberts, Edward 
Uhrig, U. L. McMahon, W. N. Fitzgerald, Clifton Williams, 



94 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

L. G. Shepard, C. D. Adams, E. T. Griffin, P. J. Grogan, L. 
D. Peaslee, C. O. Davis, Eugene Warnimont, Anton S. Bara- 
nowski, David Davies, E. J. Schaeffer, Perry Powell, Daisie 
Allen, Dr. George C. Ruhland, Mrs. Joseph Schumacher, Mrs. 
Charles A. Forsyth, Mrs. C. H. Peterson, Annette West, Mrs. 
H. E. Tyrrell, Blanche Ellsworth, Nat Stone, William George 
Bruce, Edward Hoffmann, Mrs. George Lines, P. E. Pope, 
Mrs. A. F. Gallun, M. C. Granger, Dr. J. B. Modesitt, Wil- 
liam Schuchardt, Theodore Vilter, Fred Vogel, Jr., H. E. 
Merkel, E. R. Kiefer, Hugh Kinney, John Picken, A. C. Sehrt, 
Frank Weyenberg, Louis Kuhn, Gustave Becherer, H. 5. 
Culver, E. O. Ellsworth, A. J. Hilbert, Frank J. Schmitt, Caleb 
Johnson, William C. Luick, Ludington Patton, W. H. Thar- 
inger, W. H. Upmeyer, Herman Weigell, B. A. Dempsey, C. 
F. Rohn, R. J. Willetts, William Thomson, P. C. Eldrudgc, 
Charles Thompson, A. Teller, F. C. Ryan, J. S. Smith, Louis 
Kotecki, C. G. Pearse, H. C. Campbell, R. L. Newberry, Mrs. 
A. M. Simons, Rev. C. H. Beale, Rev. H. C. Noonan, Walter 
Distelhorst, Alfred Reeke, Jackson B. Kemper, W. L. David- 
son, Charles E. McLenegan, Ray Smith, Carl P. McAssey, 
Arthur Davidson, Joseph M. Hollitz, Joseph Zens, Mrs. Henry 
Sullivan, William Kaumheimer, Roland F. Coerper, Col. H. H. 
Seaman, Mrs. Louis Auer, George A. Chamberlain, George 
Kent, H. L. Nunn, Rev. Theodore M. Shipherd, Rev. James 
D. Foley, Rabbi Samuel Hirshberg, Mina Kerr, Mrs. Charles 
Morris, J. H. Puelicher, Willet Spooner, Ella Sabin, A. E. 
Kagel, E. T. Griffin, W. H. Bennett, B. E. Fawcett, Rev. 
James A. Murphy, R. L. Cooley, C. R. Rounds, Esther Berlo- 
witz, Mrs. Mark L. Simpson, E. Conro, Mrs. M. Dailey, Mrs. 
H. J. Dernehl, Mrs. J. M. Potter, Mrs. John Laflin, Mrs. John 
P. Hume, Mrs. James S. Church, Mrs. Carroll M. Towne, Mrs. 
George H. Noyes, Mrs. Josephine Traurig, Mrs. Arthur Mc 
Geoch, Mrs. J. E. Birkhauser. 

In Columbia county T. H. Cochrane succeeded H. E. 
Andrews as chairman, and Edmund C. Jones took the place of 
C. H. Hall as secretary. As in this case, where one officer 
was obliged to resign because of his active duties on the ex- 



Wisconsin In The World War 95 

emption board and the other left to enter an officers' train- 
ing camp, the changes were due to causes relating to the war. 
The state council began, at this early date, a campaign 
against food hoarding in Wisconsin. The suggestion was 
made by Dean H. L. Russell of the University faculty, at a 
convention of Wisconsin newspaper men. It was taken up 
through all the mediums of publicity, including moving pic- 
ture slides. County boards were appropriating funds for 
county councils, and the great work of the private citizens of 
the state was beginning. 

The campaign for backyard gardens and the necessary 
increase in the products of the soil, later an important part 
of the state's war work, was showing early results. The 
council was urging especially the planting of potatoes. 

On May 31, 1917, nineteen counties, Burnett, Columbia, 
Dodge, Douglas, Eau Claire, Forest, La Crosse, Langlade, 
Lincoln, Marathon, Monroe, Pierce, Polk, Price, Sauk, Taylor, 
Walworth, Winnebago and Wood, reported completely or- 
ganized county labor bureaus, and fourteen counties, Dane, 
Dunn, Fond du Lac, Grant, Green, Jefferson, Kenosha, Mari- 
nette, Milwaukee, Rusk, Vilas, Waukesha and Waushara re- 
ported a start in this work. These were the pioneer counties 
in this work, the whole state being organized long before the 
close of the war. 

The county councils were becoming active. In Douglas 
the county board had appropriated $5,000 to establish credit 
for farmers and others for seed and livestock, and in Mari- 
nette 1,000 pieces of waste land had been made into vegetable 
gardens. Monroe was making a campaign for increased pro- 
duction, and Racine county had collected eight tons of clothing 
and shoes to be shipped to sufferers in France. Sheboygan 
had a record of 300 city gardens and had established head- 
quarters for the Red Cross. Waushara was making especial 
efforts to assist in registration. 

The state council began, on June 1, 1917, the work of 
mobilizing the labor of Wisconsin. "A job for every man 



96 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

and every man on the job" was its slogan. In a bulletin it 
said : 

"It is not only important, but absolutely necessary that 
every man be enlisted for some kind of productive employ- 
ment. The man without a job is a slacker — deserving of 
nothing but condemnation from his fellow citizens. It is the 
duty every man owes his country to help win the war. The 
man in the factory and the man on the farm are just as im- 
portant as the man in the army or navy. If you can't be a 
fighter you can be a producer. Go to your council of defense 
now and register for some kind of employment. Don't be 
a slacker!" 

The Boys' and Young Men's Working Reserve was being 
organized in the state under the direction of Dean L. E. 
Reber of the University Faculty, and the state council was 
assisting in this work. 

John D. Willard, a representative of the Massachusetts 
Committee on Public Safety, visiting Wisconsin at this time, 
declared the Wisconsin council to be the best in the country. 

"The east will owe a great deal to Wisconsin before the 
war is over," he said, "and I am going back to Massachusetts 
with many practical suggestions which I find have already 
been worked out by the people of Wisconsin." 

The war spirit was growing, and mass meetings were 
being held all over the state. In Green farmers' meetings 
were being held daily, in Iron every available lot was shown 
to have been planted to war gardens, in Jefferson the Liberty 
Loan was being pushed and hundreds of boys were enlisted 
for farm work, the county board having appropriated $4,000 
to the county council. Langlade reported the greatest acre- 
age in foodstuffs in its history, Price was clearing brush land 
for gardens, Sawyer was turning over mill yards for gardens 
and Shawano was conducting a systematic survey of its agri- 
cultural possibilities. Walworth was holding canning dem- 
onstrations, and 5,000 bushels of seed potatoes had been dis- 
tributed, Waukesha women were canvassing the wards to 
find out how many citizens had gardens, Waupaca was greatly 




■STArt COUNC/to/. DEFEtiS^ 



Wisconsin In The World War 97 

increasing its natural potato acreage and Wood had raised 
$8,000 for war work, and was credited with an increase of 
twenty-five per cent in productive acreage. 

All over the state there was the same inspiring story. 
Neillsville had organized a civic council to cooperate with 
the county council, Beloit had appropriated $300 for a city 
defense council, the city of Green Bay added $700 to the 
$1,500 already appropriated for the county council, the city of 
Monroe transformed twenty-two acres of a park to a munici- 
pal garden, the village of Seymour held a parade in which 
7,000 persons joined. Portage had increased the membership 
of its Red Cross and taken charge of the work in Columbia 
county, Milwaukee high school girls were enlisting for work 
with the Red Cross, members of the civic societies of Eau 
Claire tendered their services to the county council and the 
citizens of Madison had raised $950 to further Red Cross 
work. 

The agricultural committee of the state council suggested 
the forming of committees in every city or village council as 
a source of information for beginners in gardening, and garden 
contests were being inaugurated. 

Registration day being over, with Wisconsin leading the 
nation with its report, Adjutant General Holway was pushing 
his, campaign for recruits for the regular army, the navy, 
marine corps and the National Guard. Through the council 
he sent out an appeal in which he said that Wisconsin's motto 
still was "Forward." The work of recruiting was carried to 
every county, with remarkable results. 

The state council at this time took up the task of enlis't- 
ing nurses to care for the civilian sick in place of registered 
nurses called to war camps. The state owes much to Dr. 
Evans of the council for the way in which this campaign was 
conducted. His plan was to form health aide classes in 
various hospitals, in which girls were to enlist, and for which 
the legislature had appropriated $15,000. After a careful sur- 
vey the committee on medical preparedness, consisting of Dr. 
Evans, Mrs. Morgan and Prof. Mack, decided that there would 



98 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

be needed with two years 200 additional nurses to care for 
the civilian sick. 

It was proposed to establish in various hospitals a course 
of training which would last for a period of six months. The 
young women completing this course were to be known as 
health aides. The state had established scholarships to cover 
living expenses, cost of uniforms and books and cost of in- 
struction. The girls accepting the scholarships agreed to 
follow the profession within the state for two years follow- 
ing the completion of training, and to accept as compensation 
not to exceed $10 a week, with board and lodging. 

The plan was endorsed by the Wisconsin Committee for 
National Defense, Medical Section, composed of the following 
members: Dr. E. E. Evans, La Crosse; Dr. J. S. Evans, Mad- 
ison; Dr. Rock Sleyster, Waupun; Dr. Hoyt E. Dearholt, 
Milwaukee; Dr. G. V. I. Brown, Milwaukee; Dr. J. R. Mc 
Dill, Milwaukee ; Dr. E. J. Barrett, Sheboygan ; Dr. F. Greg- 
ory Connell, Oshkosh; Dr. J. M. Dodd, Ashland; Dr. J. L. 
Yates, Milwaukee; Dr. C. A. Harper, Madison; Dr. R. H. 
Jackson, Madison; Dr. W. T. Sarles, Sparta; Dr. L. F. Jer- 
main, Milwaukee; Dr. C. R. Bardeen, Madison; Dr. G. E. Sea- 
man, Milwaukee; Dr. C. H. Stoddard, Milwaukee; Dr, J. W. 
Frew, Milwaukee; Dr. G. A. Harlow, Milwaukee; Dr. C. E. 
Banks, Milwaukee. 

The committee in charge of the course of training con- 
sisted of Dr. Louis Warfield, Milwaukee, Miss Mabel Brad- 
shaw, and Miss Stella S. Matthews, Milwaukee. The first 
unit of thirty girls were trained at the Milwaukee county 
hospital. 

Through publicity by the state council the classes soon 
were filled. 

County reports at this time showed increased activity. 
Bayfield was urging the building of silos, had met the labor 
situation and was promising an increased crop, Crawford had 
organized a speakers' bureau, Dodge was classifying its agri- 
cultural lands to make sure that every acre was under cultiva- 
tion, in Dunn the Liberty Loan campaign had been launched 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 99 

with a mass meeting and $1,000 had been given to the Y. M. 
C. A., meetings to stimulate recruiting, the sale of bonds and 
increased crops had been held in Mineral Point, Dodgeville, 
Cobb, Arena, Avoca, Highland, Barneveld, Rewey, Ridgeway 
and Clyde, in Iowa county, Kenosha had distributed hundreds 
of bushels of seed to farmers and corn contests were being 
carried on in the schools, while the Red Cross was receiving 
splendid support with a record of shipments to France, in 
Langlade the women were making a campaign to spread 
the gospel of food conservation, Marathon had secured the 
services of Miss Emma Conley for lectures on fruit canning 
and conservation, Milwaukee was beginning its organization 
of which later proved to be an active county council, twenty- 
one meetings had been held in Portage county and in Rich- 
land and Rock the patriotic meetings were being continued. 

The increase in acreage and the possibilities of greater 
food stufifs production had been assisted greatly by the first 
act of the state council. While its organization was going 
on the council had been confronted with a situation which 
called for immediate action. The nation was calling for 
greater crops, and Wisconsin, as an agricultural state, was de- 
termined to do its share. A conference was called with po- 
tato growers and shippers, representatives of banks and the 
state agricultural department, which was offered to the council 
by Gov. Philipp. Early crops were in, but there still was 
time to plant potatoes and beans, and to sow buckwheat and 
sorghum seed, and in some sections of the state spring wheat. 

To obtain seed was the problem. Seed potatoes were at 
a premium, the prices the preceding winter having attracted 
most of the supply to market. Farmers already had been in- 
duced by these high prices to plant an increased acreage of 
potatoes, but it was decided that every potato that could be 
planted was to be put into the ground. 

The agricultural department undertook a census of avail- 
able land and of the potato seed supply. The result was that 
the leading potato shippers of the state were called to the 
capitol, were told of the number of bushels which still re- 



100 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

mained in their warehouses and were asked to set aside 300 
carloads for sale to growers for seed purposes only. They 
were given the alternative of an order by the state council 
prohibiting the shipment of potatoes out of the state, and a 
further order demanding" that 300 carloads be delivered to the 
agents of the council, at the prevailing price, for distribution. 

The shippers proved their patriotism by going even 
farther. They stopped the sale for food, not only outside but 
inside the state, for two weeks. They placed 300 carloads 
of selected seed at the disposal of the council, and turned over 
their entire organization to aid in the distribution. 

The State Bankers' association conducted a census 
throughout the state through the medium of country banks 
and learned how many bushels would be needed to plant the 
available land in every community. Through these banks 
seed potatoes in car load lots were ordered, the banks financ- 
ing the local undertaking in every instance and providing 
credit for every person who wanted seed. 

By this same method several car loads of seed wheat and 
several thousand pounds of beans, buckwheat and sorghum 
seed were distributed. The market value of this seed was 
$178,000. 

At this time the council took a step to increase the food 
supply by supplying carp from Wisconsin lakes to industrial 
centers. These fish had been shipped in former years to 
eastern markets, the state receiving a percentage on the sales. 
Gov. Philipp issued a proclamation prohibiting shipments out- 
side the state, and through the cooperation of the state con- 
servation the council began supplying cities with carp which 
sold to the consumer at five cents a pound. Wisconsin 
women were asked to suggest ways of cooking the fish and 
the result was a flood of recipes, which were published in the 
official bulletins and republished by the newspapers. Before 
the season ended thousands of pounds had been distributed 
and the cost of living had been reduced for many households. 

Fourth of July, 1917, was made the occasion of increased 
war activity in Wisconsin. Through the medium of the state 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 101 

council a proclamation by the governor was widely circulated. 
County councils arranged patriotic meetings which had a 
deeper significance than ever before, and patriotic organiza- 
tion and efforts received thousands of recruits on that day. 

The first Red Cross War Fund campaign was on, and 
the state council made a stirring appeal to the citizens of the 
state in its behalf. 

Bayfield county announced that through the county 
council a company of 150 had been recruited and that great 
enthusiasm had been aroused. Calumet had organized a 
labor bureau consisting of all its postmasters and rural mail 
carriers and farmers were securing help by applying to the 
postofifices. The Clark county council reported every avail- 
able foot of land under cultivation and was aiding in the 
campaign for the Y. M. C. A. war fund. The Columbia 
county council had called a meeting of bankers and put over 
its Liberty Loan drive, had guaranteed a fund of $4,000 for 
the purchase of seed, and twenty-eight recruits had been se- 
cured in the city of Portage alone. Door county reported 
the best prospects in its history for a record fruit crop, and 
a chapter of the Red Cross had been organized at Sturgeon 
Bay with more than 300 members. Fond du Lac had held a 
mass meeting, with all its registered men as invited guests, 
and, with Gen. C. R. Boardman as speaker, had secured many 
recruits for the army and navy. Merrill, in Lincoln county, 
had held a tag day for the Red Cross and its high school girls 
were enlisted. -A local defense council in Tomahawk was 
organizing that section of the county, and Merrill had held 
the greatest Fourth of July celebration in its history. Meet- 
ings had been held at Durand, Eau Galle and Porcupine, in 
Pepin county, and canning demonstrations were being held 
all over the county. Racine was distributing posters to stim- 
ulate interest in recruiting, women's work. Red Cross, auto- 
mobile service, household thrift and child welfare, and had 
sent another shipment of clothing to France. In Rock county 
the war activity was increasing. Members of the Beloit Col- 
lege faculty were giving up their work for military service, 



102 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wae 

the pupils at the state school for the blind at Janesville were 
making articles for the soldiers, and the county agricultural 
agent was holding daily meetings. 

An extract from the report of the secretary of the Sha- 
wano county council of defense is given here to show the in- 
terest Wisconsin was taking in raising war crops. It is typi- 
cal of the whole state: 

"No one ever saw so many gardens — wherever you go. 
on front streets, back streets, side streets, alleys, and in oul- 
of-way vacant spots that have gone unnoticed for years, are 
now planted all kinds of vegetables. There are no 'Keep Off 
the Grass' signs in Shawano, or no need for them, for the 
grass has been plowed under and a growing garden is now 
to be seen, instead of the old familiar sign. Miss Edith Rad- 
dant, chairman of the vacant lot gardening committee, in her 
last report, showed nearly 150 lots in the city of Shawano 
that had not been plowed for years, and many more will be 
planted before the season is over. Not only in the city of 
Shawano has this committee been active, but it has extended 
its work and efforts all over the county. In the villages and 
in the rural school districts it has taken up the work with the 
school children. Citizens of Green Valley are farming as 
they never have before. In one place a field that was thickly 
dotted with stumps has been cleared up this spring and plant- 
ed to corn. Many tracts that have not been planted in many 
years are now planted to beans and corn. Not far from the 
station, the right of way of the railway for a mile and a half 
is plowed up and planted to beans." 

The work of organizing the state for the mobilization of 
farm labor was bearing fruit, and on July 1 fifty-seven counties 
reported through their county councils the following list of 
men who were engaged in helping to solve the war time 
problems of the farmer : 

Agricultural Representatives — Ashland, C. B. Post; Bar- 
ron, R. L. Cuff; Bayfield, V. E. Brubaker; Brown, E. A. Carn- 
cross ; Burnett, G. M. Briggs ; Douglas, J. M. Walz ; Eau 
Claire, G. R. Ingalls ; Forest, J. Swenehart ; Green Lake, O. 



Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 103 

R. Zeasman; Jackson, L. H. Robbins; Kenosha, Griffith 
Richards; Langlade, F. G. Swoboda; Lincoln, A. H. Cole; 
Oneida, W. D. Juday; Polk, J. S. Khnka; Price, F. H. Ser- 
geant; Portage, J. M. Coyner; Rock, L. A. Markham ; Rusk, 
G. M. Householder; Sawyer, C. P. West; St. Croix, T. M. 
Olson; Shawano, Merton Moore; Taylor, R. A. Kolb; Vilas, 
Oscar Gunderson; Walworth, L. L. Oldham. 

County Agricultural School and Normal School Teacher.s 
Acting as Emergency Food Agents — Dunn, George P. Wolf; 
La Crosse, T. H. Campion; Marathon, R. A. Humphrey; Mari- 
nette, W. E. Morton; Milwaukee, F. J. Sievers; Racine, C. 
E. Fawcett; Wood, W. W. Clark; Pepin, E. J. Prucha; Grant, 
G. E. Wilson ; Pierce, J. M. May. 

Emergency Food Agents — Chippewa, W. C. Bradley ; Co- 
lumbia, H. Lunz; Dane, A. L. Stone; Dodge, E. R. Jones; 
Fond du Lac, R. V. Gunn; Green, L. F. Graber; Iowa, J. L. 
Tormey; Manitowoc, M. H. Scott; Monroe, John D. Imrie; 
Sauk, George Davies; Door, H. W. Ullsperger; Sheboygan, 
A. C. Oosterhuis; Waushara, J. W. Brann; Waukesha and 
Jefferson, D. H. Otis; Washburn, A. R. Albert; Winnebago, 
R. F. Murray; Richland, Rufus Runke; Calumet, J. J. Gar- 
land; Juneau, Adams and Marquette, J. W. Hicks. 

The State Council had been conducting hearings on the 
coal situation for several weeks at this time. The fuel supply 
in the northwest was short and the situation was acute. 
Many large Wisconsin cities were beginning to appeal for aid. 

Under its authority the council had subpoenaed managers 
and proprietors of the large coal companies, and their exam- 
ination had been conducted by Assistant Attorney General 
Walter Drew. 

After a thorough investigation, the council unanimously 
went on record in favor of government control and operation 
of coal mines. The following resolution was sent to Presi- 
dent Wilson, the Council of National Defense and the Wis- 
consin representatives in Congress : 

"Whereas, Investigation reveals that the American people 
are threatened with an entirely inadequate available supply 



104 Wisconsin In The World War 

of coal for the coming winter and with prices even more ex- 
horbitant than those recently charged for that necessity; and 

"Whereas, Investigation and authentic data conclusively 
establish that neither inadequacy of supply nor abnormally 
high prices can be justified as resulting from a lack of the 
existence of the undistributed and unmined product, but, on 
the contrary, conclusively establish that both are due es- 
sentially and entirely to a failure of production and proper 
distribution under the prevailing plan of control, operation 
and manipulation ; and 

"Whereas, Proper control of the price of this commodity 
to the consumer will not of itself avert the crisis that menaces 
the people. The available supply throughout the nation must 
be augmented. Intensified production and proper distribution 
must be combined with control of process if this crisis and the 
accompanying distress is to be averted. Now therefore be it 

"Resolved by the Wisconsin State Council of Defense, that 
the Council of National Defense be and is hereby respect- 
fully memorialized to recommend to and urge upon the Presi- 
dent of the United States and the Congress the immediate 
assumption of control by the United States government over 
the coil mines in the United States and the operation of these 
mines by the Federal government pursuant to such plan as i; 
necessary to assure an adequate supply of coal, and to per- 
fect arrangements for the proper distribution thereof at rea- 
sonable prices, allowing to the owners of the mines a reason- 
able return for the coal and for the use of equipment and fa- 
cilities." 

Washington, however, handicapped by red tape and slow 
to move, took no immediate action, and Wisconsin was a 
pioneer in this movement. Had the months during which 
the Wisconsin council were investigating and urging action 
been utilized for the shipment of coal over the Great Lakes, 
it is possible that the sweeping order by Fuel Administrator 
Garfield might have been unnecessary. However that may 
be, the state council persisted in its position, and Tollowed 
this resolution with the following telegram to Washington: 



Wisconsin In The Would War 105 

"The Wisconsin State Council of Defense earnestly pro- 
tests against the present high prices of coal. Plans for food 
economy as directed by Mr. Hoover, under authority of the 
President, are now well under way in this state, but we can- 
not get full cooperation when it is reported in the press that 
coal operators connected with the Council of National De- 
fense are permitted to fix their own prices on coal, making it 
nothing less than legalized robbery. We emphasize our 
former recommendations of absolute and immediate govern- 
ment control of mining and distribution." 

Meanwhile the state council had fixed a price for coal in 
this state, based upon its investigation, and the coal companies 
were generally cooperating. Out of the weeks of earnest 
work by the council in this direction came the action of the 
state in being the first to place a fuel administrator in the field. 
The administration of the fuel situation here will be described 
in another chapter. It is certain, however, that much of the 
evidence secured by the council was valuable when Washing- 
ton at last awoke to the situation and took decisive action. 

More reports of enthusiastic recruiting campaigns were 
being received. Forest county reported that two per cent of 
its population had volunteered for military service, and other 
campaigns were being carried on in the interest of silo build- 
ing, sheep raising. Red Cross and thrift. Green reported a 
complete survey of the grist, flour and feed mills and that all 
condenseries and cheese factories were running to capacity. 
Evening agricultural meetings were being held, with address- 
es by County Superintendent J. N. Burns and Emergency 
agent Graber on "Preparedness and the World's Food Sup- 
ply." Canning demonstrations had been held in Monroe, 
Brodhead, Albany and Blanchardville. In Green Lake the 
county board had added $2,5CX) to the defense council fund, 
Berlin had organized a Red Cross chapter with 600 members, 
1,000 school children had been enrolled in corn, tomato and 
potato clubs and a company of the National Guard was being 
organized in Berlin. La Crosse had held a banquet with 
Judge K. M. Landis of Chicago as the speaker, and $46,000 



106 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

had been raised for the Red Cross, the quota being but $36,000. 
More than 1,000 La Crosse county women had enrolled for 
war service. Manitowoc county citizens had raised $30,000 
for the Red Cross, Company H of the National Guard of Man- 
itowoc had doubled its membership and the city had appoint- 
ed a man to supervise city war gardens. Marinette had or- 
ganized a juvenile council of defense, and through the efforts 
of County Superintendent Gertrude Schwittay nineteen school 
districts were active in the work with nearly 200 boys and 
girls enlisted. To increase the war food supply was their 
object, and to each pupil a peck of seed potatoes had been 
issued, for which they gave their note due in six months for 
80 cents. The Men's Employment department in Milwaukee 
county was progressing in its work and labor was being pro- 
vided for factories and farms. The organization of the 
bureau of social and medical welfare had been worked out, 
and Milwaukee was far above the half million contribution 
which had been asked for the Red Cross. In Portage county 
the food campaign was being continued. Meetings were be- 
ing held daily with farmers, the Portage-Waupaca Guernsey 
breeders had held a meeting for patriotic discussion, with 
more than 1,000 citizens attending, and 200 acres of land had 
been offered the Council of National Defense for an agri- 
cultural military camp and the growing of root crops. Price 
county reported that more than 200 young men had enlisted, 
that a fund of $5,000 had been raised for the Red Cross, and 
that Red Cross meetings had been held in Park Falls, Pren- 
tice, Ogema and Kennan. In Racine county each member of 
the county council had appointed in his respective township 
twenty-five assistants. The county had 7,500 bond buyers 
and had doubled its Red Cross quota. Washington county 
farmers had organized the Washington County Patriotic 
League and were donating the crop from one acre on each 
farm to the Red Cross. A sign marked each farm which read : 
"We Are Growing Crops to Be Donated to the Red Cross." 
How Winnebago county was responding to war duties was 
shown in the report of the secretary of the county council : 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 107 

"The Winnebago County council of defense feels that it 
has devoted its energies for the great cause for which it is 
working with all the zeal, enthusiasm and interests that these 
critical and crucial times require. One most notable feature 
of the work has been the absolute lack of friction in the exe- 
cution of all the work in the county. No one person or fac- 
tion is trying to run affairs for personal credit, but everj' 
worker seems to be trying to place the honors on other 
shoulders and this seems to be the spirit that is behind the 
whole movement in the county. The men behind the Win- 
nebago county council of defense are business and profes- 
sional men but many of them have farms and are interested 
in farming. This makes an ideal combination for carrying on 
the work. These men, J. C. Thompson, G. A. Buckstafif, Otto 
Haas, Louis Schreiber, John Evans, A. T. Hennig, Otto Con- 
rad, and D. E. McDonald of Oslikosh, C. B. Clark of Neenah, 
Joseph Hill of Menasha and Walter Schroeder of Winne- 
conne, and others, are very busy men in normal times, but 
they have responded to the nation's call most unselfishly, and 
have neglected their own business for hours, and for days 
in many cases, in order that the county council should do its 
share as a part of the state council of defense for the nation." 

Farm labor activities were reported from many counties. 
Calumet was urging more activity on the part of its post- 
masters and rural mail carriers, in Eau Claire the county 
superintendent of schools had a file of all available school 
labor which could be drawn upon, Fond du Lac was produc- 
ing results by advertising in the local newspapers, Jefiferson 
was displaying an attractive poster with notice that idlers 
would not be tolerated and "every man must do his bit," La 
Crosse reported that "every labor center is recruiting help and 
we are arranging to make our employment bureau the center 
of our activities," Sawyer had registered all boys between 
the ages of twelve and twenty in the city of Hayward and 
had canvassed all the smaller towns, and Sauk county was 
promising a "bumper" crop. 

The state council began at this time a drive on the va- 



108 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

grants of the state. A conference was called which was at- 
tended by sheriffs and police heads of the cities, and it was 
decided to rigidly enforce the Huber law, which provided 
"that every male person over sixteen years of age, who shall 
be convicted by any court or magistrate on the charge of 
vagrancy, vagabondage, petty larceny, drunkenness or disor- 
derly conduct, shall be punished by imprisonment in the work- 
house or in the county jail at hard manual labor." 

It was made plain that vagrancy had been broadly defined 
as persistent idleness. "A man need not be a tramp to be 
arrested for vagrancy," read a bulletin which was sent out 
through the state. "If an able-bodied man is a hanger-on and 
is continually unemployed, he is a vagrant and can be made 
to work." 

With this as a basis the council made a campaign which 
greatly increased the labor supply. It was the determination 
by this time that every Wisconsin citizen who was able should 
do something to help win the war. ^ 

The state council began the circulation of food pledge 
cards, in the campaign by the women of the state which is de- 
scribed in another chapter. The work of the food adminis- 
tration was just beginning, and Wisconsin was leading in 
this activity. 

County reports showed that the Women's Relief corps 
of Chilton, Calumet county, at a large patriotic meeting, had 
presented an American flag to be unfurled over the court 
house, that Clark county was giving a summer course in food 
conservation and that Chippewa county was holding a series 
of patriotic meetings. The city of Stanley had organized a 
branch of the Eau Claire county Red Cross. Memberships 
in the Red Cross were increasing in Dodge county, and 
$14,000 had been contributed. The city of Fond du Lac had 
opened a market, a move by the county council to reduce the 
cost of living and conserve the supply of food stuffs. The 
Kenosha county council had received a petition from Slavs 
of Kenosha, asking that they be recognized as a factor in war 
work, the council had made a survey of the mills and made 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 109 

preliminary plans for the harvest season, patriotic agricul- 
tural "get together" meetings had been held and a county 
campaign with the slogan "Go to Work or Go to Jail" was on. 
Marathon county had designated each of 210 school boards 
to act as local councils of defense, Wausau, on July 2 and 3, 
had held canning demonstrations with hundreds of women 
attending, the greatest Fourth of July celebration the county 
ever had seen had been held in Wausau, and the county 
council had issued an appeal to the citizens of the county, 
explaining why America was at war and urging the people 
to greater service and sacrifice. This appeal said : 

"For the present, the most of us can show only a willing- 
ness to help wherever we can and be ready each to take his 
part. Let us show to the world that we as American citizens 
have but one country and that one we believe in and intend 
to sustain and defend." 

"Pass It On" was the motto of canning clubs in Rock 
county and a letter had been sent to each clergyman request- 
ing that they devote a portion of their sermons to food con- 
servation. Beloit had started a drive for 10,000 members of 
the Red Cross, the city being divided into districts for a house 
to house canvass. An energetic silo building campaign was 
on in St. Croix, and farmers were being encouraged to raise 
mpre high grade stock. The local council of defense at Hud- 
son was proving a valuable aid. Waupaca had recruited two 
companies for the National Guard, members of the Red Cross 
were enlisting by hundreds and twenty 3^oung women had 
enlisted as health aides. 

Early in June the Council of National Defense had di- 
rected state councils to interview the wholesale bakers in their 
states to determine what disposition was being made of unsold 
bread, and to secure the pledge of the baker not to use such 
bread for purposes other than human consumption. The Wis- 
consin state council had on June 14 directed county councils 
to investigate this subject, and within a few days reports had 
been received showing Wisconsin ready to undertake this 
war activity as it had all others. Forty-eight counties had 



110 Wisconsin In The World War 

reported that without a single exception their bakers had 
taken steps to conserve the bread supply by refusing to ac- 
cept the return of unsold balances of bread. Bakers later 
signed pledges to carry out this method. 

Wisconsin women were beginning to take the places of 
men in the effort to increase the labor for the farms and to 
release men for military duty. The report of the Calumet 
county council contained the following, which was general 
throughout the agricultural sections of the state : 

"Reports from the canning companies in this county in- 
dicate that a large number of women and girls have applied 
for work during the campaign. The canneries as a result will 
be able to allow many of the men and boys to work in the 
fields. Young women working in the fields in Calumet county 
are not slow to adopt the new overalls styles that women 
munition workers have been wearing. The emergency food 
agent of the county recently mistook two women farm work- 
ers for boys while visiting a farm." 

Meetings had been held in New Glarus, Albany and 
Browntown, in Green county, where farmers heard talks on 
winter dairying. Citizens of Iron county had subscribed 
$1800 more than their Red Cross quota. Jefferson county had 
given a suggestion to other councils, which was generally 
followed, and which was explained in a report as follows : 

"Former Gov. Hoard is employing boys by the day to hoe 
corn, the boys being conveyed to the farm each morning. 
They carry their lunch with them and are brought back to 
their homes each evening. In every town and village there 
are doubtless many boys and even men who could be recruited 
for farm work. Some of these might not be able to work 
every day, but they could put in som,e time. They could be 
formed into an auto squad, to be conveyed to the farms in the 
morning and returned in the evening. If the boys carried 
their lunches the farm women would be relieved of extra work 
in connection with boarding the men, and the work they can 
do at this time will have a bearing upon the size of the crops 
next fall. A number of business men have expressed a will- 



i 



Wisconsin In The World Was 111 

ihgness to adjust the vacations of their employes so that va- 
cation time could come at a time of rush work on the farms. 
By mobihzing and co-ordinating the activities of available 
help in each community much can be done to relieve the 
stress for farm labor." 

All over the state these auto squads were organized, 
women driving the cars in many cases. Particularly was this 
true in Racine, Dane and Kenosha counties. 

Juneau county reported that more than 1,000 acres had 
been added to the county's acreage for food stufifs. Local 
Red Cross units had been organized in Mauston, Elroy, New 
Lisbon, Necedah, Camp Douglas and Wonewoc. J. W. 
Hicks, president of the Wisconsin Potato Growers' associa- 
tion, had been addressing large meetings in Endeavor, Pack- 
waukee, Westfield, Montello and Oxford, in Marquette county, 
and meetings had been held for girls and women to increase 
interest in canning and food conservation. A plan was an- 
nounced to organize women's councils in every ward in the 
city of Milwaukee and in every precinct in Milwaukee county. 
Four hundred representative women had been invited to at- 
tend an organization meeting to perfect plans for the war 
work of Milwaukee county. The village of East Milwaukee 
was making a record for war gardens. Local defense councils 
had been organized in Oconto Falls, Lena, Abrams, Gillett 
and Suring, in Oconto county, and merchants were allowing 
their clerks to spend some time in the fields. Oneida county 
was making a splendid record for war work. All the tillable 
land in the county, including city lots, was under cultivation, 
the sheriff was utilizing prison labor and an efficient labor 
bureau was placing many men on the farms. The report said : 

"As in the past Rhinelander and Oneida is more than able 
and willing to finance everything that is needed." 

Company L of the National Guard had been recruited to 
more than war strength, and a large hospital corps was ready 
for duty. The county then had 7,000 members of the Red 
Cross. Portage was increasing its silos for war time conser- 
vation and canning clubs had been organized in East Nelson- 



112 Wisconsin In The World Wae 

ville, Stockton and Carson. Racine was agitating the ex- 
penditure of $100,000 for an armory, and the county council 
had established a municipal market in the city of Racine. 
Automobile squads were at work in Rock, the pastors of the 
county were preaching conservation sermons, and the "work 
or fight" rule adopted by the state council was being ob- 
served. 

The Sheboygan council had circulated an effective poster, 
headed "Help Wanted !" It said : "Be a patriot. Assist in 
food production." The poster defined slackers as "those who 
are physically able to work but are idle because they have 
means of support, and those who loaf about town and abso- 
lutely refuse to work." Thirty-two junior defense clubs had 
been organized in Taylor county, for garden work. Trem- 
pealeau county had completed a road map of the county to 
assist its auto squads. Red Cross branches had been estab- 
ished in Whitehall, Trempealeau, Arcadia, Independence, 
Galesville, Blair, Ettrick, Eleva and Strum. The city of 
Hartford, in Washington county, had appropriated $200 for 
a new company of the National Guard which was being re- 
cruited there. 

The Brown county council had purchased 1,000 pennants 
which were being distributed to school children who showed 
their patriotism by planting gardens and cultivating the soil. 
The pennants bore the inscription "Uncle Sam's Acres." 
Dane county was prepared to meet the peak load of harvest 
by organizing auto squads, and business and professional men 
were going into the fields, donating their wages to the Red 
Cross. The Rotary club of Madison led in this work. Pa- 
triotic meetings had been held in the villages of Cottage 
Grove, McFarland, Marshall and Brooklyn, and the physicians 
and nurses of the county were preparing a roster and many 
were volunteering for service. 

Forest county deserves especial mention here for a record 
in recruiting probably not surpassed in the nation. With a 
population of but 8,000, it had enlisted its full quota in the 
regular army, a complete company for the. National Guard, 



Wisconsin In The Wokld War 113 

and men for the navy, medical corps, marine corps and other 
branches of the service. One physician was in the army and 
two others were ready to go. 

Grant county had organized bands of "minute men," so- 
called because they were ready at a minute's notice for work 
in the harvest fields. The members were business and pro- 
fessional men of Lancaster. The city of Monroe, Green 
county, had a municipally owned potato patch of twenty- 
three acres. Six patriotic meetings had been held in Jackson 
county since the last report. The Lincoln county council had 
called a meeting of manufacturers to discuss a plan to release 
men for work in the fields. Wisconsin had planted the great- 
est crop in its history and all over the state the problem of 
harvest was acute. A volunteer cavalry troop had been or- 
ganized and was avaiting a call. The Langlade county coun- 
cil had set an example for others in its crusade against idlers. 
The following poster met the eyes of citizens everywhere : 

WORK OR 
GO TO JAIL 



Farmers Cry For Help 
Mills Need Men 



Law Defines Loafers and 
Vagrants as Idlers 



Sheriff and Police Instructed 
To Arrest All Idlers 



PENALTY— 3 MONTHS AT HARD LABOR 
Langlade County Council of Defense. 

Fifteen thousand young men had left the county for the 
war, and the citizens who remained were determined that 
there should be no loafing during the war. 



114 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

In Richland county the women were doing more than 
their share, as the following" extract from the weekly report 
shows : 

"Richland county is 'there' when it comes to women. 
They have us men backed off the map. They are conducting 
canning schools, preaching conservation on the street corners, 
enrolling county dependents in the Red Cross, and making 
Red Cross supplies to equip every man in the county. If 
there is any one in the county not in the Red Cross service 
we do not know it. If our women can fight like they can 
get ready to fight, we suggest a quick solution for this war." 

Sauk county had gathered enmasse at Baraboo for the 
patriotic Fourth of July celebration, 15,000 persons taking 
part in a parade, with a military band, two military companies 
and a company of Boy Scouts and a mile-long pageant. More 
than $1,000 was contributed out of pocketbooks and purses 
during the parade for the Red Cross. Meetings of farmers 
had been held in Wayne, Myra and South Germantown, in 
Washington county, and as one war activity a campaign was 
being conducted against the lowly potato bug, now recognized 
as an agent of the Kaiser. The county council of Waukesha 
county was ready to harvest the crop from a 280 acre farm, 
which would have been idle, but which was rented and sub- 
let to tenants for the addition it would mean to the food sup- 
ply of the Allies. 

One of the most far reaching and effective food conserva- 
tion campaigns had been carried on during the summer by a 
corps of 125 insurance agents, organized for the purpose by 
Insurance Commissioner M. J. Cleary, and working under the 
direction of the state council and with the cooperation of the 
state industrial commission. Early 5n May the 'jSFatibnal 
Board of Fire Underwriters had volunteered its services to 
the Council of National Defense, and, as a result, a unit of 
4,000 trained inspectors was placed at the disposal of the Unit- 
ed States government. Wisconsin was one of the first states 
to be organized, as the Conservation Association of Wiscon- 
sin. 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 115 

These men traveled throughout the state, armed with cre- 
dentials signed by the governor, state council of defense of- 
ficials and the state fire marshal, inspecting grain elevators, 
flour mills, wholesale houses and all warehouses where food 
was stored. The inspection included coal docks, iron docks, 
candy factories, bakeries and biscuit factories, and every other 
building related to the food or war material supply. More 
than 2,000 buildings and docks were visited, and in cases 
where improvements were suggested the owners were asked 
to remedy the defects. 

The state highway commission had been appealed to by 
farmers who believed road work should cease during the 
harvest season, and the state council sent out the following 
letter on this subject: 

"Mr. Hirst, the state highway engineer, believes that the 
labor problem in each county is a problem peculiar to that 
county, which should be worked out by the county councils 
of defense, the labor agents and the county road officials. 
He believes that in every county where a real emergency 
exists it will be easily possible for these bodies to agree upon 
some effective plan of cooperation." 

The Dunn county council was holding at this time a 
series of chautauquas, to reach every community in the 
county, where the gospel of food conservation and the story 
of how America entered the war was preached and told. The 
county appropriated $1,000 for this work, 

Burnett county started a series of meetings, combining a 
drive for recruits with lectures on canning. The village of 
Webster sent ten of its young men to war, and closed its 
places of business to give them a rousing sendoff. The vil- 
lage of Poynette, in Columbia county, claimed the honor of 
the highest per capita subscription for the Red Cross, of 
$1.58. Other cities and villages in this county, with their 
record, were Columbus, $1.32; Rio, $1.30; Portage, $1.30; 
Cambria, $1.29; Kilbourn, $1.06; Pardeeville, $1.01. Four 
Minute men were organized and were addressing meetings all 
over the county. Lodi gave a farewell reception to the young 



116 WiscoKSiN In The Wobld Wab 

men called to the colors. Crawford county sent six women 
to Madison for a short course in canning and preserving, and 
demonstrations were given at Eastman, Lynxville, Wauzeka, 
Perryville and Seneca. 

The Kenosha county council was working with the 
Chamber of Commerce to establish a municipal market, the 
Knights of Columbus of Kenosha undertook to look after 
the county's soldiers and the citizens contributed $1,000 for 
this purpose, 200 women were selected to take charge of the 
distribution of food pledge cards and farmers were holding 
meetings. Manitowoc began a series of Sunday picnics for 
patriotic purposes. A department of public affairs was or- 
ganized within the Milwaukee county council, to conduct pa- 
triotic work, campaigns of education and similar activities. 
The executive commttee authorized the publication of a week- 
ly bulletin. The council now had forty women's organiza- 
tions and forty branches headed by men. The council was 
planning to give a special emblem to industries and business 
men conserving war time products. A start was to be made 
by thus honoring the bakers who were making war bread 
and the hotels and restaurants which were cooperating in 
the saving of v/heat and other essentials. The villages of 
Wittenberg, Tigerton, Birnamwood, Morris, Red Springs, 
Frazier, Lessor and Welhaven, in Shawano county, had or- 
ganized branches of the Red Cross. Galesville, in Trem- 
pealeau county, had more than 2,000 members of the Red 
Cross, and the Trempealeau county company of the National 
Guard was recruited to war strength. At a joint meeting of 
the physicians of Waukesha qpunty and the county council 
the following resolution was adopted : 

"That, during the absence of physicians called to the 
colors, those who remain at home shall on the first of each 
month turn over to the families of said physicians who are 
serving their country a sum equal to one-third of the gross 
receipts collected during month preceding from the patients 
of said absent physicians." 

On July 23 a farewell banquet was given to Waushara 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 117 

county's National Guard company, and several hundred dol- 
lars was raised for the comforts of the men. 

The soldier pal movement, which spread all over the stare 
before the end of the war, was started at this time by the state 
council, which sent the following letter to county councils : 

"Now is the time when Uncle Sam expects every citizen 
to be a soldier. To each of us comes the privilege of render- 
ing a soldier service to our country, even though most of us 
must remain at home. It is up to every one of us to stand 
back of the boys who wear the uniform and who bear the 
brunt of our battle at the front. 

"Every fellow who is to have the honor to represent Wis- 
consin at the front should have every reasonable assurance 
that his home affairs will receive the best possible attention 
while he is away, and that every effort will be made to have 
his regular position, or a better one, open for him when he 
comes back. 

"Back of every soldier boy there should be here at home 
a citizen soldier, who would be his personal friend and "back- 
home" fellow, his brother, his pal. 

"We, therefore, urge every county council of defense to 
call for volunteers, warm-blooded Americans who are not 
called to the colors, to enlist in the army at home, with every 
soldier at home standing back of one of the boys in Uncle 
Sam's real army. 

"This call should come now so that each home soldier 
may select or be selected by an enlisted man, establish per- 
sonal relations, and become the acquaintance and helping 
friend of the family or relatives left behind. If the depend- 
ents come to want,- their cases should be reported to those 
organizations that can lend prompt and efficient aid. 

"We want to do this now, so that the soldier who leaves 
us will want to come back to us. We want them to feel all 
the while they are away that they are still members of the 
home community, that the old ties are not broken, but are 
growing stronger. 



118 Wisconsin In The Wobld War 

"Let every boy who follows the flag feel that he leaves 
behind a soldier pal with a soldier spirit." 

The state council gave publicity to results of a census 
of the msurance carried by enlisted men in Wisconsin, which 
had been made by Insurance Commissioner Cleary and the 
adjutant general's department. It was suggested that the 
local councils take up the paying of premiums, wherever this 
was necessary, of men in the military or naval service, so that 
the insurance might be continued in force. 

Although no provision had been made in Adams county 
for funds for the county council of defense, the members were 
continuing their work and paying their own expenses. Can- 
ning demonstrations were being held and patriotic meetings 
were planned. The Bayfield council started a movement to 
cut down retail deliveries to reduce war costs, Calumet county 
had organized an auto squad, and had held meetings in Stock- 
bridge, Chilton and New Holstein, Chippewa county delayed 
the opening of school in order to finish the potato harvest, 
Clark county housewives were being urged to carry their 
parcels to relieve the delivery men for war service, Columbia 
county was holding meetings to discuss war problems on the 
farm, and Dodge county had held a monster farewell celebra- 
tion for the boys of Company K, which had left Beaver Dam 
for Camp Douglas, with Judge Martin Lueck as the speaker. 
In Door county girls and boys had been organized into camps 
to assist in harvesting the fruit crop. Grant county had sent 
its men to camp with a celebration at Lancaster, Jackson 
county had its agricultural situation well in hand, Juneau 
county business men were enlisting for the harvest fields, and 
patriotic meetings had been held in New Minor, Hustler, 
Wonewoc and Crossville. Lafayette county now had fourteen 
branches of the Red Cross, the township of Argyle contrib- 
uting $3,000 for this purpose at an organization meeting. 

Bakers of Milwaukee had placed on the market a new 
war bread, and on the first day of the sale more than 10,000 
loaves were disposed of. The new bread conserved a mini- 
mum of 25 per cent of the wheat formerly used, oat meal be- 



Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 119 

ing used instead. The county council furnished each baker 
who complied with the requirements an official label which 
was pasted on the bread. Fifty-one Milwaukee factories were 
at this time working on government contracts. 

The state council reported the results of a survey of flour 
mills in fifty-six counties, the object being to aid farmers who 
raised small crops of wheat to turn it into flour without ship- 
ping it a prohibitive distance. 

The state council began the movement to reduce the cost 
of retail deliveries at this time, as another way in which the 
state could help win the war. The following bulletin was 
sent out, which brought immediate and practical results : 

"Thousands of men and boys in the state are engaged in 
delivery work who might be used for more productive em- 
ployment, such as work upon farms and in factories, if 
unnecessary deliveries were eliminated and this work cut 
down to actual needs. 

"The cost for retail deliveries in Wisconsin is from 6 to 
10 cents per stop. Dry goods stores can do with a single 
delivery a day, and grocery stores with not more than two. 

"This is a splendid opportunity for the cooperation of 
customer and merchant." 

In this movement Wisconsin was one of the first states, 
and its value was shown later, when the need of men in the 
factories and shipyards became apparent. This state antici- 
pated and met many war problems months in advance of 
their call upon the state's resources. 

The registration boards were about to call the first men 
for examination, and the state council issued the following 
open letter which was given wide publicity by the newspa- 
pers : 

"To All Drafted Men in the State of Wisconsin : 

"Your Government is about to apply the acid test to your 
manhood and your patriotism. 

"Within forty-eight hours you are to go before an ex- 
em,ption board and either without hesitation renew your al- 



120 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

legiance to your country by saying 'I am ready/ or ask for 
release from the call which your country extends to you. 

"In the solemn hours of reflection between now and then 
let your conscience be your sole judge. If blessed with 
physical strength, and if your dependents are provided for, 
respond quickly and nobly, thereby passing your name on into 
history as one of Wisconsin's noble sons. 

"Claims for exemption, based upon individual convenience, 
or to escape personal loss of money or property are unworthy 
of consideration and will not be granted. 

"From each one selected is demanded some sacrifice. A 
selected man offers his life, and there is no greater sacrifice 
than that a man give his life for others. He who secures ex- 
emption falsely when he is able-bodied and without depend- 
ents shirks his sacred duty, besmirches his honor and sullies 
the name which his children must bear. He thereby forces 
some other man — his neighbor — to make his sacrifice and 
take his risk. 

"The State Council of Defense therefore makes this ap- 
peal to the manhood and Americanism of Wisconsin's sons 
and urges each and every one to remember his solemn duty 
to his country in this hour of her supreme need." 

The National Guard company of Bayfield county, which 
had proceeded to Camp Douglas, went $500 richer because 
of a collection taken among citizens as the boys departed. 

Crawford county sent in the following report : 

"Thirteen food talks and demonstrations have been given 
so far in villages and school districts. We are trying out a 
food conservation plan here which we hope will be success- 
ful. We have a committee to which people who need garden 
material may apply. Another committee covering a town- 
ship in which there is no village has volunteered to ascertain 
who has garden material which would go to waste because 
there is a lack of time to take care of it. If the farmers have 
more than there is a demand for, the town committees will 
undertake to can or dispose of it." 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 121 

Eau Claire county was pushing the retail delivery plan, 
and was enforcing the vagrancy laws to the extreme. Fond 
du Lac had established cooperative delivery, its Four Minute 
men were addressing daily audiences, and its canning fac- 
tories were working twenty-three hours a day. The war time 
output was more than 200,000 cans a day. Forest county 
planned a huge war time harvest festival, prizes being ar- 
ranged for war gardens and products. Forest had been noti- 
fied that it would not be called upon for men in the first draft, 
the result of its record for enlistments. Johnson Creek, in 
Jefferson county, had given a pavement dance, at which $3,- 
000 was collected for the Red Cross. The afifair was handled 
and advertised by the county council, posters attracting 
dancers from every town in the county. Kenosha was or- 
ganizing a company of the home guard, and its Red Cross 
had sent 2,000 articles to the camps abroad. La Crosse re- 
ported that its harvest records showed 330 acres increase in 
food stuffs, and 150 acres increase in clover. Tomahawk, in 
Lincoln county, had held a huge patriotic demonstration in 
honor of its cavalry troop when the men left for Camp 
Douglas. It was the largest gathering of citizens ever held 
in the county. The captain of the troop was presented with 
a horse for his personal use, the first and second lieutenant 
were given a fine cavalry saber, and $750 was given the com- 
pany for a mess fund. The Red Cross auxiliary provided a 
comfort bag for each man. Marathon was extending its 
agricultural work, and reported 140 new war time silos. 
Posters and blanks had been sent to every cheese factory and 
bank for lists of fall grain which would be available for seed 
purposes. 

The Milwaukee Hotel Men's association was cooperating 
with the county council in its food saving campaign. Ninety 
per cent of the housewives had signed the food pledge cards, 
and Milwaukee was showing signs of that splendid patriotism 
which marked it during the critical war months. As the result 
of a private corporation formed in the city of Phillips, Price 
county had built a warehouse for the storage of crops of all 



122 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

kinds, several boxes of clothing had been shipped to the Red 
Cross, and the citizens of the county had joined in a celebra- 
tion in honor of its departing National Guard company. 

The report from Walworth county for the week said: 

"Business men of Elkhorn and Whitewater are doing 
valiant service in the hay fields in their communities. The 
Hoover food pledge cards are being signed by women all over 
the county. Canning centers have been established at Lake 
Geneva and Elkhorn, the surplus products of the towns being 
turned over to those in charge and canned. The Red Cross 
chapters of the county are making large quantities of useful 
articles for the soldiers." 

Although Washburn was another county not called upon 
for men in the first draft, men were enlisting every day, and 
the Washburn company of the National Guard was in tem- 
porary camp at the fair grounds at Spooner awaiting the call 
to go to Camp Douglas. Winnebago county sent in an en- 
thusiastic report of the work for food conservation. 

The result of Wisconsin's effort to do its share in pro- 
ducing food stuffs needed for the army was shown in a re- 
port by Commissioner of Agriculture Norgord to the state 
council. 

The largest acreage and the largest crop of potatoes ever 
produced in the state was in prospect. The estimate was 
37,800,000 bushels. 

The hay crop was cut and cured, much of the work hav- 
ing been done by volunteer workers whose wages went to the 
Red Cross, and the total production was estimated at 4,760,000 
tons. 

The estimated production of oats and barley was much 
greater, rye, winter wheat and other crops were increased. 
Rye showed a production of 7,290,000 bushels, as compared 
with 6,075,000 the previous year, and winter wheat had been 
increased from 1,533,000 bushels to 2,210,000 bushels. 

President A. L. Sommers of the Wisconsin Association 
of Commercial Secretaries issued a call to the members to 
come to aid of the state and nation by supporting the "com- 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 123 

mendable work of the State Council of Defense." He said : 

"Now is our golden opportunity to demonstrate our ac- 
tual worth to our city, our state and our country. The na- 
tion needs leaders in community affairs and activities, men 
that appreciate the genuine value of team work. The Wis- 
consin State Council of Defense is particularly anxious that 
there should be 'large cooperation on the part of commercial 
and advancement associations to the end that the war emer- 
gency situation may be adequately taken care of.' Lend us 
your support through your own leadership and experience, 
and assist us in perfecting an organization that will radiate 
enthusiasm, that will stimulate unity of action among the 
various communities in the campaigns which may be inau- 
gurated from time to time by the United States government. 
State Council of Defense, the Red Cross, etc., and that will 
bring us together at least once a year as a body, and in dis- 
tricts more frequently, that we may become better acquainted 
through personal contact, exchange ideas and experiences 
and develop that brotherly relation that will enable us all to 
harmoniously and energetically work together for the common 
good of the great state of Wisconsin." 

With the greatest crop in Wisconsin's history well on 
the way to its granaries, the state faced another problem, 
that of marketing. Farmers had planted more acres and had 
expended money for seed and if the result sought, that of add- 
ing to the nation's food supply, was not to be lost some action 
was necessary. 

The state council, therefore, took up this problem, and 
issued the following bulletin : 

"One of the biggest problems now confronting the people 
of Wisconsin is that of the proper distribution and marketing 
of surplus produce. Numerous organizations over the state 
have carried on an excellent work in stimulating production. 
The question now is how to conserve the produce so that no 
food will be wasted. 

"Most farm products, especially grain, are assured of a 
ready market. It is such things as fruits, vegetables, pota- 



124 Wisconsin In The World Wae 

toes, etc., that demand attention. In some sections of the 
state there is a surplus of some or all of these. In others 
there is a shortage. 

"This is a problem which deserves the serious thought of 
every person. The marketing committee of the state council 
is working on the larger problem as it pertains to statewide 
interest. Meanwhile the county councils may very well 
handle their local situation in some effective manner to meet 
their own needs." 

The state council appointed C. W. Crotty of Tomah as 
marketing agent and during the months that followed this 
department rendered good service. 

The marketing department made a specialty of potatoes, 
apples, beans and other farm produce. Hundreds of cars were 
sold to the consumer through the medium of county councils 
in all the industrial centers, particularly in Milwaukee, Ra- 
cine, Kenosha, Oshkosh, Sheboygan and other cities. 

The state council planned to maintain headquarters at 
the state fair, and county councils were asked to secure ex- 
hibits. 

With Wisconsin troops in camp, and with troop trains 
passing through the state daily, the v/ar spirit grew corre- 
spondingly, and the county councils became more active. 
All over the state, from the pine covered sections of the north, 
down the lake shore, and in the agricultural and dairy sections 
the people were enlisting for war service, whether it be at 
home or to enlist in actual military or naval service. 

Bayfield reported twelve out of eighteen towns organized 
for Red Cross work. Company D was saying its farewells and 
about to leave for camp, the women were signing food pledge 
cards and the men were joining war organizations. In Brown 
county, especially in the city of Green Bay, the bakers were 
making war bread and the hotels and restaurants were aiding 
in food conservation. Calumet had greatly increased the out- 
put of its canning factories, members of the militia company 
at Chilton working in the factories, and the Chilton Advance- 



Wisconsin In The Wobld War 125 

ment association had made arrangements to take the places 
of men leaving the farms, a banker and a dentist working side 
by side to shock the wheat of a farmer who had been taken 
ill. In Clark county food demonstrations were common, every 
village entering into the spirit of the work, and town and vil- 
lage councils of defense were being organized. The Columbia 
county council had arranged for booths at the county fair. A 
huge patriotic meeting had been held in Prairie du Chien, in 
Crawford county, the president of St. Louis university speak- 
ing on "Our Part in the War." The labor bureau of the Dane 
county council had placed 125 men from the city at farm 
work, and farm auto squads were leaving Madison daily under 
the direction of the Rotary club. Patriotic meetings were 
being held in the smaller towns daily, and the county officials 
were incorporating to enforce the Huber vagrancy law. 

Meetings had been held in Ashippun, PJchwood, Lowell, 
Elba, Reeseville and Hustisford, in Dodge county, Superior 
people were responding to the appeals of Four Minute men, 
Fond du Lac county reported that the food pledge campaign 
had been completed in Fond du Lac, Ripon, Waupun, Camp- 
bellsport. North Fond du Lac and Brandon, and that all towns 
of 500 or more had organized Red Cross workers. The bulk 
of the small grain had been harvested through the labor of 
volunteers in Grant county, the emergency food agent in 
Iowa county was holding meetings, and canning demonstra- 
tions had been held in Dodgeville, Rewey and Highland, 
large crowds attending. Iron county reported that it was 
well organized. Friday, August 10, was a field day for the 
Red Cross in Juneau county. A celebration was staged in 
Mauston, with a parade and public addresses, and the usual 
collection for the Red Cross. • La Crosse county women had 
formed a ward organization, and the business men of Elroy 
had agreed to give three days, of ten hours each, to farm 
labor, their wages to be given to the Red Cross. Milwaukee 
county was continuing its food conservation, with the coop- 
eration of the hotels and restaurants and their patrons, the 
city was recruiting a regiment of the home guard, and district 



126 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

councils had been organized in Wauwatosa, Shorewood, the 
town of Lake, North Milwaukee, West Allis and South Mil- 
waukee. The women of Monroe county were planning cost 
sales of canned products during the winter, were holding food 
conservation lectures and had organized a market day to be 
conducted by women. Oconto was listening to patriotic ad- 
dresses and the people were joining war organizations, the 
cities of Park Falls and Phillips, in Price county, were leading 
in Red Cross Work, Racine county had established two mu- 
nicipal markets, plans were being made for 1918 war gardens, 
and the people of Racine had forwarded 1,000 jars of jams and 
jellies to the soldiers at Camp Douglas. 

Food conservation meetings had been held in Lone Rock, 
Cazenovia and Pleasant Springs, in Richland county, and a 
community canning club had been formed in Richland Center 
to conserve as much food as possible during the winter. 
Shawano had a warehouse now for the storage of food, with 
men engaged to care for the contents on cold days, Sheboygan 
county was holding patriotic meetings out-of-doors and in 
school houses, the Trempealeau county council had published 
a pamphlet containing recipes for conserving and drying fruit 
and the villages were taking up the curtailing of retail deliv- 
eries, Walworth county had held a monster community picnic 
at Tilden's Grove, Delavan Lake, under the auspices of the 
federation of clubs of the county, where thousands of citizens 
listened to patriotic addresses and studied war problems. West 
Bend, in Washington county, had collected a large amount of 
clothing for the Red Cross and food conservation lectures had 
been given in that city and in Hartford, with the women of 
the county volunteering for service. Retail merchants of 
Waukesha had agreed to cut down deliveries, and at a cele- 
bration in Oconomowoc $1,500 had been raised for the Red 
Cross. The feature of the celebration was a parade of selected 
men, Boy Scouts, the local machine gun company and nurses. 
The Wood county council was conducting patriotic meetings, 
and Company K and Company A of Wood county had been 
presented with comforts, including victrolas which they were 



Wisconsin In The World War 127 

to take to France and when the time came compel German 
prisoners to listen to real American music. 

The coal situation was becoming acute in the northwest, 
and the value of the investigation work of the state council 
earlier in the year now was becoming apparent. On August 
16, the Illinois Council of Defense called a meeting in Chi- 
cago, the following states being represented : Illinois, Indiana, 
Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ne- 
braska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin. 
Governors Harding of Iowa, Capper of Kansas, and Philipp 
of Wisconsin attended, and other Wisconsin representatives 
were Chairman Swenson, Vice Chairman Mack and A. T. Van 
Scoy and P. C. Eldridge of the state council. 

After discussing the situation from every angle, it was 
evident that some immediate action was imperative. A com- 
mittee was appointed consisting of one representative from 
each of the thirteen states, to draw up a resolution to be sent 
to President Wilson. Gov. Philipp was Wisconsin's repre- 
sentative on this committee. The resolution showed the need 
for increased production of coal and added 'facilities for 
handling the output, and it recommended that the governors 
of the several states take steps to establish a fair, just and 
reasonable price for coal in their respective states. 

Not satisfied with waiting for action the Wisconsin state 
council began a campaign to urge the burning of wood and 
Wisconsin, through the efforts of W. N. Fitzgerald, after- 
wards state fuel administrator, began the work of getting coal 
across the lake before the season of navigation should end. 

In Ashland county the women were becoming more ac- 
tive, under the leadership of Mrs. A. H. Wilkinson, Mrs. 
Walter Hodgkins and others. Barron county was conduct- 
ing a campaign against loafers, the following suggestive par- 
agraph being taken from a letter sent throughout the county 
by the sheriff: "You are requested to order the unemployed, 
who claim that they cannot find work, to register with the 
free labor bureau of the Barron county council of defense at 
once." It was understood that men who did not register 



128 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

would find quarters in the county jail. Brown county was 
giving school children credits for inducing their parents to 
sow more winter wheat and rye, 1,000 extra acres of produce 
having been raised during the summer through such a plan. 
Buffalo county had organized two branches of the Red Cross, 
Chippewa county citizens had raised $400 for a mess fund for 
its National Guard company, a Hoover picnic had been held in 
Madison and a visiting committee of twenty Dane county 
women had been organized to visit smaller towns and aid in 
patriotic work. Thriving branches of the Red Cross had been 
established in Lowell, Richwood, Elba, Ashippun, Hustisford, 
Theresa, Burnett, Lomira, Rubicon and Clyman, in Dodge 
county, and fields which had been covered with water had 
been drained in preparation for the war crops of 1918. The 
business men of Douglas, Dunn and Eau Claire cpunties were 
at work in the harvest fields, Fond du Lac county had held a 
meeting at Dotyville which was attended by the entire com- 
munity, and the county council was arranging a patriotic 
exhibit for the county fair. Kenosha had opened its war 
market, with 1,000 buyers the first day, Langlade county was 
giving food demonstrations, Marathan county was to be repre- 
sented at the county fair, and the county council was teaching 
colloquial French to its soldiers. Milwaukee department 
stores had agreed to the delivery rules, with patrons assisting, 
and the food pledge campaign was progressing, several wards 
being completed. The Portage county junior defense club 
had held a picnic and was arranging for an exhibit at the 
county fair, and Richland county had completely organized 
its soldier pal movement. 

At the Janesville fair the products of 300 home gardens 
planted by Rock' county children had been exhibited, and the 
soldier pal movement was organized. The lawyers of Beloit 
had pla3'ed baseball with other professional men, and the 
barbers had met the insurance men, the proceeds going to 
the Red Cross. Janesville had held a pavement dance, the 
result $225 for the same organization. Company E, Wash- 
burn county's representation in the National Guard, had been 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 129 

given a banquet, with an automobile parade from that city to 
Shell Lake, with cheering citizens bidding farewell to the 
soldiers, and branches of the Red Cross had been organized 
at Shell Lake, Spooner, Spring Brook and Minong. The 
Waukesha county council had started a movement for a fifty 
per cent increase in crops in 1918, and the women had com- 
pleted the signing of food pledge cards. 

The following resolution was adopted by the state council 
at its meeting on August 28 : 

"Whereas, The custom of persons upon the stage of 
draping themselves in the American flag, or of carrying the 
flag upon the stage, or of wearing the Red Cross uniform, 
when the fl.ag or the uniform has no vital relation to the act 
being presented, is evidence of an unworthy appeal to the pa- 
triotism of the audience, and, as such, revolting to all true 
Americans, and 

"Whereas, Such action is a violation of the spirit if not 
of the letter of those federal statutes prohibiting the use of 
the flag and the uniforms of federal organizations in such a 
way as to reflect discredit upon the Nation or the organiza- 
tions which they represent, therefore be it 

"Resolved, by the state council of defense, that there shall 
not be allowed, in any theater, vaudeville house or place of 
amusement in Wisconsin, any act in which the American flag 
or the Red Cross uniform shall be used as an extraneous or 
unnecessary part thereof." 

The splendid cooperation of the newspapers of the state 
deserved this resolution, which also was adopted at that meet- 
ing: 

"Whereas, the work of the State Council of Defense and 
other patriotic bodies of this and other states must depend for 
results largely upon publicity, and 

"Whereas, the press of Wisconsin has more than kept 
pace with that of other states in cooperation with the state 
council in encouraging the purchase of Liberty Bonds, Red 
Cross, the conservation of food, the increase in crop acreage, 
and in many other departments of patriotic endeavor, and 



130 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

"Whereas, records on file in the offices of the council 
show that space worth thousands of dollars to publishers has 
been freely given to patriotic causes since the nation has been 
at war, and, 

"Whereas, the members of the state council of defense be- 
lieve that this service deserves public recognition, therefore 
be it 

"Resolved, that the editors and publishers of Wisconsin 
be hereby tendered the thanks of the state council of defense 
for contribution to its work, and congratulated for their un- 
selfish and public spirited attitude at a time when the nation 
asks and needs the services of its citizens, and be it further 

"Resolved, that a copy of these resolutions be made a part 
of the records of the state council of defense, that copies be 
given to the daily press for publication, that a copy be for- 
warded to each editor in the state, and that these resolutions 
be published in Forward, the official publication of the state 
council of defense." 

Burnett, Chippewa and Dane counties reported the com- 
plete organization of the soldier pal movement, with the 
Kiwanis club of Madison assisting in Dane county. Dodge 
reported second meetings at Juneau, Hustisford, Horicon, 
Danville, Reeseville, Lowell, Beaver Dam, -Fox Lake, Theresn, 
Lomira, Clyman, Iron Ridge, Rubicon, Ashippun, Neosha 
and Burnett, all held for food conservation work, Superior, 
in Douglas county, was now adding Minute Women to its 
war workers, and the report from the Dunn county council 
said: 

"Local councils of defense have been organized in every 
part of the county. Circulars are being sent to these organ- 
izations asking for information concerning the amount of seed 
grain- for sale, the number of silos being built, the number of 
milch cows, and the number of bushels of potatoes for sale." 

Kenosha Four Minute Men had opened their campaign of 
information and Chief of Police Baker had adopted as his 
motto "Enlist — Work — Or Go To Jail" and the police had 
been instructed to arrest every idle man in the city of Keno- 



Wisconsin In The World War 131 

sha. The Marathon county council had purchased 8,000 cords 
of body wood and 5,000 tons of soft coal to be placed at con- 
venient points for distribution, in its effort to cooperate with 
the state council to relieve the fuel situation, ministers of 
Marquette county were presenting food pledge cards to mem- 
bers of their congregations, and in Milwaukee county the milk 
dealers were taking steps to adopt conservation measures. 
Pepin county had bid farewell to its soldiers and sent them to 
camp bearing a donation of several hundred dollars. Pierce 
had held twenty-five canning demonstrations, a boys' working 
reserve had been organized in Price county, and Racine had 
organized two companies of the home guard. Rock county 
had delayed the opening of school two weeks to assist in 
harvest work, Shawano reported 8,000 more bushels of wheat 
for the season, and Waupaca business men were working 
daily in the harvest fields, the women taking them to their 
work and returning for them at night. 

Christmas was approaching, with many of the Wisconsin 
soldiers to be in camp, and the state council issued the follow- 
ing bulletin on "The Christmas Spirit and the War :" 

"Save money and save worry in selecting presents during 
the war by giving useful gifts. The generosity of the Ameri- 
can people this year should be patriotically devoted to their 
country. Conserving our resources means giving to the na- 
tion. 

"All the trinkets, high priced jewelry and china in the 
world will not help win the war. Why not eliminate those 
gifts and substitute the useful and the practical this year? 

"Small sums of money and Liberty Bonds make very ac- 
ceptable gifts. If you can afford to buy a bond as a gift it 
will serve as a reminder of your thoughtfulness for many a 
Christmas to come. 

"Remember the soldier and sailor who is fighting for you 
Do your part to make their Christmas in camp or in the 
trenches or on the war vessels as much like home as possible. 

"Buy early, buy sensibly and buy carefully when you do 
your shopping for Christmas this year." 



132 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

The Ashland county council announced that it had pre- 
pared a list of all persons who had gone from the county into 
war service that would take them away from the county. The 
Bayfield county council was distributing posters appealing to 
the citizens to do their share in war work and was rigidly en- 
forcing the Huber vagrancy law. The first municipal war 
market had been opened in Green Bay, and the women of De 
Pere had contributed a large numiber of comforts to Brown 
county soldiers. Calumet had organized a boys' working 
reserve, Clark had secured a county agent, Crawford was hold- 
ing patriotic meetings in every village and town, Dane county 
citizens were eating war bread, and 700 farmers had met at 
Maplewood, in Door county, "to discuss farm problems and 
local issues incident to the war." Four women had taken po- 
sitions as engine wipers in the round house in Superior, and a 
crew of women was at work at Allouez. At the request of 
the Eau Claire county council the retail druggists of the city 
of Eau Claire had adopted rules to aid in solving the labor 
problem. An agricultural committee consisting of eleven 
members had been formed in Fond du Lac county, with 
Charles L. Hill of Rosendale as chairman. The surplus gar- 
den products were being stored in the basements of the public 
schools of the city, and women were taking the places of men 
in the car shops at North Fond du Lac. A campaign of edu- 
cation along patriotic lines had been conducted in Grant 
county, meetings being held in Platteville, Lancaster, Bloom- 
ington, Muscoda, Potosi, Cuba City, Mount Hope, Fennimore, 
Montfort, Beetown, Patch Grove, Boscobel and Hazel Green. 
The Red Cross chapter of Green Lake county had shipped a 
large box of supplies, the women of Berlin, Green Lake and 
Kingston having been busy for weeks making garments and 
hospital supplies. Iron county citizens had attended a field 
day for the Red Cross, contributing generously and the county 
reported a big war crop. Home guard companies had been 
organized in Mauston, New Lisbon, Elroy and Necedah, in 
Juneau county, and the Juneau county newspapers were help- 
ing to solve the labor problem by printing the names of all 



Wisconsin In The Woeld War 133 

those wanting help and all those who wanted work. Manu- 
facturers of Kenosha were taking steps to eliminate alien em- 
ployes. Large signs, reading "We Do Not Want Aliens 
Here" were posted at the entrances of industrial plants, and 
steps were to be taken to prevent any man who had not taken 
out his first papers from securing a position in the county. 
The Kenosha city council had provided another $250 to the 
Baby Welfare camp, and more than 500 books had been col- 
lected by the Gilbert M. Simmons library, to be sent to the 
soldiers in camp and at the front. 

A canvass of the labor situation in Kewaunee showed 
that there were only three young men over 16 years of age 
who were unemployed. Langlade county was preparing for 
a potato show with prizes for school children who had helped 
raise the war crop, the city of Wausau, in Marathon county, 
had organized a companj^ of the Home guard, and the Mari- 
nette county council was planning to establish a farmer^.' 
market. Its report showed that a record crop had been har- 
vested from fifteen acres of the Marinette city park. Citizens 
of Marquette county had conducted a huge patriotic rally at 
Westfield. Seventy Milwaukee merchants had agreed to en- 
force new and stringent rules to eliminate waste in the sale 
and delivery of merchandise. Outagamie county records 
proved that the county had produced a banner war crop, and 
the same was true in Pierce county. A patriotic celebration 
in honor of selected men had been held in Ellsworth, attended 
by citizens from all parts of Pierce county. Polk county re- 
ported : 

"We have held nineteen canning demonstrations, with an 
attendance of 950 persons. We are now preparing an exhibit 
of war bread and canned vegetables for the Polk county fair." 

Racine reported that its 364 war gardens would average 
a profit of $35 per garden. Richland Center now had a suc- 
cessful war market, and Rusk county was planning a publicity 
campaign to enlist every citizen for war work. Washington 
county was planning a patriotic day at the opening of the 
county fair, and a tag day had been held in Hartford which 



134 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

netted $600 for the Red Cross. The Waukesha county coun- 
cil was preparing- for the Second Liberty loan campaign. In 
Waupaca fifty-two women had volunteered for war work, 
and the bakeries were selling war bread. The agricultural 
committee of the Winnebago county council had been organ- 
ized, with Parker Bussey as chairman and Almon King as 
secretary. The committee had recommended the establish- 
ment of a potato market, and steps had been taken to stand- 
ardize the market, to relieve the storage situation and stabi- 
lize prices. Practically every town in Wood county had con- 
tributed to a mess fund for Company K of the National 
Guard, the first funds coming from a tag day conducted by 
the Campfire Girls of Abbotsford. 

The records of the council contain the following reference 
to the state fair, which had just closed: 

"The Wisconsin state fair at Milwaukee, September 10 
to 15, afforded thousands of the citizens of the state an op- 
portunity to inspect the finest exhibition of grain and other 
crops and the best display of live stock ever shown in Wis- 
consin. The great stands of agricultural produce of every 
description were ample evidence of the response of Wisconsin 
farmers to the appeal of the state council of defense and other 
organizations for increased production of all kinds of food. 
The state council had headquarters in the grandstand, where 
council members and others explained to visitors the work 
that is being carried on to 'Help Wisconsin Do Her Share.' " 

The state council was aided in putting on this exhibit 
by Secretary O. E. Remey and Commissioner Norgord of the 
state fair organization. 

Barron county had held meetings at Barron, Cumberland, 
Rice Lake, Chetek and Prairie Farm, there were two Red 
Cross chapters and six branches in the county, and patriotic 
moving pictures were being shown. A committee of farmers 
had been organized in Columbia county "to cooperate with 
the emergency food agent and to promote the development 
of the agricultural activities of the county council of defense," 
Crawford county had closed a successful three-day drive for 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 135 

the Red Cross, and Dane county had held a monster farewell 
celebration for its selected men. Ten thousand citizens gath- 
ered in the capitol park to do honor to the new soldiers, and 
to listen to an address by Charles Edward Russell, recently 
returned from a diplomatic mission in Russia. The Dodge 
county council had organized its agricultural committee, with 
E. C. Wrucke as chairman, and the Commercial club of Hori- 
con had aided the county council in staging a celebration iu 
honor of Dodge county selected men. Douglas county was 
arranging for the shipment of a carload of dynamite to be 
distributed to farmers for clearing land for the 1918 war crop, 
and the Rotary club of Superior was assisting the county 
council in securing funds for the project. Green Lake county 
had sent its first contingent of selected men to camp with the 
memories of a banquet, a parade and thousands of citizens 
turning out to bid them farewell. Hurley, in Iron county, 
with a population of 3,000, now boasted of a Red Cross or- 
ganization with 2,093 members, and the county had raised 
$7,000 for this work. "Let the men send the smokes and we'll 
send the sweets" was the motto of the girls of Kenosha, who 
were sending large boxes of good things to the soldiers at 
Camp Douglas. The Kewaunee county council had made 
plans to take care of the wants of all its soldiers. La Crosse 
county had established a rest room for soldiers. The Mil- 
waukee common council had unanimously appropriated an- 
other $5,000 for the use of the county council of defense, and 
the women of South Milwaukee and Cudahy had organized 
committees for war work. The Monroe county council had 
conducted a booth at the county fair, at which citizens were 
given demonstrations in first aid, and the Monroe county 
banks were taking the lead in advertising the Second Liberty 
Loan. Hundreds had attended patriotic meetings in Evans- 
ville and Milton Junction, in Rock county, and the school 
children of Beloit were organized, each paying a fee of 25 
cents, which went to war contributions. St. Croix was proud 
of the fact that it had given a banquet to 250 men who had 
been accepted without a single exemption for the National 



136 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

army. The twelve local councils had arranged to provide 
transportation for all soldiers, and citizens were using their 
automobiles to escort the men to and from trains. When She- 
boygan's first honor men left for camp thousands of citizens 
gathered to bid them farewell, and there had been a parade 
led by the mayor and city council, and including members of 
the home guard, the local exemption board, all the selected 
men of the county and a long line of automobiles. Walworth 
county farmers were waking up to their war time duties, and 
a party of 171 had traveled all over the county to visit the 
dairy farms and study means of increasing the food supply. 
The county had more than 2,000 boys enlisted in the boys' 
working reserve. The Waukesha company of the Home guard 
had been mustered into service. 

The "People's Council of America" having attempted to 
hold a national convention in the city of Hudson, Wis., only 
to be moved on by citizens there who believed it to be an 
unpatriotic organization, and having been obliged to abandon 
the city of Milwaukee as a meeting place, had finally held its 
meeting in Chicago. The state council, believing that the 
people should understand this organization, issued the fol- 
lowing explanation, which is given here for its historical value : 

"The People's Council of America, kicked about from pil- 
lar to post, prevented by order of the governor from holding 
its national convention in Minnesota, excluded by a patriotic 
mayor from Fargo, North Dakota, escorted from the city by in- 
dignant citizens of Hudson, Wisconsin, forced by an executive 
order of Governor Philipp to pass by Milwaukee, at last took 
umbrage under the police protection afiforded by 'Big Bill' 
Thompson, mayor of Chicago, and opened its national session. 
It was shortly brought to an abrupt end by the state militia, 
acting" under orders from Governor Lowden. 

"Despite these repeated rebuffs, the misguided officers 
of the People's Council continue to spread their anti-Ameri 
can propaganda of opposition to the draft law and to the war. 
'The People's Council of Milwaukee seeks additional mem- 
bers by sending out a card on which are printed the six de- 



Wisconsin In The World War 137 

mands of the People's Council. For the benefit of Wiscon- 
sin citizens who may be approached by the Council, it will 
be well to examine these demands.' 

"(1) 'Early, general, democratic peace by negotiations 
without forcible annexations or punitive indemnities.' 

"Avowedly the government seeks early, general, demo- 
cratic peace. It does not seek such peace 'by negotiations,' 
because there is no responsible authority among its enemies 
with whom to negotiate. With whom would the People's 
Council negotiate? 'Without forcible annexations or punitive 
indemnities' are phrases which are repeatedly mouthed over 
without being given definite meaning. 

"(2) 'Immediate statement by our government of its war 
aims in concrete terms.' 

"If any person wishes a more definite statement of Amer- 
ica's war aims than has already repeatedly been given by 
President Wilson, he must be dense indeed. Certainly the 
President's statements have not been less concrete than the 
People's Council's 'without forcible annexations or punitive 
indemnities.' 

"(3) 'Defense of constitutional rights of free speech, free 
press and peaceful assemblage.' 

"Governor Philipp answered this demand when he defined 
these terms for the benefit of the Milwaukee branch : 

" 'There seems to be some misapprehension about the 
meaning of the constitutional guarantee of free speech, right 
to assemble, etc. It is evidently looked upon by some as a 
shield against prosecution for seditious or traitorous state- 
ments. It should not be difficult for a man of American sen- 
timents to understand that there is nothing contained in the 
constitution that is intended to interfere with the right of the 
government to prepare for the country's defense, nor was it 
the intention of the framers of the constitution that it should 
contain any provision under which the government which it 
creates might legally destroy itself.' 

" 'Let me assure you that there is no disposition anywhere 
to destroy American freedom. On the other hand it is clear- 



138 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

ly the duty of the executive power to protect this freedom 
from its enemies within. No man who is an American at 
heart and who loves American institutions will run any risk 
in lecturing and speaking, nor will the people assembled in 
that spirit need to concern themselves about being molested 
either by state or national authority. 

" 'It is only those meetings and speeches that are calcu- 
lated to make trouble for us at home, under whatever guise 
they may be held, that are objectionable and must be inter- 
fered with by executive authority.' 

"(4) 'Maintenance of labor standards, elimination of war 
profits, taxation of wealth to pay for the war.' 

"Congress, the properly constituted legislative authority 
of the nation, is handling these afifairs. 

"(5) 'Amendment of the conscription law.' 

"What does this mean? Some members of the Council 
have openly declared for the repeal of the conscription law. 
If this is the real meaning of this demand, it is nothing short 
of treason. An officer of the Council recently declared he 
would not serve his country if drafted. If this attitude of 
an official of the People's Council accurately represents the 
attitude of the whole menfbership, it is very easy to classify 
the Council as anti-American and as seeking to give aid and 
comfort to the enemy. 

"(6) 'Referendum on war and peace, and democratic for- 
eign policy for world peace.' 

"It has repeatedly been pointed out by government and 
constitutional authorities that it is quite permissible to discuss 
the question of war and peace so long as this country is not 
involved in war, but when America, through its properly con- 
stituted authorities, enters upon a war, the question of the 
advisability of entering that war is thenceforth closed to dis- 
cussion. This fact the People's Council fails to appreciate. 

"The government of the United States is democratic In 
form. But that does not mean that any individual or group 
of individuals can do or say anything and everything at any 
time. If government by the maojrity is to be successful, the 



Wisconsin In The World War 139 

minority must learn to submit with good grace to the will of 
the majority. At times such as this, when the life of the na- 
tion is at stake, it is absolutely necessary for every individual 
to do all in his power to support and maintain the govern- 
ment. To do or say anything which hinders the government 
in the successful prosecution of a war that which has been 
constitutionally entered upon, is, at least by indirection, to 
give aid and comfort to the enemy. Such conduct is sedi- 
tious. 

"It is clearly evident from the expressed demands and 
from the words of its officers that the People's Council is 
opposed to America's participation in the war in which shi 
is now engaged ; that it will do nothing to aid the government 
in the conduct of that war, and that its actions will make in- 
creasingly difficult the task of the government in prosecuting 
the war to a successful conclusion. 

"The State Council of Defense warns the citizens of Wis- 
consin against membership in the People's Council and against 
participation in its propaganda." 

The attitude of the state council on this subject was 
shown to be that of Wisconsin by the reports of increasing 
activity among the county councils. Barron county was still 
after the idlers, Buffalo county had opened a permanent 
branch headquarters for its Red Cross, Chippewa county had 
held a patriotic war concert and the county council had been 
given a part in the program of the Northern Wisconsin State 
Fair at Chippewa Falls. Clark county had completed its 
food pledge campaign, farmers from every township in Co- 
lumbia county had met in the court house in Portage to dis- 
cuss food conservation, and a committee had been chosen to 
act with the county council. Crawford county had held more 
patriotic meetings, citizens of Horicon were collecting funds 
for Dodge county soldiers, and Dane county had held three 
more meetings, at Cambridge, at Cottage Grove, where Rich- 
ard Lloyd Jones had been the speaker and at Mount Horeb, 
where a large crowd had listened to a patriotic address by 
Justice M. B, Rosenberry of tht Supreme Court. Door county 



140 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

was holding farmers' meetings, Fond du Lac was ready to 
put over its Second Liberty Loan drive, Grant was honoring 
its selected men, Iowa county had gathered at Dodgeville 
to say goodbye to its soldiers and point to their service to 
their country, and Juneau county had determined to carry 
the war message of the state into every community. Kenosha 
Four Minute Men were active in "unmasking Pro-German 
arguments," and a community band concert, with a ball game 
by professional men and popcorn and peanut stands conduct- 
ed by young women, had netted a large sum for the soldiers' 
fund. The volunteers in Lincoln county now exceeded the 
number of men called by the draft. Harry F. Kelley had been 
succeeded by H. G. Kless as secretary of the Manitowoc 
county council, the executive committee had been organized 
and increased in membership, and the council was furnishing 
clerical help for the exemption boards. Patriotic meetings 
had been held in Neshkoro, Germania, Packwaukee, Briggs- 
ville, Oxford, Harrisville and Montello, in Marquette county, 
all of the halls being filled to capacity. 

The Milwaukee county council had outlined plans for 
handling the Second Liberty Loan. The secretary had been 
instructed to work out plans for individual subscriptions in 
factories, and a training school for Liberty Bond salesmen had 
been arranged. Milwaukee had held a parade in honor of 
its selected men on September 15 which was a fitting demon- 
stration of the loyalty of the city, with Former Gov. Francis 
E, McGovern as chairman of the executive committee. The 
village of Whitefish Bay, the town of Milwaukee and the town 
of Wauwatosa had organized branches of the council. Pepin 
county had contributed a mess fund to its departing machine 
gun company. Rusk county had organized branches of the 
Red Cross at Bruce, Atlanta, Thornapple and Big Bend, and 
Shawano had held a celebration in the court house when 
forty-five men left for Rockford. 

All over the state selected men were leaving for camp, 
and demonstrations of the people's loyalty were being given 
in the crowds which gathered at railroad stations to do them 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 141 

honor. In Prairie du Chien a parade which included Civil 
War veterans, Sons of Veterans, selected men. Red Cross 
nurses, a band. Boy Scouts, a delegation of 300 students from 
Campion college and hundreds of other citizens had been held 
in honor of the Crawford county contingent, and the business 
places had all been closed, A monster demonstration was 
held in Madison, when the Madison guardsmen passed through 
the city on September 14, on their way from Camp Douglas 
to Waco, Texas. Business houses were closed from noon to 
3 p. m., the entire force of state capitol employes marched to 
the station in a body, and 15,000 persons joined in the crowd 
which flocked to the station, the parade being led by a band 
and the Elks Fife and Drum corps. Truck loads of lunch 
and boxes were given to the men, and the soldier pals were 
on hand with packages. It was a gala day for patriotism in 
the capital city, and indicative of the feeling in the state. In 
Douglas county the Four Minute Men, under the leadership 
of Judge W. M. Steele, had kept American propaganda before 
the people, and attendance records showed that more than 
30,000 had listened to the short addresses. Patriotism ran 
high in Lancaster, Grant county, on September 18, when 10,- 
000 citizens from all parts of the county attended a war meet- 
ing. The citizens of Lancaster on that occasion entertained 
the Grant county contingent of selected men at their homes. 
The Home guard of Green county had completed its organ- 
ization and was holding daily drills. The largest parade in 
the history of Iron county started the selected men off for 
camp, on September 19. Nearly every inhabitant of Hurley, 
and large delegations from Saxon, Mercer and Montreal were 
in the line of march. The men left loaded with gifts. Jef- 
ferson county held a parade at Jefferson, with a meeting in 
the court house park at which a stirring address was made by 
Judge Grimm. Kenosha held a patriotic day to increase the 
mess fund of Kenosha volunteers in camp, more than 3,000 
citizens attending, with Gov. Philipp as the speaker. Lang- 
lade county reported the organization of Red Cross branches 
at Elcho, Winner, Grange, Polar, White Lake, Parrish and 



142 Wisconsin In The World Was 

Kempster. The Lincoln chapter of the Red Cross had sent 
away thirteen huge drygoods boxes to the soldiers, the school 
children of Manitowoc were devoting their out-of-school hours 
to the harvesting of beans, the Rotary club of Wausau had 
banqueted the departing selected men, the Marinette high 
school had organized a council of defense, and the citizens of 
that city had paraded with the selected men, and attended a 
record-breaking meeting which was addressed by Chief Justice 
J. B. Winslow of the Supreme court. 

The parade in honor of the Milwaukee county selected 
men, on September 15, was under the direction of the county 
council. More than 6,000 persons marched and it was esti- 
mated that 75,000 watched the parade. The following even- 
ing the men were banqueted at the Auditorium, Milwaukee's 
big convention hall, and each group was escorted to the train 
as it departed. Rhinelander reported the completion of its 
Home guard, with twenty-four names signed to the muster 
roll the first night. Pierce county had had a successful ex- 
hibit at the county fair, and Portage had sent a delegation 
of three girls who had won agricultural prizes to the state 
fair to demonstrate what that county was doing to help win 
the war. The Racine county council had taken a census of 
men who loafed, the Rotary club had suggested the dispens- 
ing of boulevard lights during war time, in advance of the 
national regulation, and thirty fatherless children of France 
had been adopted. Burlington and Racine had held rousing 
farewell meetings for their selected men. Richland county 
had added another $1,000 to its defense fund, and fifty-two 
selected men had been entertained at a theater party, a ban- 
quet and honored by a parade in which 16,000 citizens joined. 
Janesville and Beloit bade farewell to their selected men with 
impressive ceremonies, and the Janesville high school sent 
eight prize winning boys to the state fair with entries in the 
war agricultural contests. Thousands of people attended the 
celebration in honor of St. Croix county selected men at Hud- 
son, Sauk county held a demonstration at Baraboo, with Judge 
James O'Neill of Clark county as the speaker and a parade 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 143 

from the court house to the station. Medford had held a 
banquet in honor of departing Taylor county men and the 
whole county turned out. 

. The second statewide conference of county councils of 
defense was held in Madison on October 9 and 10, 1917, with 
the following delegates registered : 

Ashland — Mrs. Walter Hodgkins, Carl Rudquist, R. F. 
Brown, C. B. Post. 

Barron — R. B. Hart, Mrs. E. Falkenberg, C. A. Beggs, 
T. T. Hazelberg, J. H. Johnson. 

Bayfield— Mrs. A. H. Wilkinson, V. E. Brubaker, Nels 
M. Oscar, Irwin R. Nye, A. H. Wilkinson. 

Brown — Mrs. C. E. Hatch, E. A. Carncross, John A. Kit- 
tell. 

Burnett— Mrs. Alice Anderson, Paul C. Meier, A. C. Nel- 
son, Rev. Harry E. Krug, George Briggs. 

Calumet — Mrs. J. J. Garland, J. J. Garland, Dr. R. Klo- 
fanda. 

Chippewa — Mrs. Edward Porter, Mrs. W. T. Gilbert, L. 
M. Newman, F. R. Hughes, L. I. Roe, J. W. Hicks. 

Columbia — Mrs. J. R. Wheeler, T. H. Cochrane, H. Lunz. 
J. W. Hutchinson, F. A. Stare, William M. Richard. 

Clark — A. L. Devos. 

Crawford— Mrs. G. T. Atwood, Dr. P. L. Scanlan, G. W. 
Gehrand. 

Dane — Mrs. Henry H. Morgan, Miss A. L. Marlatt, Mrs. 
William Kittle, Miss Amy Comstock, Miss Anna Haswell, 
Mrs. V. A. C. Henmon, Mrs. C. P. Gary, Mrs. R. S. Jastrow, 
Miss Louise P. Kellogg, Miss Elizabeth Amery, Mrs. Carl D. 
Jackson, Mrs. O. Holway, Mrs. George M. Fisk, Mrs. Walter 
Ayer, Miss Marie L'Hommedieu, Mrs. Charles F. Burgess, 
Mrs. T. W. Baker, Mrs. A. J. Berge, T. W. Evans, C. A. 
Johnson, H. A. Smyth, W. J. McKay, J. L. Tormey, Andrew 
W. Hopkins, J. F. Wojta, A. L. Stone, H. S. Siggelko, E. R. 
Jones, L. H. Maurseth, T. M. Ferguson. 

Dodge— Mrs. A. G. Hill, Mrs. B. K. Mills, Mrs. Fred M. 
Hawley, John Clifford, A. H. Kuhlman, Silas McClure. 



144 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Door— H. C. Scofield, Moulton B. Goff. 

Douglas— Mrs. Philip G. Stratton, J. P. O'Connor, J. M. 
Walz. 

Dunn — Miss Daisy A. Kugel, Mrs, L. D. Harvey, L. D. 
Harvey, E. O. Weigle, Dr. P. E. Riley. 

Eau Claire — Mrs. A. H. Shoemaker, G. R. Ingalls. 

Florence — Mrs. Max Sells, Max Sells. 

Fond du Lac — Miss Frances G. Perkins, Mrs. H. J. Ruep- 
ing, R. V. Gunn, A. E. Klock, E. M. Jennison. 

Forest— Mrs. A. L. Mordt, L. A. Rogers, H. N. Fry. 

Grant — Miss Emma Schreiner, Mrs. Janette A. Sylvester, 
Mrs. M. F. Woodhouse, M. F. Woodhouse, C. H. Baxter, E. 
B. Goodsell, R. M. Orchard, J. H. Cox, A. V. Wells, David 
James, D. T. Parker, J. W. Murphy, George E. Beck. 

Iowa — Mrs. John Williams, W. J. Briggs, J. A. Van 
Natta, J. B. Eagan, J. W. Pryor. 

Green Lake — G. A. Weinkauf, O. R. Zeasman, J. M. 
O'Connell, John J. Wood, Jr. 

Iron — George C. Foster. 

Jackson — Leon H. Robbins, J. H. Carnahan, Samuel 
Lund. 

Jefferson — A. H. Gofke, J. W. Heid, George J. Kispert, 
William A. Parsons, D. H. Otis, C. V. Holsinger, G. H. War- 
field, A. L. Stengel, W. D. James, H. A. Main, A. A. Burr, 
W. P. Stone, John W. Mansfield. 

Juneau — Mrs. Theodora T. Starnes, Mrs. May F. Grim- 
shaw, G. H. Livernash, J. T. Hanson, Frank H. Hanson, W. 
H. H. Cash. 

Kenosha — Mrs. D. O. Head, Miss Cathie McNamara, 
Mrs. G. H. Ripley, Frank T. Holt, Edward J. Sullivan, John 
P. Spartz, G. H. Ripley. 

Kewaunee — Joseph M. Brey, Joseph H. Koss. 

La Crosse — Mrs. Edwin C. Thompson, T. H. Campion. 

Lafayette — J. G. Monahan, Mr. Blanchard. 

Langlade — Miss Elizabeth A. Cornish, C. G. Te Selle, F. 
G. Swoboda. 

Lincoln — Mrs. L. J. Belott, F. E. Donoghue. 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 145 

Marquette— Mrs. Lottie Woodford, W. M. Ellis, C. E. 
Pierce. 

Manitowoc — George Vits. 

Marathon — C. B. Bird, R. A. Humphrey. 

Marinette— V. E. Morton. 

Milwaukee — Mrs. John W. Mariner, Mrs. W. A. Law- 
son, Mrs. C. M. Towne, Mrs. E. D. Angell, Mrs. G. F. Ken- 
ney, Mrs. Joseph H. Schumacher, Mrs. George A. Chamber- 
lain, Mrs. L. C. Mayhew, William Coleman, G. E. Kunz, Wil- 
lits Pollock, Daniel W. Hoan. 

Monroe — Mrs. W. W. Warren, Mrs. H. H. Williams, W. 
H. Hanchett, J. D. Imrie. 

Oconto — Mrs. J. B. Chase, Miss M. L. Thomas, Eldred 
Klauser, John Fitzgerald, John F. Spies. 

Oneida— Mrs. S. S. Miller. 

Outagamie — William F. Wolf, Thomas B. Reid, Stephen 
D. Balliet. 

Ozaukee — Harry W. Bolens. 

Pepin— W. H. Biles. 

Pierce — J. M. May. 

Polk — Mrs. G. Hansen, Harry D. Baker, George A. Nel- 
son. 

Price — Miss Bernice H. Marsh, August Heden, P. H. 
Hammer, F. H. Sargent, H. W. Campbell, Thomas E. Bar- 
rett, L. P. Goodrich, J. A. Morner. 

Racine — Mrs. John W. Owen, Martin Gillen, L S. Wheel- 
er. 

Richland — F. D. Brewer, R. F, Runke. 

Rock — Mrs. O. C. Colony, Mrs. F. F. Gorham, Mrs. L. 
A. Markham, Simon Smith, John A. Paul, George W. Hull, 
F. P. Starr, L. A. Markham, Rev. H. G. Rogers. 

Rusk — C. K. Ellingson, G. M. Householder. 

Sauk — Mrs. Frank Avery, Mrs. L. M. Barringer, A. H. 
Clark, D. A. Stoner, George W. Davies, C. A. Clark. 

St. Croix— T. M. Olson. 

Sawyer — Mrs. J. S. McGeorge, J. H. Hellurg, Calvin P. 
West. 



146 Wisconsin In The World War 

Shawano — Merton Moore. 

Sheboygan— F. S. Harris, A. L. Sommers, J. O. Parish. 

Taylor— R. A. Kolb, J. E. Phillips. 

Trempealeau — F. N. Symonds. 

Vernon — Berlie Moore. 

Walworth— Miss Helen Martin, Miss Lulu M. Matheson, 
Mrs. Earl Eddy, Miss Myrtelle Eddy, Miss May Sanger, J. F. 
Lyon, J. P. Chafin, Earl Eddy, Grant B. Harrington,' L. L. 
Oldham. 

Washington— Mrs. C. C. Henry, George H. Schmidt, H. 
V. Schwalbach, William H. Froelich, J. H. G. Lieven. 

Waukesha— Mrs. M. Kartak, Mrs. Henry M. Youmans, 
Mrs. Byron M. Caples, Carl H. Sawyer, F. E. Tichenor, J. H. 
Benton, F. L. Hatch, J. E. Stallard, Howard T. Greene, Bur- 
ton M. Smith, H. E. Wilson, F. J. Donley, Rev. L. Zirbes. 

Waupaca — Mrs. A. R. Lea, George H. Dobbins. 

Waushara — E. J. Thompson, F. G. Upton, George M. 
Scott. 

Winnebago — Mrs. E. F. Bickel, N. A. Rasmussen, E. R. 
Williams, R. C. Brown, Jr. 

Wood— E. C. Pors, P. J. Strauss, R. L. Nash, J. D. G. 
Fritzsinger, W. D. Connor. 

The conference was opened by Gov. Philipp, who re- 
ferred to the events which led to the war, and declared that 
we were engaged in a just and noble cause and would triumph. 

Martin Gillen of Racine made a plea for united support 
of the Liberty Loan. 

Alexander Thompson of Washington spoke as a repre- 
sentative of Herbert Hoover, Richard Lloyd Jones of Mad- 
ison talked on the war needs, George A. Buckstafif of the 
state council spoke on agricultural problems, Dean H. L. 
Russell of the University talked on the work being done by 
emergency food agents, C. F. Coykendale, field representative 
of the food administration, spoke on the plans of that work, 
and N. A. Rasmussen of Oshkosh talked on gardens. Other 
speakers were Speaker Lawrence C. Whittet of the Wisconsin 
assembly, who welcomed the delegates on behalf of the gov- 



Wisconsin In The World War 147 

ernor, J. Russell Wheeler, chairman of the state council finance 
committee, W. L. Ross of the Seventh Federal Reserve dis- 
trict, Chairman Magnus Swenson of the state council, Presi- 
dent C. R. Van Hise of the University, A. H. Melville of the 
state council, Miss A. L. Marlatt, Miss Emma Conley, W. N. 
Fitzgerald, state fuel administrator and A. T. Van Scoy of the 
state council. 

The following resolution was adopted : 

"Whereas, the sheep and wool industry of our nation 
and the entire civilized world is in such condition that it 
threatens the comfort and welfare of every human being, and 

"Whereas, There is but one way of meeting the crisis, 
viz, by stimulating greater production, and 

"Whereas, The unoccupied lands of upper Wisconsin 
have been passed upon by the greatest experts of our state 
and nation as being admirably adapted to sheep husbandry, 
and 

"Whereas, The shepherds of the west are being deprived 
of their grazing lands and have a surplus of sheep beyond 
their present grazing and feeding capacity which must either 
go to the shambles or be placed on other grazing lands, and 

"Whereas, The Wisconsin Advancement association has 
instituted an intensive campaign to attract the sheep raisers 
of the west to upper Wisconsin, therefore, be it 

"Resolved, That the Wisconsin Councils of Defense 
heartily endorse their work and urge on the part of our citi- 
zens hearty cooperation with them." 

The following resolution, recommended for adoption by 
a committee consisting of F. R. Hughes, Paul C. Meier and 
J. P. O'Conner, was carried unanimously : 

"Be it resolved, by the state and county councils of de- 
fense, in conference assembled, that we are unqualifiedly op- 
posed to disloyal actions or utterances on the part of any 
citizen in the state of Wisconsin, and especially such persons 
as are in the public service of the state in any department, and 
that it is the sense of this meeting that all members of the 
state and county councils exercise the utmost vigilance in 



148 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

discovering and reporting disloyal actions and utterances on 
the part of such persons, and particularly the aforementionea 
public employes, and furthermore, that such cases, when dis- 
covered, be reported without delay through the state council 
of defense to the governor, the civil service commission and 
head of department in which such person may be employed, 
asking the immediate dismissal of such persons from the pub- 
lic service." 

Under the auspices of the state council Prof. Max F. 
Meyer, of the University of Missouri, came to Wisconsin Oc- 
tober 19 for a lecture tour of a week. One of his subjects 
was "German Ambitions And What They Lead To." Prof. 
Meyer addressed several large audiences, with good results. 

October 14, 1917, was a red letter day for patriotic cit- 
izens of Jefferson county. The county council and its com- 
mittees consisted then of more than 250 members, and they 
were called together in the court house at Jefferson, where 
addresses were made by Chairman W. D. James, District 
Attorney Stengel and Judge C. B. Rogers. 

Other counties were as active. Adams held a patriotic 
day with a speech by W. D. Corrigan of Milwaukee and a 
chorus of 300 school children to sing. Red Cross branches 
were reported to have been organized in Adams, Arkdale, 
Easton and Grand Marsh. A conference of the Burnett 
county council was held, with delegates from Grantsburg, 
Webster, Siren, Trade Lake, Dewey, Jackson, Oakland, 
Orange, Sand Lake and Swiss. Chippewa Falls had fallen 
into line for the curtailing of deliveries from retail stores. 
The Crawford County Bankers' association was working with 
the county council for the Second Liberty Loan. War meet- 
ings had been held in Deerfield and Mazomanie, in Dane 
county. Douglas county had been the first to report an over- 
subscription for the Second Liberty Loan. Eau Claire had pur- 
chased $2,000 worth of yarn and eighty school children were 
knitting it into comforts for the soldiers. Fond du Lac was 
well organized for the Liberty Loan campaign, and Grant had 
begun by holding a parade. Green Lake county had held a 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 149 

rousing celebration at Green Lake, with a Berlin band donat- 
ing its services. Watertown, in Jefferson county, had estab- 
lished a war market, Kenosha was organizing a provisional 
battalion for home work, Antigo, in Langlade county, had 
organized a home guard company, as had the city of Manito- 
woc. Ozaukee had assembled its citizens at Cedarburg for 
a celebration for selected men leaving for Camp Custer, and 
Pepin county had held a celebration, with Prof. Thomas Par- 
sons of the University of Oregon as the speaker. Stevens 
Point, in Portage county, was discussing ways and means of 
doing its share in the war, and nine branches of the Red Cross 
had been organized in the county. A large meeting had been 
held in Whitehall in honor of selected men, and Rear Admiral 
Symonds, chairman of the county council, had been chosen 
to go to Camp Douglas to present a flag to the local company. 
Barron county was buying Liberty bonds, meetings having 
been held at Dallas, Bear Lake, Silver Lake, Paskin, Prairie 
Farm, Cedar Lake, Arland, Reeve, Dovre, Comstock, Turtle 
Lake, Brill, Stanfold, Campia, Bass Lake and Chetek, 
Women were at work in Bayfield county factories, the Cath- 
olic, Presbyterian and Methodist churches of Columbia county 
had suspended auxiliary meetings during the war so that the 
women could devote their time to Red Cross work, patriotic 
meetings had been held at Cross Plains and Black Earth, in 
Dane county, and Douglas county had sent a committee west 
to secure sheep and distributed them among twenty-five farm- 
ers. A harvest festival had been held in Wabeno, in Forest 
county, the entire proceeds going to the Red Cross, Grant 
county was forming patriotic organizations in every com- 
munity, the school children of Kewaunee were dismissed to 
attend a Liberty Bond meeting and hear an address by Judge 
Graass, Manitowoc held a big Liberty Bond meeting with 
Gov. Dunne of Illinois as the speaker, and Wisconsin citizens 
were hearing the famous Jackie bands. 

All efforts now were turned to the Second Liberty loan 
campaign. The Fond du Lac Association of Commerce sent 
the following telegram to President Wilson : 



150 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

"This is the Fond du Lac idea. All Fond du Lac mei- 
chants have signed an agreement to give five per cent premium 
on all Liberty bonds turned in for merchandise, each $100 
buying $105 worth of merchandise." 

The city of Kenosha postponed indefinitely its public work 
and purchased $100,000 worth of bonds. Other cities followed 
suit. Notice was given that contractors must take Liberty 
bonds in payments on their contracts until the war was over. 
The Milwaukee Flag Display commission had as its object a 
more general display of the American flag in homes, theaters, 
hotels, offices and schools. Betsy Ross clubs were formed 
in the schools, the material was furnished by the commission, 
the girls made the flags and the staffs were made by boys in 
the manual training departments. Each of the 2,000 school 
rooms in the city soon had a flag, and the movement spread 
throughout the state. 

The Wisconsin State Teachers' association appointed a 
special committee to confer and act with the state council. 
The members were M. N. Mclver, superintendent of schools 
at Oshkosh ; Miss Amy Bronsky, of the state department of 
education ; John Callahan, superintendent of schools at Men- 
asha ; M. C. Potter, superintendent of schools at Milwaukee ; 
Miss Ellen McDonald, county superintendent in Oconto 
county. 

Adams county reported a successful entertainment for the 
Y. W. C. A. war fund, Ashland citizens held another large 
meeting, with Congressman L L. Lenroot as the speaker, the 
citizens of Bayfield, Drummond, Mason, Port Wing and Herb- 
ster, in Bayfield county, sent 191 Christmas packages to the 
soldiers, Burnett was completing its Y. W. C. A. campaign, 
and the Clark county council was securing the names of every 
resident over 21 years of age, with the war record attached. 
Chippewa county voted another $1,000 to its council council, 
Columbia was making a hard drive for further food conser- 
vation; Dane was organizing its child welfare work in the 
rural school districts, members of the Dodge county council 
were aiding the exemption boards in securing recruits for 



Wisconsin In The World War 151 

the regular army, Dunn county had given an additional $1,500 
to war work and Kenosha had started a "patriot's fund," to 
which citizens subscribed the wages of one-half hour each 
week. Lincoln county appropriated $5,000 to its county coun- 
cil, a patriotic league for girls was being organized in Milwau- 
kee county, a "pig" campaign and dance netted $240 for the 
Red Cross in Ozaukee county, a united charities tag day in 
Beloit, Rock county, had raised $4,500 for war work, St. Croix 
county had given $1,500 to its council council, Sauk had given 
$800 and the county board had voted to employ an emergency 
food agent for the year, and Vilas had shipped its second con- 
signment of Red Cross supplies. 

The Winnebago county board, without a dissenting vote, 
had adopted resolutions "providing that $5,000 be appropri- 
ated for the purpose of carrying on the work of the Winnebago 
county council of defense ; creating the ofifice of county agri- 
cultural agent and appropriating $2,000 for the maintenance 
of agricultural development in Winnebago county; to pur- 
chase the necessary equipment for the use and convenience 
of the county food emergency agent, home demonstration 
agent and county council." 

Complete reports of appropriations made by county boards 
up to December 13, 1917, showed a total of $113,996. 

An investigation of the progress of the war being on in 
the National Congress, the Wisconsin State Council of De- 
fense sent a message to the citizens of other states, in behalf 
of the people of the state, by the adoption of the following 
resolution : 

"Whereas, The Congress of the United States is engaged, 
through designated committees, in the task of investigating 
the progress of departments charged with the conduct of 
America's part of the war against Germany and her allies; and 

"Whereas, Such investigations must be recognized as an 
inevitable part of the vigorous prosecution of the war; and 

"Whereas, The State Council of Defense of the state of 
Wisconsin, realizing the need of applying drastic remedies 
where remedies must be applied, and appreciating the under- 



152 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

lying patriotism and practical motives of the public press of 
the nation in reporting the progress of such investigations, 
welcomes such publicity and constructive criticism and re- 
spectfully submits : 

"First, That Wisconsin has contributed 30,000 men to the 
nation's fighting force on land and sea; that these men are in 
France and in the training camps of the United States, ready 
to give their lives to win the war. 

"Second, That Wisconsin stands ready to fill every quota 
fixed by the government, for any branch of the service where 
men are needed. 

"Third, That Wisconsin pledges itself to give its treasure 
to the last dollar and the service of its citizens. 

"Fourth, That Wisconsin citizens are aroused, ready to 
fight for the final and crushing defeat of Germany, which has 
invaded our national rights, murdered our people, and com- 
mitted outrages for which no German peace can atone. 

"Fifth, That Wisconsin commends the efforts of Presi- 
dent Wilson and Congress to correct the present inefficient 
methods of bureaucracy which have grown up in the army 
and navy departments in Washington as the inevitable re- 
sults of a long period of peace, in order that red tape methods 
may be abolished, and that the business of conducting the 
war may be simplified and made to produce immediate results. 

"Sixth, That Wisconsin demands in the vigorous prose- 
cution of the war that the soldiers and sailors of every state 
be given food, clothing and other necessities of camp or army 
and navy life which will keep them in the best physical con- 
dition and fighting trim, for which the billions of wealth in 
this country are abundantly able to pay. 

"Seventh, That Wisconsin insists that there be no delay 
in the manufacture and transportation of guns and ammuni- 
tion and other like equipment for the soldiers and sailors who 
are to fight the battles of the United States in this war. 

"Eighth, That Wisconsin realizes in part the task that 
has been imposed upon President Wilson ; that it realizes the 
patience, the wisdom, and the thoroughly American spirit 



Wisconsin In The World War 153 

he has thus far employed, and that this state is not inclined 
to temporize with members of Congress or other public of- 
ficials or public men who hamper, because of political selfish- 
ness, inefficiency, or by their subservience to ofifical red tape, 
the work of the President. 

"Ninth, That the Wisconsin State Council of Defense, 
on behalf of the citizens of the state, realizing that this is a 
people's war, tolerating no delay in preparation, urges the 
utilization of the best talent of the nation, regardless of party 
affiliations. 

"Therefore, Be It Resolved, That the Wisconsin State 
Council of Defense, for the people of the state of Wisconsin, 
calls upon all members of Congress from this state to give 
their loyal and helpful support to the President in the vigor- 
ous prosecution of the war ; that any criticism which they may 
offer should be constructive, with the understanding that it 
will be recognized at this time as a drastic but necessary rem- 
edy, and that they be assured of the support of this state in 
every effort that will assist the President in prosecuting the 
war, to the end that a satisfactory and lasting peace may be 
achieved." 

The agricultural committee of the state council announced 
plans for the forming, in every town of more than 5,000, of a 
committee to plan the war gardens for 1918. The State Horti- 
cultural society, to aid in this work, sent out speakers, among 
them N. A. Rasmussen of Oshkosh, George Potter of Madison 
and W. A. Toole, Jr., of Baraboo. 

The third statewide conference of county councils of de- 
fense was held in Madison Feb. 14 and 15, 1918, with the fol- 
lowing delegates present: 

Adams — G. W. Bingham, Dr. James. 

Barron— R. L. Cuff, J. H. Johnson, R. B. Hart, T. T. 
Hazelberg. 

Bayfield— W. A. Duffy. 

Brown — Mrs. S. D. Hastings, L. J. Wilkins. 

Buffalo — W. L. Houser, E. S. Ganz, A. L. Fugina, C. A. 
Kirtchner. 



154 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

Burnett — A. P. Nelson. 

Calumet — W. N. Knauf, A. W. Kingston. 

Chippewa — C. L. Ainsworth, J, W. Hicks. 

Columbia — Robert Caldwell, J. A. Wheeler, T. H. Coch- 
rane, A. C. Wittman, R. F. Roberts. 

Crawford — C. L. Lathrop, Thomas Polackia, O. P. 
Vaughan. 

Dane — J. S. Wojta, Reid Murray, Robert Zieske, R. G. 
Moore, E. J. Cooper, F. J. Holt, W. J. McKay, J. C. Prien, 
T. S. Thompson, J. A. James, W. N. Parker, A. H. Sholts, L. 
F. Graher, Mrs. H. C. Noyes, K. L. Hatch, J. H. Koltes, J. S. 
Donald, W. T. Pierstorff, J. C. Caldwell, Sylvanus Ames, C. 
A. Johnson, J. W. Long, C. A. Lyman, G. W. Gehrand. 

Dodge — A. H. Kuhlman, John Clifford. 

Door— J. J. Horlett. 

Douglas — R. J.- Nye. 

Dunn — L. D. Harvey, D. P. Hughes, F. G. Copp, 

Florence — A. F. L. Campbell. 

Fond du Lac — A. E. Klock, Bishop Weller, F. A. Foster. 

Forest — John Swenehart. 

Grant — William Victora. 

Green — P. J. Weirich, J. W. Burns, P. F. Newman, H. 
W. Johannott, M. H. Stauffacher, F. B. Luchsinger, S. J. 
Morgan, Willis Ludlow. 

Green Lake — C. D. Lamberton, G. V. Kelley. 

Iowa — J. W. Pryor, Piatt Whitman, G. D. Springer, F. 
C. Ludden, J. A. Van Natta, W. J. Briggs, M. C. Mclntyre. 

Jackson — B. L. Van Gordon, Samuel Lund, J. H. Carna- 
han. 

Jefferson— A. F. Yafke, J. W. Porter, W. D. James, G. 
J. Kispert, Ray Twining, R. L. Lawton. 

Juneau— C. O. Cron, J. H. Wolfinden, G. W. Bell. 

Kenosha — T. W. Tremper. 

La Crosse — G. van Steenwyk. 

Lafayette — F. J. McConnell, Thomas Kirwan. 

Lincoln — F. E. Donoghue, J. A. Chilsen. 

Marinette— C. W. Wells, W. E. Morton, Ralph Skidmore. 



Wisconsin In The World War 155 

Marquette — Lottie Woodford, Charles Barry, Neal Hous- 
let, J. E. Wall, A. G. Taylor, C. E. Pierce. 

Milwaukee — J. S. Lawson, N. H. Heideman, H. L. Ash- 
worth. 

Monroe — J. H. Johnson. 

Oconto — Elden Witter, Mrs. J. B. Chase, Eldred Clauser, 
Robert Amundson, J. F. Spies. 

Oneida — E. A. Forbes. 

Outagamie — Gustav Keller, J. A. Wood, G. R. Schaefer, 
Dr. J. Lyons. 

Ozaukee — H. W. Bolens. 

Pepin — C. C. Clemons, George Tarrant, W. A. Parker, 
George Kees. 

Pierce — W. P. Knowles. 

Polk— Mrs. G. H. Thompson. 

Portage — W. F. Owen. 

Price — G. W. Campbell. 

Racine— P. T. Stoffel. 

Richland — L. A. Core, L. C. Johnson, C. R. Thomson, T. 
L. Brewer. 

Rock— Simon Smith, W. B. Davis, W. W. Wooll, D. D. 
Manners, John Arbuthnot, J. E. Wallin, F. E. Converse, F. 
P. Starr, W. T. Pomeroy, L. A. Markham, Mrs. L. A. Mark- 
ham, A. M. Church. 

St. Croix — R. Baker, John Sakrison. 

Sauk— A. H. Clark, C. A. Clark, C. H. Dinsmore, F. A. 
Cooper, G. W. Davis, W. E. Smith. 

Sawyer — C. P. West, John Berger. 

Shawano — J. E. Scanlon, W. J. Dolan. 

Sheboygan — M. H. Hand, A. L. Sommers. 

Taylor — Herman Leicht, G. N. Harder. 

Trempealeau — H. A. Anderson. 

Vernon — J. E. StoU. 

Walworth — L. L. Oldham. 

Washburn— L. H. Mead, T. H. Fielding. 

Waukesha— V. W. Gilham, S. A. Baird, C. R. Guthrie, J. 
E. Stallard, J. B. Whittaker. 



156 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

Waupaca — L. D. Smith. 

Waushara — E. F. Kileen, Edwin Owens, W. H. Reimer, 
J. W. Brann, Guy Mumbrue. 

Winnebago— W. J. Wagstaff, G. A. Buckstaff. 

Wood— I. P. Tiffault, F. H. Normington, W. W. Clark. 

One session each was devoted to production, labor prob- 
lems, organization, publicity and aid to the food administra- 
tion. 

When the conference was called to order by Chairman 
Swenson, that official started a demonstration by announcing 
that a Wisconsin man. Max Mason, of the faculty of the Uni- 
versity, had invented a device that promised to eradicate the 
submarine menace. 

Gov. Philipp welcomed the delegates. 

"The men who are deserving the name of patriots in the 
war," he said, "are the class of men who were patriots before 
us. The man who stands at the front, the man who has ex- 
posed himself to the bullets of the enemy, to him we must 
give first place, and next to him the man who supports him 
who is at the front." 

Speaking of the work of the state council, the governor 
said: 

"Wisconsin, I am proud to say, has taken the lead in 
many things. Wisconsin, as you know, was the first state in 
the Union to organize a defense council and give it a regular 
status. The Wisconsin law has been passed in many other 
states. Whether that has been helpful or not I will leave to 
the states to answer, but in Washington the Wisconsin system 
has been highly appreciated, and I am here to say to you that 
we have received many letters of commendation from the 
Federal government concerning the work that the State Coun- 
cil of Defense and other military organizations of the state 
have performed in the aid of the government." 

Justice M. B. Rosenberry of the Supreme Court, in an 
address before the conference in the assembly chamber, voiced 
the keynote of the meeting when he said : 

"This war is not only a fight for democracy, but it is a 



Wisconsin In The World War 1S7 

test of democracy, perhaps the supreme test of all history. 
Whether democracy shall meet and successfully pass that 
test depends immediately and directly upon every citizen of 
the country." 

Other speakers were K. L. Hatch, Madison, on "Plans 
For Increased Wheat Production;" George W. McCormick, 
food administrator for the upper peninsula of Michigan, on 
"The Need Of More Sugar Beet Acreage;" C. P. Norgord, 
state commissioner of agriculture, on "The Seed Corn Situa- 
tion;" N. A. Rasmussen, president of the state horticultural 
society, on "War Gardens For 1918;" L. L. Oldham, county 
agricultural agent for Walworth county, on "The Work of the 
County Agricultural Agent;" J. B. Borden, state organizer for 
farm labor, on "How Is The Farmer To Obtain Help?"; A. 
H. Melville, secretary of the state council, on "Recruiting 
Labor For Shipbuilding And Other Industries Necessary To 
The War;" W. J. Wagstaff, secretary Winnebago county 
council, on "The Kind of a County Council Organization We 
Must Have In Every County If We Are To Get Eflfective 
Work Done ;" Gustav Kellar, chairman Outagamie county 
council, on "How We Re-Organized Our County Council of 
Defense ;" W. D. James, chairman Jefiferson county council ; 
J. R. Wheeler; J. G. D. Mack; R. B. Duncan, Madison, on 
"How the Speakers' Bureau of the State Council Can Assist 
Counties In Their Speaking Campaigns ;" Walter L. Houser, 
Mondovi, on "The Need For a Statewide Speaker's Campaign 
To Arouse Patriotism and Increase Production ;" R. B. Pixley, 
on "The Newspapers' Part In The War;" G. A. Buckstaff; 
Miss Abby L. Marlatt, on "Food Conservation In The 
Counties." 

On March 7, 1918, the state council issued a special bul- 
letin which launched a "drive all along the line" for super- 
war work in Wisconsin. It was as follows : 

"The United States and the Allies are facing a crisis. It 
is so serious that we are in danger of losing the fight, unless 
we put every effort and every resource of our country into the 
game to win. Are we doing it? The State Council of De- 



158 Wisconsin In The World War 

fense has outlined the following drive for County Councils 
to take efifect at once. Look the machinery of your organiza- 
tion over carefully ; if it has broken dov^^n or fails to work any- 
where fix it up, or get new parts, oil well and start it off with 
a bang. Within the next ten days we want a report from 
every county council in Wisconsin on what it is doing, or 
what it plans to do on each one of the following points : 

"Organization — We must have as perfect a working or- 
ganization in each county as it is possible to get, reaching 
every city, town, trade center and school district. 

"Food Production — Your officers, agricultural committee 
and county agricultural agent should get together at once and 
be on the job every minute until every acre of crop is in the 
ground. Have you enough good high test seed corn for 
every farm in your county? Have you canvassed your own 
county to determine local needs and supplies? If unable to 
locate enough in your own county, the state council of de- 
fense will help you find it. More wheat in 1918 is our motto. 
Every farmer who can do so should raise some wheat. We 
must raise more this year, if we are to feed our boys at the 
front. Increase the sugar beet acreage. We must have more 
war gardens. Wisconsin had 26,000 acres last year. Increase 
the production of live stock. We need meat and milk. 

"Food Conservation — Make every effort to market the 
surplus potatoes in the cellars of the farmers. Encourage 
larger consumption of potatoes. 

"Labor For Farms — Every boy from the seventh grade 
upward should be enrolled to work on the farm and given the 
best preparatory training possible. Retired farmers and all 
other men without permanent occupations and adapted for 
farm work should be listed. 

"Labor For Ship Building and Other Necessary Indus- 
tries — Each county should have a sufficient number of enroll- 
ment agents to take care of all men who wish to enroll in 
the Public Service Reserve. 

"Liberty Loan and War Contributions — Each county 
council should assist in every way in these campaigns. 



Wisconsin In The World Wae 159 

"Patriotism — No county is at its best unless it is continu- 
ally stimulating the patriotism of the people through speak- 
ing campaigns. Every school district in the state should be 
reached. 

"Child Welfare — The boys and girls are our greatest as- 
set. The women's committee should be given every assist- 
ance in its plan to further the work of the National Child 
Welfare Bureau." 

This was the beginning of a campaign of education and 
cooperation with other war organizations on the part of the 
state council and its auxiliaries which greatly aided in Wis- 
consin's war record. As a result of this bulletin twenty-five 
counties had reserve enrollment agents within a few days. 
From then until the end of the war men were added to the 
reserve of Uncle Sam's army-at-home in every county. The 
\vomen strengthened their organizations all over the state. 
The state council began a campaign for members and in 
every county the roll of members grew. Fond du Lac, a 
striking example, had 1,800 active workers in its county or- 
ganization when the armistice was signed. The state council 
organized Liberty choruses, and all over the state musicians 
and singers contributed their time to campaigns and added 
zest and patriotic fervor to mass meetings. A campaign was 
inaugurated to organize the work down to the smallest unit, 
the township. 

The Thrift Stamp campaigns were now in full sway, and 
the councils aided in this great undertaking, in which Wiscon- 
sin led the nation. 

President Wilson, in April, 1918, sent the following tele- 
gram to Chairman Swenson in commendation of Wisconsin's 
campaign for the formation of local councils : 

"Your state, in extending its national defense organiza- 
tion by the creation of local defense councils, is, in my opin- 
ion, making an advance of vital significance. It will, I be- 
lieve, result when thoroughly carried out in welding the na- 
tion together as no nation of great size has ever been welded 
before. It will build up from the bottom an understanding 



160 Wisconsin In The Woeld War 

and sympathy and unity of purpose and effort which will no 
doubt have an immediate and decisive effect upon our great 
undertaking." 

Wisconsin began the regulation of explosives through the 
cooperation of the county and state councils, with the follow- 
ing committee in charge : 

J. S. Guidice, Schleisingerville, chairman; H. D. Plimp- 
ton, Milwaukee, representing casualty insurance ; E. G. 
Frazier, Milwaukee; J. G. D. Mack, representing the state 
council; J. T. Janssen, Milwaukee, representing police au- 
thorities ; S. J. Williams, Madison, representing National 
Safety council; P. N. Estes, Chicago, bureau of explosives; 
Prof. E. R. Jones, Madison, representing the college of agri- 
culture ; Prof. Victor Lenher, Madison, representative chemist ; 
F. T. Beers, Barksdale, representing explosive manufacturers ; 
Ferd Mumm, Brillion, representing explosive users. 

An Americanization committee was created for the state, 
with J. G. D. Mack of the state council as chairman, and its 
work began in every county. 

Community center meetings began in Jefferson county, 
and spread throughout the state, at which thousands of citi- 
zens enrolled for war work. 

The registration day when those men who reached the 
age of twenty-one since Duty Day, 1917, was approaching, and 
through the state council Gov. Philipp sent an appeal for 
another state record. 

Wisconsin had won a flag for being first in its district in 
the Second Liberty Loan campaign, and this emblem was fly- 
ing from the state capitol. 

The duties of the food administration having grown to a 
volume that made necessary the maintaining of two organiza- 
tions. Secretary A. H. Melville of the state council resigned to 
continue the food work and J. B. Borden was elected to suc- 
ceed him. Thereafter these bodies worked together, but each 
with its own membership. 

The state council published and circulated all over the 
state at this time an editorial in the Germania Herold, Ger- 



Wisconsin In The Wobld War 161 

man language daily of Milwaukee, in which that paper de- 
clared Germany to have been the aggressor in the war. That 
document had great value, and received favorable comment 
from Washington authorities. 

The Fourth of July, 1918, was another holiday in which 
Wisconsin joined for a demonstration of loyalty and construc- 
tive patriotism unsurpassed in the nation. The spirit of the 
day was increased when word came that Wisconsin troops had 
been among the first to fight on German soil. 

The state council took up the problem of helping the 
farmer harvest the 1918 war crop, and the work was done in 
much the same manner as it had been in 1917, except that 
there were more volunteers. 

National Registration day, Sept. 1, 1918, found the coun- 
cils cooperating all over the state. Another great state fair 
exhibit had been held, viewed by thousands, under the direc- 
tion of J. B. Borden, Mrs. H. H. Morgan, H. A. Burd and \\\ 
P. Jones. 

The Fourth Liberty Loan campaign was on, and the coun- 
cils placed their organizations at the disposal of county com- 
mittees. 

Gov. Philipp had appointed W. S. Heddles of Madison 
to succeed Magnus Swenson as chairman of the state council, 
and Mr. Heddles plunged into the work with all the energy 
he had displayed in other war activities. In assuming his 
office, he said : 

"It is my desire that all the councils^ — state, county and 
community — shall amply justify their existence by service to 
all the people. With this ideal as our goal and with an earn- 
est effort on the part of each and all to reach it, we cannot 
fail to be of great assistance to the people of Wisconsin in 
their generous and heroic efforts to win the war for the free- 
dom of mankind." 

It was in ^is spirit that the state council had already 
begun to look forward to the time when peace should come. 
When the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, the 
state was constantly speeding up its war program. 



162 Wisconsin In The World War 

One of the last acts of the state council was the organiza- 
tion of non-war construction committees under the direction 
of J. G. D. Mack and Chairman Heddles, which enforced that 
stringent rule adopted late in the war. 

The county committees were as follows : 

Adams — C. A. Veeder, Emanuel Layer, Earl Gillispie. 
Ashland— J. I. Levy, R. B. Prince, M. E. Dillon. Barron— J. 

E. Horsman, E. Huser, A. T. Galby. Bayfield — George F. 
Morgan, W. W. Witmer, J. M. Long. Brown — J. A. Duncan, 
O. W. Brightmand, H. A. Foeller. Buffalo — George W. 
Davie, Henry Roettiger, Paul F. Shaw. Burnett — Ole An- 
derson, Daniel Johnson, A. W. Kulbeck. Calumet — O. L. 
Dorschel, Louis Hipke, Mark Ohlsen. Chippewa — Eugene 
O'Neil, L. L Roe, Arndt Erickson. Clark— J. J. Irvine, A. B. 
Marsh, Robert Kurth. Columbia — Henry Lunz, James Tow- 
ers, Wallace Murison. Crawford — O. P. Vaughn, M. R. Mun- 
son, J. H. Peacock. Dane — G. W. Gehrand, L. W. Gay, M. 
M. Parkinson. Dodge — John C. Healy, E. D. Doney, G. A. 
Strassen. Door — D. E. Bingham, H. E. Stedman, William 
Bastar. Douglas — Solon L. Perrin, Vincent McKinnon, Ole 
Norman. Dunn — Martin Filadoes, J. S. Gavin, Oscar Wilson. 
Florence — Geo. W. Baird, Emanuel Chainey, J. E. Parry. 
Fond du Lac— W. W. Wild, R. H. Lee, F. J. Wolff. Forest 
— S. J. Conway, Francis Shoemaker, J. D. Grandine. Eau 
Claire — John Huebsch, Joseph C. Culver, James Garaghan. 
Grant— R. L Dugdale, E. B. Goodsell, S. E. Smalley, C. P. 
Hiene, Dr. J. C. Betz, C. J. Radatz, Wm. Fahlin, David James, 
M. S. Metcalf, William Victora. Green — M. T. Gettings, F. 

F. West, L. C. White. Green Lake — John O'Connell, George 
U. Kelley, Victor Kutchin, Alex McDonald, Frank Paterick, 
A. O. Eldson, Eph. Dixon, E. A. Umbreight, John Kasierski, 
Charles McClelland, Walter Steers. Iowa — W. H. Correll, 
Charles Singer, J. A. Van Natta. Iron — J. J. Defer, Henry 
Metde, J. B. Metde, J. T. Kendrigan. Jackson— F. B. Dell, 

G. R. Sechler, E. E. Gilbertson. Jefferson — W. D. James, 
John W. Porter, George Kispert, Miss Carrie J. Smith, A. F. 
Gafke, Herbert Main, Will Parsons. Juneau — J. T, Hanson, 



Wisconsin In The World War 163 

R. I. Chamberlain, A. W. Bishop. Kenosha— J. M. Albers, 
Harry Golberg, H. B. Kotz. Kewaunee — A. W. Schmutzer, 
J. D. Dishmaker, W. Hock. La Crosse— B. C. Smith, J. E. 
Higbee, B. O'Connell. Lafayette — W. W. Woolworth. 
Langlade — L. Freiburger, Mose Jansen, Endre Norem. Lin- 
coln — George Shafer, Harry Krom, H. J. Bowell. Manito- 
woc — John J. Kelley, Arthur Schultze, Robert Suettinger. 
Marathon— H. E. Marquardt, W. R. Chellis, J. H. Vogt. 
Marinette — Alva L. Hillis, Marquette — H. J. Eubank, John 
S. Cant, Waldo Brown. Milwaukee — C. C. Jacobus, Wm. 
Eichfeld, A. C. Downing. Monroe — Robert Canfield, S. C. 
Leston, Warren T. Aney, A. Butts, Geo. H. Robertson, John 
A. Kerrigan, L. C. Lee, A. Procknow. Oconto — J. B. Chase, 
Eldon Witter, John Spies. Oneida — C. F. Smith, John Moen, 
Maurice McRae. Outagamie — Major Charles Green, P. M. 
Conkey, S. A. Whedon. Ozaukee — Harry W. Bolens, Fred- 
erick W. Walker, Charles A. Miller. Pepin— H. A. Miles, 
W. H. Bowman, Fred Polzer. Pierce — R. E. Spriggs, Ed- 
ward Longworth, Frank Springer, Frank Carpenter, G. A. 
Thompson, R. N. Clapp, C. D. Sieberns, J. A. Nelson. Polk — 
Niels Sorenson, Robert Soderberg, Gust Paulson. Portage — 
T. E. Cauley, D. E. Frost, Chas. Packard. Price — Max Field- 
er, Carl Sandquest, L. E. Chase. Racine — F. Lee Norton, H. 
F. Johnson, J. O. Rohan. Richland— B. W. Poole, F. O. 
Smith, John Gunnill. Rock — M. P. Richardson, Frank J. 
Green, George Thomas. Rusk — H. W. True, U. G. Blood, L. 
E. Knutson. St. Croix — Paul Salscheider, Ed. J. Hogan, J. 
H. Kotts. Sauk — C. H. Evenson, H. B. Ouimby, James Car- 
penter. Sawyer — L J. Silesky, D. S. Peck, Wm. Collett. 
Shawano — M. Moore, King Weeman, Geo. Klosterman. She- 
boygan — Thomas McNeill, Eugene Pautzer, M. H. Hared. 
Taylor — T. W. Anderson, J. T. Edwards, Ferdinand Grahl. 
Trempealeau — Albert M. Pederson, E. F. Clark, F. A. Kell- 
man. Vernon — C. O. Johnson, F. M. Sorley, C. A. Minshall. 
Walworth — J. E. Lyon, Grant D. Harrington, L. L. Oldham. 
Washburn — J. D. Thomas, J. H. Thompson, F. W. Gaynor. 
Washington — David Rosenheimer, James B. Day, John W. 



164 Wisconsin In The Wobld War 

Gehl. Waukesha — S. A. Baird. Waupaca — D. J. Rohrer, E. 
H. Ramm, Nathan Cohen. Waushara — R. G. Scobie, Ed. 
O'Connor, Vilas Follet, James Kelley, J. E. Dignam, William 
Wiske, William Amend. Winnebago — W. L. Doughty, Hen- 
ry Auder, John Mulva, E. D. Pingrey, Albert Abraham, P. 
V. Lawson, T. E. McGillen, L. W. Whitemore, J. J. Ober- 
weiser, James Hart, John Mayer, C. H. Pope, Frank I. Mer- 
rill, J. F. Gillingham, H. S. Zemlock. Wood— I. P. Tiffault, 
C. E. Briere, G. W. Brown, R. J. Strauss. 

This chapter has been written to give, in part, a record 
of the state council of defense and its auxiliary organizations. 
It gives only a partial record. It cannot name the thousands 
who gave their time to the work. It mentions, as had been 
said before, only the leaders. But to the unnamed thousands 
who made the success of the state council of defense possible, 
and who justified its creation by the legislature, the state owes 
a debt which it never can repay. Their payment will be, as 
it will be for the members of the state council, the realization 
that when the state and nation were in peril they came to 
the rescue, giving their services without stint that Wiscon- 
sin's record might be placed high up in the roll of the nation 
when the war was won. 



CHAPTER FIVE. 
The Draft Administration. 

To those men and women who made up the working 
personnel of the draft boards in Wisconsin belongs the credit 
for placing the state far in the lead in the administration of 
the selective service law during America's participation in the 
world war. Gov. Philipp and others at the head of the or- 
ganization did their part, but it was a case of a perfect ma- 
chine being necessary. If one cog had failed, the whole 
record of the state would have suffered. 

It is doubtful if any other state was able to work with 
less friction. The men who made up the draft boards were 
obliged to neglect their business for the business of Uncle 
Sam, and they did it without arguing the |X)int. To all the 
appeals for speed, accuracy and unselfish devotion to the work 
which they were asked to devote to their country's cause they 
responded as one man. 

Wisconsin led the nation in the first draft — because every 
board tried to be first in completing its work. Had one board 
failed, the state could not have accomplished this record. 

Gov. Philipp received the first communication from the 
federal authorities looking towards the administration of the 
law while the legislation was pending in Congress. The se- 
lective service bill had been introduced in Congress April 17, 
1917, and was to become a law on May 17. While the bill 
was being considered Gen. Crowder and his staff were plan- 
ning for the administration of the law and on April 23, 1917, 
the governor received a letter from the secretary of war in 
which the whole scheme was practically outlined on April 23, 
just a month before the passage of the law. The governor 



166 Wisconsin In The World War 

immediately called to his assistance Dr. Charles McCarthy of 
the Legislative Reference library, and that official with Ed- 
ward A. Fitzpatrick as his assistant, began working out the 
problem as it affected Wisconsin. 

The letter of the secretary of war pointed out that the 
machinery for the selection of men available for military 
service within the draft was first to be created. In the Civil 
War, a period of two and one-half months for preparation was 
necessary before a single name could be written in the rolls of 
available men. 

"The prospect of such delay," wrote the provost marshal 
general, "is most disturbing." 

The plan of the provost marshal general was then out- 
lined as follows : 

"It is proposed to execute so much of the law as I have 
here discussed along the following lines. By proclamation, 
the President will call upon persons of the designated classes 
to present themselves on a certain day at the customary poll- 
ing places in their domiciliary voting precincts. These pre- 
cincts are now delineated with contained populations of con- 
venient size for the enumeration in one day. In nearly all of 
them there is a provision of method and material to that end. 
The voting precinct, therefore, shall be the primary registra- 
tion area. For each the service of registrars must be secured ; 
but, so well are their population proportioned to enumera- 
tion, that in most of them one registrar will be sufficient. It 
is felt that much voluntary service will be offered. It would 
be gratifying to think that in each precinct the position of 
registrar could be filled by competent and responsible citizens 
who would claim no compensation, but while I desire to en- 
courage such offers, I shall not depend upon them." 

Wisconsin made its first contribution to the success of 
the selective service law at this early date. Within the time 
limit set, there would have been great difficulty in the 
designation of registrars. Under the plan, as proposed, it 
would have been necessary to name 2,320 registrars in the 
election precincts of the state. Time was precious. The 



Wisconsin In The World WIab 167 

governor and the men who were working with him felt that 
the whole proposition should be handled exactly as an election 
is handled. The machinery existed, and had been in opera- 
tion for years. A request was therefore made of the secre- 
tary of war, in a telegram dated April 30, 1917, for authority 
to use the election machinery, not merely the scheme of the 
election plan, but the whole election machinery. That tele- 
gram said : 

"Reference your telegram dated April 30 suggested that 
Governor Wisconsin be given authority to direct use of 
election personnel in registration for selective draft as fol- 
lows : All blanks, forms and circulars pertaining to draft be 
sent by the war department to Secretary of State for distribu- 
tion through county clerks to election inspectors three in 
number at each poll, such inspectors to act as registrars, thus 
following procedure and using officers in accustomed duties 
and at accustomed polling places. Amount of detailed infor- 
mation required from persons registering will fully task three 
registrars and their joint knowledge of voting precinct go 
far towards assuring completeness of registration. In mat- 
ter of appointments of city boards attention of Secretary is 
invited to fact that the most populous Wisconsin city and 
some others have socialistic mayors whose politics are against 
war and the draft. Recommend Governor be authorized to 
disregard mayors of cities of over thirty thousand population 
and appoint boards in sympathy with the draft measure. If 
I am permitted to follow the above program, we can carry 
through the registration without a hitch and give you the 
result promptly." 

The suggestion of the governor was approved May 1 by 
the following telegram from the Secretary of War : 

"Reference your telegram April 30 you have authority to 
use election inspectors at each poll as you propose. You also 
have authority to appoint registration boards in cities of over 
thirty thousand as you propose. It will be necessary, how- 
ever, to send the blanks out from here addressed to sheriffs 
of counties and mayors of cities. Require such sheriffs and 



168 Wisconsin In The World Wae 

mayors to turn the blanks over to the persons you name to 
supervise registration in counties and cities." 

Gov. Philipp, following these instructions, appointed the 
following citizens as local boards for the counties named: 

Adams — J. W. Hoard, chairman ; John W. Purves, sec- 
retary; Dr. G. F. Treadwell, A. W. Baker, Luke Vliet; Aimer 
J. Soley, chief clerk ; C. C. Murphy, government appeal agent. 

Ashland — C. L. Kleinsteiber, chairman; Theo. R. Yankee, 
secretary ; C. A. Lamoreaux, John A. Watson, W. G. Fordyce ; 
Ida L. Yankee, chief clerk; Carl Rudquist, government ap- 
peal agent. 

Barron — H. S. Comstock, chairman ; T. T. Hazelberg, sec- 
retary; Dr. Nels Werner, T. W. Borum, J. W. Bell, W. A. 
Demers; F. B. Kinsley, chief clerk; R. B. Hart, government 
appeal agent. 

Bayfield — Andy Murray, chairman ; Nels M. Oscar, secre- 
tary; Dr. P. G. Frey, C. H. Werden ; Clarice Johnson, chief 
clerk ; Charles F. Morris, government appeal agent. 

Brown — Dr. Daniel H. Gregory, chairman ; Horace J. 
Smith, secretary ; Henry C. Smith, Michael J. Flaherty, Frank 
Woodward; Horace J. Smith, chief clerk; William Cook, gov- 
ernment appeal agent. 

Buffalo — Albert Anderson, chairman ; John Meili, secre- 
tary; Dr. P. B. Amunson, Ed. F. Ganz, Fred J. Bohri, Jr., 
Otto Ochsner, Dr. John Leutscher ; John Meili, chief clerk : 
Theodore Buehler, government appeal agent. 

Burnett — Robert C. Anderson, chairman ; Paul C. Olson, 
secretary; L. R. Roberts, H. A. Anderson, James H. Jensen: 
Paul C. Olson, chief clerk ; C. J. Strang, government appeal 
agent. 

Calumet — Herman Rau, chairman; Henry Rollman, sec- 
retary; Dr. N. J. Knauf; Estelle M. Gierow, chief clerk; 
George C. Hume, government appeal agent. 

Chippewa — James G. Connell, chairman ; C. L. Christian- 
son, secretary ; C. A. Hayes, C. F. Groetzinger, W. H. Howie- 
son, W. H. Bridgman, A. T. Newman ; Anna Jasper, chief 
clerk; F. W. Jenkins, government appeal agent. 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 169 

Clark — Otis Slocomb, chairman ; Ole C. Anderson, sec- 
retary; Dr. E. L. Bradbury, R. F. Kountz, F. W. Draper; 
Helen Crocker, chief clerk; W. A. Campman, government ap- 
peal agent. 

Columbia — J. R. Klabunde, chairman ; H. R. Tongen, sec- 
retary; Dr. A. V. Deneven, Robert Caldwell, C. D. Gates, L. 
A. Wright, H. E. Andrews; Winifred Jones, chief clerk; W. 
G. Clough, government appeal agent. 

Crawford — John F. Herold, chairman ; Sam Sletmark, sec- 
retary; Chas. A. Armstrong, O. P. Vaughan, Geo. T. Atwood. 
L. F. Copsey, Dr. T. E. Ferrell ; Regina Sletmark, chief clerk ; 
M. R. Munson, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 1, Dane — Dr. Henry V. Bancroft, chairman ; 
Wm. F. Pierstorff, secretary; T. G. Lingard, James King; J. 
H. Weinberg, chief clerk; Harry Sauthoflf, government appeal 
agent. 

Div. No. 2, Dane — Nels Holman, chairman ; C. S. Crosse, 
secretary; J. R. O'Malley, Dr. N. G. Omsted ; Luther Holman, 
chief clerk; Erlung Loverud, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 1, Dodge — Harry Marsh, chairman ; Chas. 
Hawks, secretary ; Frank Bodden, Dr. Louis M. Bachhuber, 
Fred H. Clausen; David Mann, chief clerk; J. P. Riordan, gov- 
ernment appeal agent. 

Div. No. 2, Dodge — C. W. Hathaway, chairman ; Erwin 
E. Williams, secretary; Dr. B. C. Tarnutzer, S. R. Webster, 
Wesley J. Cochrane ; Herman Rehfeld, chief clerk ; C. A. 
Christianson, government appeal agent. 

Door — Samuel Perry, chairman; Dr. T. C. Proctor, sec- 
retary; Nathaniel C. Garland, Wm. Jess, Rev. O. N. Jordheim, 
H. Herlache; Dr. T. C. Proctor, chief clerk; H. C. Scofield, 
government appeal agent. 

Douglas — A. G. Farnshaw, chairman ; Dr. Arthur G. Wil- 
cox, secretary ; K. W. McLaggan ; R. Bruce Johnson, chief 
clerk; Archibald McKay, government appeal agent. 

Dunn — Ferdinand Mortenson, chairman ; Frank Peiper, 
secretary; Dr. B. J. Steves, Geo. M. Hovlid, E. B. Hill, Henry 



170 Wisconsin In The World War 

Miller, E. E. Black; Anna M. Lynn, chief clerk; Henry W. 
Rudow, government appeal agent. 

Eau Claire — Geo. W. Williams, chairman ; C. W. Cheney, 
secretary; Dr. J. F. Farr, C. H. Henry, H. M. Johnson; Geo. 
W. Williams, chief clerk; Geo. B. Wheeler, government ap- 
peal agent. 

Florence — C. J. Erickson, chairman; J. J. Pontbriand, sec- 
retary; O. G. Johnson, E. W. Peterson, William Judge, Peter 
G. Hoving; J. J. Pontbriand, chief clerk; Max Sells, govern- 
ment appeal agent. 

Div. No. 1, Fond du Lac — T. E. Worthing, chairman; Dr. 
F. M. McGanley, John P. Kalt, Roy L. Morse, Emil Kraemer; 
Jennie A. Coad, chief clerk ; L. A. Williams, government ap- 
peal agent. 

Div. No. 2, Fond du Lac — W. F. Sommerfield, chairman; 
F. A. Preston, secretary; Dr. H. J. Weld, A. C. Maudlin; F. 
A. Preston, chief clerk ; S. M. Pedrick, government appeal 
agent. 

. Forest — Martin Georgeson, chairman ; W. E. Mountain, 
secretary; Ward A. Westcott, M. J. Quinlin, John D. Gran- 
dine, Harry P. Keith; A. E. Hinley, chief clerk; S. A. Corn- 
ing, government appeal agent. 

Grant — W. C. Hymer, chairman ; W. J. Brennan, secre- 
tary; W. E. Howe, S. E. Pearson, George R. Barden; W. A. 
Johnson, chief clerk ; Harry E. Carthew, government appeal 
agent. 

Green — C. F. Engelhardt, chairman ; C. A. Roderick, sec- 
retary; W. B. Guagi, Fred Ties, Wm. A. Loveland, John 
Theiler ; Mazie Bowen, chief clerk ; Howard Chadwick, gov- 
ernment appeal agent. 

Green Lake — Dave C. Williams, chairman ; G. A. Wein- 
kauf, secretary; Dr. F. R. Silverthorn, James M. Davidson, 
Harry C. Truesdell, Edw. Vaughan, Gustav Teske, Jr.; G. A. 
Weinkauf, chief clerk; John J. Wood, Jr., government appeal 
agent. 

Iowa — Chas. C. Warn, Chairman ; M. J. Briggs, Secre- 
ary; Dr. H. H. Morton, J. A. Meserole, Piatt Whitman, 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 171 

Jerome J. Jones; Anita Marr, chief clerk; J. B, Eagan, gov- 
ernment appeal agent. 

Iron — Max Menstrena, chairman ; W. D. Tyler, Secre- 
tary; Dr. H. F. Ringo, A. L. Ruggles, Frank Marta, R. Paul, 
George Foster; Delia C. Amunson, chief clerk; William T. 
Lennon, government appeal agent. 

Jackson — Edward Mills, chairman ; A. Nanstad, secre- 
tary; P. W. Jones, Dr. Eugene Krohn, Chas. Sechler, M. P. 
Cannon, A. J. Webb; Ludwig Gilbertson, chief clerk; B. L. 
Van Gorden, government appeal agent, 

Jefferson — Edward T. Hayhurst, chairman ; John F. 
Welch, secretary; Dr. G. L. Smith, George J. Kispert, Frank 
W. Hoard, Oscar Wertheimer, Henry Mulberger; S. M. 
Kerschensteiner, chief clerk ; L. H. Smith, government appeal 
agent. 

Juneau — E. F. Smith, chairman ; S. E. Phillips, secretary ; 
Dr. Brand Starnes, J. T. Hanson, R. C. Falconer; S. E. Phil- 
lips, chief clerk ; Clinton G. Price, government appeal agent. 

Kenosha — J. A. Foster, Jr., chairman ; Joseph E. Dalton, 
secretary; Myron Hale; G. S. Davison, chief clerk; Peter 
Fisher, Jr., government appeal agent. 

Kewaunee — Jos. Kott, chairman ; Jos. G. Lazansky, sec- 
retary; W. M. Wochos, Edward Seyk, Jos. Shilbauer, C. L. 
Peters, Anton G. Schauer; J. H. Dewane, chief clerk; John 
Borgman, government appeal agent. 

La Crosse — Valentine S. Keppel, chairman; Frank P. 
Coburn, secretary; Dr. Guy Wakefield, S. P. Markel, Aaron 
Darling; Bert A. Jolivette, chief clerk; O. M. Schlabach, gov- 
ernment appeal agent. 

La Fayette — Jos. Coulthard, chairman ; Dr. H. O. Shock- 
ley, secretary; W. B. Vail, M. A. O'Brien; Benj. Deakin, chief 
clerk; Dr. C. C. Gratiot, government appeal agent. 

Langlade — Ed. F. Buchen, chairman; Valentine P. Rath, 
Dr. J. C. Wright, F. J. Funucane, Henry J. Hersant, Fred 
Jacobus, J. C. Lewis; C. A. Collins, chief clerk; L. Freiburger, 
government appeal agent. 

Lincoln — Henry H. Patzer, chairman ; John Brandt, sec- 



172 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

retary; Geo. G. Curtis, Dr. Andrew Oelhofen, Dr. D. B. Rein- 
hart, Jos. A. Emerich, A. C. Ebert; A. C. Ebert, chief clerk; 

F. E. Donoghue, government appeal agent, 

Div. No. 1, Manitowoc — Jos. A. Kellner, chairman; Fred 
Carus, secretary ; Dr. F. S. Luhmann, E. S. Bedell, Judge 
Adolph P. Schenian ; Fred Carus, chief clerk; Charles E. 
Brady, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 2, Manitowoc — Dr. J. R. Currens, chairman; Geo. 
H. Dicke, secretary ; William Morgan, Frank E. Riley, Milo 
Dushek ; Josephine Herian, chief clerk ; Edward Mickleburg, 
government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 1, Marathon — George Kreutzer, chairman; A. E. 
Beebe, secretary ; Alfred Puchner, Dr. Edward F. Butler, Karl 
Kronewetter, George Cook, A. A. Damon; L. H. Cook, chief 
clerk. 

Div. No. 2, Marathon — Chas. N. Goerling, chairman; 
Louis H. Cook, secretary; A. W. Trevitt, W. A. Ladwig, H. 

G. Flieth, F. P. Stone, W. L. Edmonds ; Louis H. Cook, chief 
clerk; C. B. Bird, government appeal agent. 

Marinette — Michael Hallen, chairman ; Harry A. Sommer- 
ville, secretary ; Dr. A. T. Nadeau, Geo. B. Bogrand, John M. 
Harper, Fred C. Burke ; E. N. Wazek, chief clerk ; Jacob Wit- 
tig, government appeal agent. 

Marquette — Charles Brown, chairman ; F. J. Dodge, sec- 
retary; Dr. S. A. McGregor, C. E. Pierce, F. W. Meinke ; Lucy 
Gumming, chief clerk; B. Houslett, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 1, Milwaukee — Dr. H. T. Brogan, chairman ; 
George H. Gabel, secretary; Dr. J. H. Rohr; Rose E. Hefifling, 
chief clerk ; Paul D. Durant, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 2, Milwaukee — J. P. Beuscher, chairman ; Wil- 
liam Kuhnke, secretary; Ben Baden; A. J. Ries, chief clerk; 
Winfred Zabel, government appeal agent. 

Monroe — George A. Henry, chairman ; O. J. Jackson, sec- 
retary; Dr. Spencer D. Beebe, Charles W. Grotty, Fred Bar- 
ber, John L. Hefferman, E. C. Van Wie ; W. K. Mofifat, chief 
clerk; W. H. Hanchett, government appeal agent. 

Oconto — V. J. O'Kelliher, chairman ; Sol. G. Pelkey, sec- 



Wisconsin In The Wobld War 173 

retary; L. P. Perry, W. A. Smith, Wm. A. Flatley; Sol. G. 
Pelkey, chief clerk; J. B. Chase, government appeal agent. 

Oneida — Hans Rodd, chairman; E. O. Brown, secretary; 
T. C. Wood, D. L. Jenkinson, Dr. T. B. Mclndoe; John J. 
Verage, chief clerk; S. S. Miller, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 1, Outagamie — R. C. Wolter, chairman; F. J. 
Harw^ood, secretary; Chas. J. Hagen, Judson G. Rosebush; 
Leone Gardner, chief clerk; Mark S. Catlin, government ap- 
peal agent. 

Div. No. 2, Outagamie — M. A. Wertheimer, chairman ; 
Dr. A. L. Foster, secretary; F. W. Grogan, D. J. Ryan, H. J. 
Mulholland, Robert Mill; Elmer H. Jennings, chief clerk; John 
Coppes, government appeal agent. 

Ozaukee — Peter Watry, Jr., chairman ; John Bichler, sec- 
retary; George F. Savage, Dr. Theo. J. Roesch, Bernhard 
Herziger, Jr., Dr. T. D. Ryan, John Dennett; Mary G. Bichler, 
chief clerk; Albert W. Grady, government appeal agent. 

Pepin — W. P. Taylor, chairman; W. C. Richardson, sec- 
retary ; Dr. W. W. Cassidy, M. A. McMahon, Ed. F. Woods ; 
C. J. Swanson, chief clerk; S. B. Ingram, government appeal 
agent. 

Pierce — Toby Halverson, chairman ; Ole J. Hohle, secre- 
tary; Dr. Wm. Alsion Lumley, R. W. Campbell, Ferris M. 
White, W. C. Condit, George S. Fox; Ole J. Hohle, chief 
clerk; Wm. P. Know^les, government appeal agent. 

Polk — O. H. Peterson, chairman ; N. P. Sw^anson, secre- 
tary; Dr. J. D. Nicholson, Will T. Kennedy, E. E. Husband; 
Marion Park, chief clerk; C. S. Roberts, government appeal 
agent. 

Portage — J. F. Kubisiak, chairman ; A. E. Bourn, secre- 
tary; Dr. C. Von Neupert, Sr., W. E. Fisher, W. Atwell, C. A. 
Crow^ell, L. A. Pomeroy ; A. E. Bourn, chief clerk; G. L. Park, 
government appeal agent. 

Price — Nick J. Bey, chairman; Wm. H. Lippels, secre- 
tary; Dr. Chas. B. Fenelon; Grace E. Dreher, chief clerk; 
Michael Barry, government appeal agent. 

Racine — Louis H. Rohr, chairman; A. J. Topp, secretary; 



174 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

F. A. Malone, J. J. Wishau, George Ela; Florence Strassen, 
chief clerk; L. J. Quinn, government appeal agent. 

Richland — O. J. Howard, chairman ; C. B. Stofer, secre- 
tary; Dr. F. W. McKee, Joe Bock, Charles Nye; M. House- 
holder, chief clerk; C. R. Thompson, government appeal 
agent. 

Div. No. 1, Rock — Robert Whipple, chairman; A. E. 
Matheson, secretary; Dr. J. F. Pember, Wm. Mcintosh, Irving 
Hinckley; J. M. Enright, chief clerk; S. G. Dunwiddie, gov- 
ernment appeal agent. 

Div. No. 2, Rock — George B. Ingersoll, chairman ; Charles 
Still, secretary; Dr. Arthur Helm, J. W. Moehlenpah, Owen 
Ritland, Wm. O'Neill, James Brittan ; W. J. Tucker, chief 
clerk; F G. Fifield, government appeal agent. 

Rusk — William Dodson, chairman ; F. E. Munroe, secre- 
tary; Dr. L. M. Lundmark, Christ K. Ellingson, A. F. Hein, 
Peter J. Kassola, P. E. Carow ; F. E. Munroe, chief clerk; L. 
E. McGill, government appeal agent. 

St. Croix — N. O. Varnum, chairman ; H. S. Ofiferdahl, sec- 
retary; Dr. L. P. Mayer, George Oakes, C. K. Hawley; J. B. 
Newholm, chief clerk ; W. T. Doar, government appeal agent. 

Sauk — William Welk, chairman ; Frank A. Cooper, sec- 
retary; Dr. L. W. Sayles, H. E. Paddock, Robert Buerki, 
Wilber Cahoon; Nellye Stackhouse, chief clerk; Chas. A. 
Clark, government appeal agent. 

Sawyer — John S. Johnson, chairman ; John Berger, sec- 
retary; Dr. G. A. Larson, A. A. Veness, O. C. Sabin, Wm. 
Giblin, J. S. McGeorge; Elmer Anderson, chief clerk; H. E. 
Rohlf, government appeal agent. 

Shawano — Chas. E. Otto, chairman; M. J. Wallrich, sec- 
retary; W. H. Cantwell, Paul Furrman, H. J. Bloecher, Guy 
Van Doren; Beulah E. Whitehouse, chief clerk; Paul Winter, 
government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 1, Sheboygan — Geo. S. Goodell, chairman; R. 
H. Thomas, Jr., secretary; Dr. Chas. A. Squire; F. S. Morris, 
E. E. Pantzer, Francis Williams, William Braasch; Carrie Mc 
Taggart, chief clerk ; Thos. McNeill, government appeal agent. 



Wisconsin In The World War 175 

Div. No. 2, Sheboygan — Geo. Spratt, chairman; H. Davis, 
secretary ; E. A. Dow, Carl Corbett, Charles Eastman, Charles 
Weisse, Dr. E. B. Felter; Harry M. Timm, chief clerk; 
Charles Voigt, government appeal agent. 

Taylor — W. E. Hibbard, chairman; Carl Herrmann, sec- 
retary; Dr. Eugene LeSage, R. A. Kolb, Herman Leicht; D. 
G. Blakeslee, chief clerk; K. J. Urquhart, government appeal 
agent. 

Trempealeau — Ed. Erickson, chairman ; P. K. Risberg, 
secretary; Dr. J. J. Powell, Ole J. Eggum, Chas. B. Melby, 
Frank H. Hotchkiss, Ole Sylfest; Elmer Barlow, chief clerk; 
F. M. Symonds, government appeal agent. 

Vernon — Perry Cowden, chairman — Berlie Moore, secre- 
tar; Wm. A. Trowbridge, C. V. Porter, Sr., L. C. Boyle, C. 
W. Fowell, Roy L. Heindal; Berlie Moore, chief clerk; Chas. 
J. Smith, government appeal agent. 

Vilas — George H. Jackson, chairman ; Geo. E. O'Connor, 
secretary; Dr. A. W. Thorpe, Alex Higgins, Patrick J. Gaff- 
ney, N. M. Emmons, Grant Cook; W. B. Raymond, chief 
clerk ; Jno. R. Powell, government appeal agent. 

Walworth — W. E. Babcock, chairman ; G. D. Harring- 
ton, secretary; Dr. Edward Kinne, F. H. Kiser, Wells D. 
Church, M. E. Cusack ; G. D. Harrington, chief clerk ; J. F. 
Lyon, government appeal agent. 

Washburn — F. P. O'Connor, chairman ; Frank G. Tozer, 
secretary; Frank Hammill, C. D. Stockwell, Henry Bieloh, 
Frank L. Lampson ; Frank G. Tozer, chief clerk ; O. H, Kjor- 
stad, government appeal agent. 

Washington — Chas. D. Hayden, chairman ; Geo, T. Carlin, 
secretary; Joseph Schmidt; Emma Boden Altendorf, chief 
clerk; Henry Rolfs, government appeal agent. 

Waukesha — Albert L. Morris, chairman; Wm, Koehler, 
secretary; Dr. S. B. Ackley, Henry Lockney, R. G. Morey, 
George Dwinnell ; Lovinia Barnes, chief clerk ; Howard T. 
Greene, government appeal agent. 

Waupaca — Albert Arnold, chairman ; L, F. Shoemaker, 
secretary; Dr. G. T. Dawley, J. B, Jensen, John F, Jardine: 



176 Wisconsin In The "World War 

Ella E. Shoemaker, chief clerk ; Ingebret Ovrum, government 
appeal agent. 

Waushara — B. J. Morse, chairman; Ward B. Stillwel), 
secretary ; George M. Reeder, Dr. E. M. Wilson ; W. L. Rob.- 
erts, chief clerk ; E. F. Kileen, government appeal agent. 

Winnebago — Frank J. Sensenbrenner, chairman; M. E. 
Patch, secretary; Dr. Frank M. Corry, H. K. Babcock, J. M. 
Pleasants; Duene Bach, chief clerk; David K. Allen, govern- 
ment appeal agent. 

Wood — John E. Normington, chairman ; Sam Church, 
secretary; Dr. W. T. Sexton, John Werner, Theo. W. Bra- 
zeau ; Sam Church, chief clerk ; F. W. Calkins, government 
appeal agent. 

City of Green Bay — Elmer S. Hall, chairman ; Frank T. 
Jonet, secretary; Dr. Thos. J. Oliver, Dr. H. W. Baldwin. 
Frank B. Desnoyers, Robert R. Campbell, Harry W. Fisk ; 
Frank J. Jonet, chief clerk; Max H. Strehlow, government ap- 
peal agent. 

City of Kenosha — Chas. H. Pfennig, chairman ; Arthur 
Ouigley, secretary ; D. O. Head, Dr. Geo. F. Adams, Alfred 
Terrill, Elmer Hansen, James Cavanaugh ; Glenn C. Huff, 
chief clerk ; John C. Slater, government appeal agent. 

City of La Crosse — A. A. Bentley, chairman ; C. W. Hunt, 
secretary; Dr. Geo. W. Lueck, George H. Gordon, W. F. 
Goodrich, J. E. McConnell ; C. W. Hunt, chief clerk; John F. 
Doherty, government appeal agent. 

City of Madison — Wm. L. Doweling, chairman ; Prof. E. 
B. Van Vleck, secretary ; Dr. H. E. Purcell, Carl A. Johnson, 
Joseph H. Brown, Dr. Reginald H. Jackson; Harry C. Buser, 
chief clerk; William Ryan, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 1, City of Milwaukee — M. E. Trayser, chairman; 
Dr. Philip Fox, secretary ; Cornelius Corcoran ; M. E. Tray- 
ser, chief clerk ; Stephen McMahon, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 2, City of Milwaukee — Dr. James P. Taugher, 
chairman; H. D. Thiele, Jr., secretary; Otto J. Schoenleber : 
J. D. Munro, chief clerk ; Wm. J. Kershaw, government appeal 
agent. 



Wisconsin In The Wobld WIab 177 

Div. No. 3, City of Milwaukee — Arthur Lambeck, chair- 
man ; F. L. McNamara, secretary ; Dr. R. G. Sayle ; Gertrude 
Finn, chief clerk ; H. W. Connell, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 4, City of Milwaukee — Max Kufalk, chairman ; 
George L. Baldauf, secretary; Dr. H. W. Powers; Elton 
Schultz, chief clerk ; Garfield S. Canright, government appeal 
agent. 

Div. No. 5, City of Milwaukee — J. S. Kaney, chairman : 
Fred W. Reuter, secretary ; Dr. Wm. Malone ; Ruth Torphy, 
chief clerk ; M. W. Kalaher, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 6, City of Milwaukee — Henry B. Bodenstab, 
chairman; Hugo Zedler, secretary; Dr. R. T. Lovedan ; Bertha 
Corbeau, chief clerk; George Morton, government appeal 
agent. 

Div. No. 7, City of Milwaukee — C. T. Mueller, chairman : 
A. Wangerin, secretary ; Dr. T. H. Rolfs ; Adele Gerhard, 
chief clerk ; Arnold C. Otto, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 8, City of Milwaukee — Charles N. Peterson, 
chairman; Ignatz Czerwinski, secretary; Dr. S. A. Baranow- 
ski ; E. J. Meczyski, chief clerk ; Andrew Agnew, government 
appeal agent. 

Div. No. 9, City of Milwaukee — Louis Scheich, chairman ; 
Alois Knoernschild, secretary; Dr. A. J. Muckerheide ; Lillian 
Whitman, chief clerk; Henry J. Bendinger, government ap- 
peal agent. 

Div. No. 10, City of Milwaukee — C. B. Whitnall, chair- 
man; Dr. M. A. Kleinhans, secretary; Dr. C. L. Toepfer; 
Rhoda Brook, chief clerk ; Julius Roehl, government appeal 
agent. 

Div. No. 11, City of Milwaukee — Archie Tegtmeyer. 
chairman; James T. Drought, secretary; Dr. E. J. Panetti; 
Goldie Levin, chief clerk; John C. Kleczka, government ap- 
peal agent. 

Div. No. 12, City of Milwaukee — Theo. Otjen, chairman ; 
Frank J. Grutza, secretary; Dr. William V. Nelson; W. H. 
Nelson, chief clerk ; Avery T. Hanson, government appeal 
agent. 



178 Wisconsin In The World War 

Div. No. 13, City of Milwaukee — A. L. Lindernann, chair- 
man; H. K. Curtis, secretary; Dr. James H. Hackett; G. C. 
Yockey, chief clerk ; J. W. McMillan, government appeal 
agent. 

Div. No. 14, City of Milwaukee — Dr. S. L. Krzysko, chair- 
man ; Martin S. Cyborowski, secretary ; John Rediske ; Leo P. 
Hojnacki, chief clerk ; Clarence W. Bradford, government ap- 
peal agent. 

Div. No. 15, City of Milwaukee — Judge N. B. Neelen, 
chairman; C. W. Henning, secretary; Dr. Wm. Jobse; Royden 
Webster, chief clerk; W. A. Hayes, government appeal agent. 

City of Oshkosh — J. Y. Hull, chairman; George Hilton, 
secretary; A. H. Gruenewald, F. W. Mueller, John H. Laabs, 
H. H. Mensel ; George Hilton, chief clerk; R. A. Hollister, 
government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 1, City of Racine — H. J. Smith, chairman ; E. W. 
Leach, secretary; E. H. Burgess, Fred H. Schultz, Dr. Robert 
C. Thackeray, J. B. Simmons, Joseph Hamate; Muriel Fisch- 
er, chief clerk ; John Liegler, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 2, City of Racine — Wm. W. Storms, chairman: 
Geo. H. Porter, secretary; W. S. McCaughey, Ward Gittings, 
Christ Krogh, I. O. Mann, Dr. E. A. Taylor; James C. Peter- 
son, chief clerk ; M. J. Knoblock, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 1, City of Superior — E. A. LeClair, chairman ; 
C. A. Swanson, secretary; Dr. D. R. Searle, A. A. Campbell, 
Frank L. Wilcox, J. S. Stack; Irene O'Brien, chief clerk; H. 
V. Gard, government appeal agent. 

Div. No. 2, City of Superior — Frank Crumpton, chair- 
man; Clarence Grace, secretary; Dr. T. J. O'Leary, Henry 
S. Butler, W. R. Hallam, John Barden ; Manfred Nelson, chief 
clerk ; G. E. Dietrick, government appeal agent. 

During the administration of the draft some changes were 
made as men were called to other war service. The organ- 
ization remained practically intact, however, and these men 
and women formed the basis of the successful work in Wis- 
consin. In accordance with the federal program, the sheriff, 
the county clerk and the county physician were made the first 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 179 

three members of the boards. Where there was no county 
physician, a capable physician in the county was selected. 

The principal duties of these boards were to attend to 
the distribution of forms to each of the election precincts and 
to be custodians of the records of the registrants. These 
boards worked diligently and long, and were the responsible 
agencies in each jurisdiction for getting in a prompt report. 
They were also responsible for the tabulation of the detailed 
results of the registration and for the preparation of the dupli- 
cate cards and the necessary lists that had to be made to pro- 
tect the registration of men. 

Five district boards were appointed, as follows : 

Division No. 1, Western District — Richard Meyer, Jr., 
chairman, Lancaster; C. F. Burgess, secretary, Madison; John 
C. Gaveney, Arcadia; Dr. W. W. Gill, Madison; J. A. Craig, 
Janesville; J. O. Blackshare, chief clerk, Madison. 

Division No. 2, Western District — A. H. Wilkinson, chair- 
man, Bayfield; G. Johnson, secretary, Eau Claire; Dr. H. L. 
Garner, Rhinelander ; Louis Hanitch, Superior; W. B. Heine- 
man, Wausau ; Guy J. Johnson, chief clerk, Eau Claire. 

Division No. 1, Eastern District — George Lines, chair- 
man, Milwaukee; Fred H. French, secretary, Milwaukee; Dr. 
C. H. Stoddard, Milwaukee; Charles H. John, Milwaukee; 
Max W. Babb, Milwaukee ; Rossiter Lines, chief clerk, Mil- 
waukee. 

Division No. 2, Eastern District — Harry W. Bolens, chair- 
man. Port Washington ; A. J. Horlick, secretary, Racine ; 
George Harrington, Elkhorn ; Dr. Grove Harkness, Wauke- 
sha; Chester D. Barnes, Kenosha; Stephen Benish, chief clerk, 
Racine. 

Division No. 3, Eastern District — Dan E. McDonald, 
chairman, Oshkosh ; Florian Lampert, secretary, Oshkosh ; 
Frank Durham, Neenah; Dr. Frank Brockway, Oshkosh; John 
Strange, Neenah ; William Rand, chief clerk, Oshkosh. 

Medical advisory boards were appointed as follows : 

Board No. 1 — Dr. H. A. Sifton, chairman ; Dr. L. M. War- 
field, Dr. S. G. Higgins, Dr. Richard Dewey, Dr. J. A. Bach, 



180 Wisconsin In The Woeld War 

Dr. W. H. Washburn, Dr. L. C. Tisdale, Dr. M. N. Feder- 
spiel, Dr. S. J. Seeger, Dr. F. H. Munkwitz, Dr. B. D. Part- 
ridge. 

Board No. 2 — Dr. Alfred W. Gray, chairman; Dr. D. E. 
W. Wenstrand, Dr. Horace M. Brown, Dr. Wm. E. Grove, 
Dr. Daniel M. Hopkinson, Dr. Henry V. Ogden, Dr. Edward 
Quick, Dr. Otto Foerster, Dr. A. J. Patek, Dr. J. D. Madison, 
Dr. W. S. Stanley, Dr. G. W. Fox, Dr. E. D. Regan, Dr. G. A. 
Harlow, Dr. C. A. Fidler, Dr. Henry Banzhof, Dr. R. G. Wash- 
burn, Dr. G. W. Wilson, Dr. J. S. Janssen, Dr. Harry Cohn, 
Dr. W. G. Hyde. 

Board No. 3 — Dr. Louis F. Jermain, chairman ; Dr. Wil- 
bur L. LeCron, Dr. Claude S. Beebe, Dr. Edward F. Barta, 
Dr. Frank C. Studley, Dr. E. W. Bentzein, Dr. Albert H. 
Purdy, Dr. Oscar Lotz, Dr. W. C. F. Witte, Dr. G. R. Ernst, 
Dr. Harry J. Heeb, Dr. J. C. Sargent; Dr. Fred A. Stratton, 
Dr. Jos. Lettenberger, Dr. Raymond J. Wenker. 

Board No, 4 — Dr. Wm. Thorndike, chairman; Dr. C. A. 
H. Fortier, Dr. E. A. Fletcher, Dr. F. J. Gaenslen, Dr. C. J. 
Coffey, Dr. J. A. Carhart, Dr. A. W. Myers. 

Board No. 5 — Dr. Henry W. Abraham, chairman; Dr. J. 
B. MacLaren, Dr. Everett H. Brooks, Dr. Geo. T. Hegner, 
Dr. M. J. Sanborn, Dr. Albert E. Rector, Dr. G. E. Johnston. 

Board No. 6 — Dr. John M. Dodd, chairman; Dr. Adellon 
P. Andrus, Dr. Archibald O. Shaw, Dr. Clyde J. Smiles, Dr. 
Laura Gilman, Dr. F. D. Brennen. 

Board No. 7 — Dr. John V. R. Lyman, chairman ; Dr. 
Eugene E. Tupper, Dr. Arthur L. Payne, Dr. Roy E. Mitchell, 
Sister Augustine, Dr. E. F. Sommermeyer. 

Board No. 8 — Dr. Frank S. Wiley, chairman ; Dr. Oliver 
M. Layton, Dr. Wm. H. Folsom, Dr. J. Elmer Twohig, Sister 
Frances Claire, Dr. C. W. Leonard, Dr. T. A. Hardgrove. 

Board No. 9 — Dr. Wm. H. Bartran, chairman; Dr. War- 
ren E. Leaper, Dr. James J. Robb, Dr. Henry P. Rhode, Dr. 
Ralph M. Carter, Dr. Robert L. Cowles, Dr. F. R. Houston. 

Board No. 10 — Dr. Thomas W. Nuzum, chairman; Dr. 
Edward B. Brown, Dr. Fred T. Nye, Dr. Samuel B. Buck- 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 181 

master, Dr. Fred B. Welch, Dr. W. A. Munn, Dr. R. J. Hart. 

Board No. 11 — Dr. Gustave Windesheim, chairman; Dr. 
John H. Cleary, Dr. Nelson A. Pennoyer, Dr. H. F. Miller, 
Dr. Herbert A. Robinson, Dr. H. E. Briggs, Dr. T. W. Ashley. 

Board No. 12 — Dr. Edward Evans, chairman ; Dr. Wil- 
liam E. Bannen, Dr. C. Christiansen, Dr. Archie S. Kemp, Dr. 
D. S. Smith, Dr. G. F. Hauser. 

Board No. 13 — Dr. Robert Van Valzah, chairman; Dr. 
Joseph Dean, Dr. Frederick A. Davis, Dr. John A. E. Eyster, 
Dr. Charles H. Bunting, Dr. Charles R. Bardeen, Dr. S. H. 
Chase. 

Board No. 14 — Dr. Theodore H. Redelings, chairman; 
Dr. Maurice D. Bird, Dr. James V. May, Dr. Henry F. 
Schroeder; Dr. E. H. Redeman. 

Board No. 15 — Dr. Karl W. Doegs, chairman; Dr. Hans- 
ford H. Milbee, Dr. William Hipke, Dr. Victor A. Mason, 
Dr. Roy P. Potter, Dr. W. H. Poad. 

Board No. 16 — Dr. F. Gregory Connell, chairman; Dr. 
Neil Andrews, Dr. Ernest A. Hunt, Dr. Adin Sherman, Dr. 
Geo. M. Stelle, Dr. W. P. Wheeler, Dr. M. L. Christensen. 

Board No. 17 — Dr. Wilson Cunningham, chairman ; Dr. 
James Oettiker, Dr. Harry Andrews, Dr. Clarence M. Schmidt, 
Dr. Wm. M. Gratiot, Dr. Daniel L. Brady. 

Board No. 18 — Dr. J. S. Keech, chairman; Dr. L. E. 
Fazen, Dr. William P. Collins, Dr. Frederick C. Christensen, 
Dr. Walter S. Haven, Dr. Emil L. Tompach, Dr. John J. 
Meacham, Sr., Dr. P. T. Van Orum. 

Board No. 19 — Dr. Wm. F. Zierath, chairman; Dr. 
Arthur E. Center, Dr. George B. Wiles, Dr. John A. Junck, 
Dr. H. J. Pohland, Dr. William Van Zanten. 

Board No. 20 — Dr. William E. Ground, chairman ; Dr. 
Luther A. Potter, Dr. R. C. Smith, Dr. William Strasser, Dr. 
Herbert J. Orchard, Dr. Geo. Saunders, Dr. C. W. Giesen. 

Board No. 21 — Dr. John W. Coon, chairman ; Dr. Frank- 
lin E. Walbridge, Dr. David N. Alcorn, Dr. Wm. W. Greg- 
ory, Dr. Ellietson H. Rogers, Dr. M. A. Handcock. 

Board No. 22 — Dr. Byron M. Caples, chairman ; Dr. 



182 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Albert J. Hodgson, Dr. George E. Peterson, Dr. William H. 
Oatway, Dr. William E. Nicely, Dr. F. C. Elliot. 

Board No. 23 — Dr. Joseph Smith, chairman ; Dr. David 
T. Jones, Dr. Lee M. Willard, Dr. William E. Zilisch. 

A glance at this list of names will show the reader who 
has some acquaintance in the state that the most prominent 
physicians, men whose services command the highest fees 
and whose time is constantly occupied, served on these med- 
ical advisory boards. No less was this true of the legal ad- 
visory boards, which included the lawyers with the largest 
practice. 

The central legal advisory committee consisted of John 
B. Sanborn, a well known attorney of Madison, Chief Justice 
John B. Winslow of the Supreme Court, who gave his time 
to this work in addition to his contributions to many other 
war activities. Attorney General Spencer Haven and W. A. 
Hayes, an attorney well known in Milwaukee and in the state. 

The legal advisory boards of the state were selected as 
follows : 

Adams — C. C. Murphy, chairman ; J. W. Houghton, C. 
A. Veeder. 

Ashland — W. F. Shea, chairman ; A. T. Pray, M, E. Dil- 
lon. 

Barron — C. C. Coe, chairman; H. S. Comstock, Clarence 
Teitgen. 

Bayfield — A. W. McLeod, chairman; A. M. Warden, J 
J. Fisher. 

Brown — B. L. Parker, chairman ; E. R. Minahan, W. L 
Evans. 

Buffalo — Theodore Buehler, chairman ; S. G. Gilman, C 
W. Gilman. 

Burnett — S. F. Grover, chairman; Paul C. Meier, C. J 
Strong. 

Calumet — Jas. Kerwin, chairman ; L. P. Fox, George M 
Goggins. 

Chippewa — T. J. Connor, chairman ; F. W. Jenkins, D 
E. Cook. 



Wisconsin In The World War 183 

Clark — W. A. Campman, chairman; C. R. Sturdevant, E. 
W. Crosby. 

Columbia— W. S. Stroud, chairman; W. C. Leitsch, J. 
Maloney, 

Crawford— W. R. Graves, chairman; J. P. Evans, A. H. 
Long. 

Dane — Burr Jones, chairman ; H. T. Sheldon, Miles Riley. 

Dodge — C. A. Christiansen, chairman; G. B. Sw^an, 
August Kading. 

Door — T. A. Sanderson, chairman; W. E. Wagener, H. 
M. Ferguson. 

Douglas — W. R. Foley, chairman; C. Z. Luse, J. A. 
Murphy. 

Dunn — J. R. Mathews, chairman; R. E. Bundy, C. R. 
Freeman. 

Eau Claire — R. P. Wilcox, chairman; L. M. Sturdevant. 
F. R. Farr. 

Florence — Edward Elmer, chairman ; Frank Waring, Max 
Sells. 

Fond du Lac — T. L. Doyle, chairman; S. M. Pedrick, L. 
A. Williams. 

Forest — W. A. Westcott, chairman; S. A. Corning, J. F. 
Hooper. 

Grant — G. B. Clementson, chairman; J. W. Murphy, H. 
E. Carthew. 

Green — J. D. Dunwiddie, chairman; Wm. T. Saucerman. 
H. N. Caradine. 

Green Lake — John J. Wood, chairman; W. E. Cavanaugh, 
Thomas F. Davlin. 

Iowa — J. E. O'Neil, chairman ; C. Spensley, G. D. Mc 
Geever. 

Iron — W. T. Lennon, chairman; M. F. Reid, F. A. 
Emunson. 

Jackson — H. M. Perry, chairman ; L. O. Ellis, F. J. Reich- 
enbach. 

Jefferson — L. H. Smith, chairman ; J. G. Conway, C. B. 
Rogers. 



184 Wisconsin In The World Was 

Juneau — F. H. Hanson, chairman ; J. A. McFarlane, Chas. 
Leicht. 

Kenosha — A. E. Buckmaster, chairman ; R. V. Baker, A. 
L. Drury. 

Kewaunee — L. A. Karel, chairman ; G. W. Wing, James 
H. McGowan, 

La Crosse — J. F. Doherty, chairman ; G. H. Gordon, A. 
Lees. 

La Fayette — C. F. McDaniel, chairman; C. F. Osborn. 
J. D. Darrow. 

Langlade — Henry Hay, chairman ; Chas. H. Avery, A. B. 
Goodrick. 

Lincoln — Geo. Curtis, Jr., chairman; J. Van Hecke, F. 
J. Smith. 

Manitowoc — E. G. Nash, chairman; H. L. Markham, A. 
L. Haugen. 

Marathon — L. A. Pradt, chairman ; A. P. Woodson, John 
J. Okoneski. 

Marinette — E. C. Eastman, chairman ; A. T. Fairchild, 
J. O. Miller. 

Marquette — D. W. McNamara, chairman ; John Barry, 
John Metzler. 

Milwaukee — William Kaumheimer, chairman ; A. C. Um- 
breit, C. H. Van Alstine. 

Monroe — R. B. Graves, chairman ; H. Teasdale, Wm. Mc 
Caul. 

Oconto — A. V. Classon, chairman; John B. Chase, FranK 
P. Megan. 

Oneida — S. S. Miller, chairman ; E. D. Minahan, C. F. 
Smith. 

Outagamie — T. H. Ryan, chairman; P. V. Cary, John 
M. Morgan. 

Ozaukee — W. F. Shanen, chairman; J. W. Collins, Charles 
J. Kunny. 

Pepin — C. M. Hilliard, chairman ; C. A. Ingram, E. S. 
Pattison. 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 185 

Pierce — G. B. Skogmo, chairman; J. H. Grimm, J. E. 
Foley. 

Polk — C. H. Oakey, chairman; M. E. Yager, M. P. 
Jerdee. 

Portage — G. B. Nelson, chairman ; L. J. M. Murat, C. H. 
Cashin. 

Price — W. K. Parkinson, chairman ; J. S. Barry, J. W. 
Hicks. 

Racine — Peter J. Myers, chairman ; Fulton Thompson, G. 
W. Waller. 

Richland — P. L. Lincoln, chairman ; L. H. Bancroft, F. 
W. Burnham. 

Rock — M. P. Mouat, chairman; T. D. Woolsey, P. W. 
Grubb. 

Rusk — Charles Kirwan, chairman; L. E. McGill, T. M. 
Thomas. 

St. Croix — W. F. McNally, chairman; L. H. Ashley, E. 
B. Kinney. 

Sauk — F,. R. Bentley, chairman; H. H. Thomas, J. A. 
Stone. 

Sawyer — J. F. Riordan, chairman; A. M. Johnson, S. J. 
Williams. 

Shawano — Robt. A. Upham, chairman ; C. F. Dillett, A. 
M. Andrews. 

Sheboygan — E. R. Bowler, chairman ; M. C. Mead, A. C. 
Prescott. 

Taylor — J. B. Hagerty, chairman; K. J. Urquhart, George 
Adams. 

Trempealeau — Earl F. Hensel, chairman ; H. A. Ander- 
son, A. T. Twesme. 

Vernon — J. H. Bennett^ chairman ; C. W. Graves, L. 
Grimsrud. 

Vilas — F. W. Carter, chairman ; C. H. Wiegand, Finn 
Lawler. 

Walworth — W. C. Norton, chairman; H. E. Hamilton, 
H. A. Burdick. 



186 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

Washburn — Stephen A. Barrett, chairman ; W. J. Knapp, 
A. M. Sabin. 

Washington — T. O'Meara, chairman; C. E, Robinson, E. 
W. Sawyer. 

Waukesha — H. J. Frame, chairman ; J. A. Kelly, C. W. 
Newberry. 

Waupaca — Lloyd D. Smith, chairman; O. L. Olen, John 
C. Hart. 

Waushara — E. F. Kileen, chairman; Chas. T. Taylor, B. 
Johnson. 

Winnebago — E. J. Dempsey, chairman; Henry Barber, J. 
W. Hume. 

Wood — George L. Williams, chairman ; C. B. Edwards, 
H. E. Fitch. 

To give full legal standing to the use of the election ma- 
chinery the governor asked the executive counsel. Former 
Senator George B. Hudnall, to draft a bill providing for the 
registry of those persons in the state who were eligible for 
service. The bill was introduced in the assembly. The rules 
were suspended, an effort to lay the bill over was opposed, 
the bill was ordered engrossed and read a third time, by a 
vote of 59 to 7, the rules again were suspended and the bill 
was put on final passage and transmitted to the senate. The 
state senate received the bill on May 4, it was immediately 
read the first time, the rules were suspended by unanimous 
consent, and it was read a second and third time and con- 
curred in after an amendment by Senator Arnold had been 
defeated. 

The bill was approved by the governor on May 9 — eight 
days before the passage by Congress of the selective service 
law. 

The selective service law was passed by Congress on 
May 18, 1917. The registration provision of the law was con- 
tained in Section 5, which was as follows : 

"That all male persons between the ages of twenty-one 
and thirty, both inclusive, shall be subject to registration in 
accordance with regulations to be prescribed by the Presi- 



Wisconsin In The World War 187 

dent ; and upon proclamation by the President or other public 
notice given by him or by his direction stating the time and 
place of such registration, it shall be the duty of all persons 
of the designated ages, except officers and enlisted men of 
the regular army, and the National Guard and Naval Militia 
w^hile in the service of the United States, to present them- 
selves for and submit to registration under the provisions of 
this act; and every such person shall be deemed to have notice 
of the requirements of this act upon the publication of said 
proclamation or other notice as aforesaid given by the Presi- 
dent or by his direction ; and any person w^ho shall wilfully 
fail or refuse to present himself for registration or to submit 
thereto as herein provided, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor 
and shall, upon conviction in the District Court of the United 
States having jurisdiction thereof, be punished by imprison- 
ment for not more than one year, and shall thereupon be duly 
registered : provided, That in the call of the docket precedence 
shall be given to the trial of criminal proceedings under this 
act : Provided further. That persons shall be subject to regis- 
tration as herein provided who shall have attained their twen- 
ty-first birthday, and who shall not have attained their thirty- 
first birthday on or before the day set for the registration, 
and all persons so registered shall be and remain subject to 
draft into the forces hereby authorized, unless exempted or 
excused therefrom as in this act provided : Provided further. 
That in the case of temporary absence from actual place of 
legal residence of any person liable to registration as provid- 
ed herein, such registration shall be made by mail under reg- 
ulations to be prescribed by the President." 

The exemption provision named in this act was the great 
problem for the local boards, and for the district boards to 
which appeals were made. The war came out of a clear sky 
to most men and business was obliged to meet the emergency 
quickly. It required the best of judgment and absolute faith- 
fulness to the needs of the country at war upon the part of 
the board members to meet the situation. There was no dis- 
position on the part of Wisconsin citizens to avoid the draft. 



188 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

but there were many cases where exemption seemed advis- 
able for the general good and the conduct of the war. To 
decide the nature of the business that was essential, to decide 
that this man or that was of more importance at home than as 
a soldier, to make exemptions fairly and without favor, re- 
quired ability and character of the highest order, and the 
members of the Wisconsin boards met these problems without 
flinching, and with lasting credit to the state. 

The importance of the work which these boards under- 
took is shown in the following statement by the provost mar- 
shal general in his report of the first draft : 

"There were many who feared the total failure of the 
selective service law. The law was unequivocal in its terms. 
It boldly recited the military obligations of citizenship. Tt 
vest the President with the most plenary power to prescribe 
regulations which should strike a balance between the in- 
dustrial, agricultural and economic need of the nation on the 
one hand and the military need on the other and should men 
for service in the place in which it should best suit the com- 
mon good to call them. It was a measure of unguessed sig- 
nificance and power." 

Wisconsin, an agricultural state, was engaged in raising 
the greatest crop in its history, and all over the state the cry 
of more food for the war was being raised. The manufac- 
turer, at the same time, was responding to the call of the na- 
tion, and these factors entered into the daily work of the 
boards. 

The experience during the Civil War had an effect upon 
all people who were considering the draft in May. Inquiries 
came from Washington as to the possibility of any likelihood 
of disturbance or riots or any possible need of military forces. 

Wisconsin authorities, relying upon the patriotism of the 
people, replied that there would be no need of troops in the 
state. That faith in the -people was verified. No state car- 
ried out registration with less trouble. 

The Presidential proclamation setting the date for the first 
registration, on June 5, 1917, was issued on May 18. Gov. 



Wisconsin In The Wobld WIar 189 

Philipp followed this with a proclamation on May 23, which, 
after reciting the provisions of the law, said : 

"It will be observed that the penalties of the law are 
severe, and I hope that no man subject to registration will 
attempt to shirk his duty in this respect. There is no pos- 
sible escape from it because those who may attempt to do so 
will be apprehended in course of time and will be obliged 
to submit to the punishment provided by law. 

"I call upon all citizens, patriotic bodies, county defense 
councils, and all other patriotic organizations, to give us their 
aid in making the registration a success. I suggest that every 
person who can do so make an effort to notify every man 
whom he knows to be of military age, reminding him of the 
fact that it is registration day, in order that he may not sub- 
ject himself to the penalties of the law by reason of neglect 
or because of the fact that he had not received personal 
notice. If you have a friend who is forgetful, remind him 
that June 5 is the day upon which he must register. 

"Our country is involved in a great war. The registra- 
tion of our young men who are of military age is the first act 
by the government that makes us realize that we are engaged 
in war. No man can refuse his country's call, and I feel con- 
fident that the people of Wisconsin will respond without a 
murmur. They responded to the call of the country in form- 
er wars — they will do so now. 

"The President wishes us to understand that this is not 
a draft, but a selection. That to be drafted for military serv- 
ice under this law merely means that the person so drafted 
has been found physically fit to render service as a soldier, 
and is asked by the government to do what we would expect 
him to volunteer to do. 

"I recommend to the citizens of the state that June fifth 
be made a memorable day in the state of Wisconsin ; that 
flags be displayed on public buildings and private homes, and 
that those who go to the booth and register, with the expecta- 
tion of rendering a service, will receive the applause that is 
due a patriotic citizen. 



190 Wisconsin In The World War 

"The day should be known by an appropriate name, and 
I suggest to the people and to the press of the state that we 
refer to it as Duty Day. 

"Finally I express the hope that the law and proclama- 
tion of the President will be complied with by all citizens 
who are subject to it, that the unpleasantness of inflicting 
punishment shall be avoided, and that you will enable me to 
say to the President of the United States, at nine o'clock on 
the evening of June fifth, that Wisconsin stands ready to 
furnish her quota of soldiers to the nation." 

Registration day came and passed without notable inci- 
dent and with orderly procedure. There was less disturb- 
ance in Wisconsin on June 5, 1917, than there is at a regular 
election. More than 200,000 citizens went to the election 
booths and entered their names on the honor roll to be as- 
signed to such military or other duty as the war department 
should subsequently determine. 

At nine o'clock on the evening of June 5 the places of 
registration closed, and determined effort was made to re- 
port the number registered before morning. The telephone 
and telegraph companies, in response to plans previously 
made, were of great assistance. At four o'clock on Saturday 
morning, June 6, C. L. Miller, manager of the Madison Tele- 
phone company, who had worked all night with a staff of 
employes from the company, carried over to the telegraph 
office the following telegram : 

"Four o'clock a. m. All Wisconsin counties and cities 
have reported registration complete. Totals 218,700." 

When, on September 11, 1918, this registration was final- 
ly closed, the number of registrants was 241,131. 

Wisconsin, with its machinery working smoothly, with 
every member of a local board making it a personal task, had 
beaten the nation in reporting the first draft. This proud 
place was maintained all through the administration of the 
law. 

Wisconsin at this time made another patriotic offer to 
the nation." The war department wished to encourage gratu- 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 191 

itous service in the administration of the law, but stood ready 
to compensate promptly services that could not be so se- 
cured. Gov. Philipp, under date of May 4, and in behalf of 
the people of the state, in a telegram designating Adjutant 
General Holway disbursing officer for Wisconsin, wired : 

"I am, however, pleased to advise you that this state will 
pay all expenses with registration and that no funds will be 
required from the national government for that purpose." 

In accordance with this telegram, the registration of 
June 5, 1917, did not cost the federal government a cent, nor, 
for that matter, did the registrations of June 5, 1918, August 
24, 1918, or September 12, 1918. 

The policy of the provost marshal general's office with 
reference to the calling of men into the military service was 
to restrict the call to men who were placed in Class One under 
the classification scheme. This policy was announced for the 
first time in the report of the first draft, in these words : 

"Whether the guess (that the classification would furnish 
one million men physically acceptable) be justified or not, ii 
can be announced now as the policy and belief of this office 
that in all probability it will be possible to fill our military 
needs without ever invading any class more deferred than 
Class One; and this is the promise, the standard and the goal, 
here for the first time announced, towards which every ad- 
ministrative effort of this office shall be directed." 

The fulfillment of this hope, in view of the increasing de- 
mands made upon the provost marshal general's office by the 
chief of staff, was seen to depend upon further legislation. 
It was finally determined that the first step would be the 
registration of men who had become twenty-one years of age 
since the first registration. 

Under the provisions of a joint resolution passed by Con- 
gress, President Wilson ordered a registration on June 5, 
1918. On May 24, the governor issued a proclamation, and 
on May 25 the provost marshal general's office was advised : 

"Wisconsin is ready." 

Because of the comparatively few men to be registered. 



192 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

it was not felt desirable to call into being the whole election 
machinery as it had been the year before. The question was 
put up to the local boards of the state whether they wished 
to designate additional places of registration outside the of- 
fices of the local boards. In all, about ten local boards ex- 
pressed the advisability of such designation. 

The registration day came and passed without incident. 
The same service was given by the board members, and the 
response of the men who were to be registered was as spon- 
taneous as it had been in June, 1917. Almost 20,000 men 
were registered, and the provost marshal general, in a letter 
received June 24, said that "the state might well be proud of 
its record." 

Instructions were . issued by the governor's office on 
August 9, anticipating legislation extending the draft ages. 
That letter said, in its introductory statement : 

"It is anticipated that legislation extending the present 
draft ages will soon be enacted by congress. At this time, 
it cannot be stated with exactness what ages will be subject 
to draft, but it is safe to assume that a very large number of 
men will be required to register, and that registration day 
will be early in September. 

"To conduct successfully a registration of the magnitude 
which the forthcoming registration is certain to assume, re- 
quires detailed and extensive preparation. There will not be 
time for such preparation after the passage of the legisla- 
tion. The success of the coming registration on that date 
depends upon the adequacy of the preparation you will make. 
We rely upon you to do the things outlined in this series of 
memoranda containing the instructions of the provost mar- 
shal general. If you have any difficulties, communicate im- 
mediately with the governor's office for advice or further in- 
struction. 

"Preparedness for the anticipated registration is by far 
the most important work now confronting those connected 
with the administration of the draft and the necessity for 




PRES.C.R. VAN HISE., CARROLL G. PEARSE., 
UMIVfRSITY OFWISCOhSIN.j I MILWAUKEE NORMAL. 




REV. PAUL B. JENKINS, 
OVERSEAS SERVICE.. 



.. ,, REV.GUSTAV STEARNS, 

MILWAUkIe ' I OVERSEAS SERVICE. 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 193 

complete readiness at the earliest possible date cannot be 
overemphasized." 

Preparation for this registration was being pushed when 
on August 15 word was received regarding a special regis- 
tration on August 24. A special effort, in view of the short 
time allowed, was made to interest the newspapers of the 
state, and the response was generous. Many local boards 
upon their own initiative circulated handbills. On August 21 
full preparation had been made, and at four o'clock on August 
24, 3,250 men had registered. At 11 o'clock on the evening 
of August 25 the following telegram was sent to Provost 
Marshal General Crowder: 

"Wisconsin adds to its honor roll today 4,381 regis- 
trants. These men will be classified and available for Sep- 
tember calls." 

The next day the local boards again took up the prepara- 
tion for the registration of early September, and pushed the 
work with the usual vigor. 

On September 6 the governor wired the provost marshal 
general as follows: 

"The entire registration machinery of Wisconsin as 
usual volunteers enmasse its services without cost to the 
federal government for the registration of September 12." 

This telegram called forth the following comment : 

"We are sincerely appreciative of your patriotic coopera- 
tion to make every dollar do its utmost on the firing line. 
Your spirit is splendid ! Congratulations !" 

Again registration day passed without noteworthy inci- 
dent. In spite of their huge task the local boards worked as 
a smoothly oiled machine and at midnight on September 12 
the following telegram was on its way to Washington: 

"Wisconsin gladly adds to its honor roll 308,861 reg- 
istrants. Wisconsin eagerly awaits your instructions to pro- 
ceed with the selective process. Wisconsin will be ready to 
furnish its quota for October." 

During the war the registration boards handled a gross 
registration of 584,559. Taking into consideration that these 



194 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

men had first to be registered, then classified, with the con- 
sideration of all the war activities before mentioned to be re- 
membered, and then ordered into the service, the stupendous 
work of the boards will be partially recognized. 

Provost Marshal General Crowder, upon many occasions," 
complimented Wisconsin. He, as he said in a telegram, came 
to expect the impossible of Wisconsin, and referred often to 
"the wonderful administration of the selective service law in 
Wisconsin." 

In a letter dated November 20, 1917, he said: 

"We have had constant occasion to place Wisconsin at 
or near the head of our lists in nearly every step that has 
been taken in the execution of the selective service law." 

To Gov. Philipp he gave personal credit, a letter dated 
January 19, 1918, containing this sentence: 

"I am sure that your own spirit in this work has been 
communicated to the members of local and district boards and 
to other persons in your state charged with the administra- 
tion of the selective service law and that this is the secret of 
the splendid work that has been done in Wisconsin." 

To the district boards he paid this high compliment : 

"The rapid progress in the dispatch of cases by your 
district boards has given great satisfaction to this ofifice and 
has enabled us to feel that a pace has been set by which we 
can justly estimate the progress of other boards. The exact 
and systematic methods which have been employed in your 
district boards are much appreciated. In this stage of our 
military operations, when so much depends upon inducting 
new men promptly into the army and allotting them to their 
appropriate places, every day's speed gained by the selective 
service boards in dispatching their work means a day gained 
in the operations of the army and a speedier termination of 
the war." 

Wisconsin had established a central purchase of sup- 
plies, and from Washington came this comment on that un- 
dertaking: 

"Efforts have been made to have the various states un- 



Wisconsin In The Wobld War 195 

dertake this work as it is impossible to control this question 
at this time from Washington. A memorandum showing 
'How Wisconsin Does It' will be shortly issued." 

The state headquarters of the draft administration were 
maintained naturally in the executive ofifice, with the follow- 
ing staff : 

Adjutant General — Orlando Holway, Brigadier General, 
W. N. G. 

Draft Administrator — Edward E. A. Fitzpatrick, Major 
of Infantry, O. R. C. 

Medical Aide to the Governor — Rock Sleyster, First Lieu- 
tenant, M. R. C. 

John B. Sanborn, chairman central legal advisory com- 
mittee. 

M, F. Blumenfeld, in charge of supplies. 

Myron T. MacLaren, assistant to draft administrator. 

William Holway, disbursing clerk. 

Franklin D. Blumenfeld, accountant. 

In common with other soldiers-at-home, the draft admin- 
istration members contributed their share towards Wiscon- 
sin's record in the war. 

Provost General Marshal Crowder, on October 29, 1918, 
wired as follows : 

"As I glance at my chart I see the advanced state of the 
work of physical examination in Wisconsin and I congratulate 
you upon the results, feeling sure that in the further exam- 
ination of the. 18 and 37-45 group you will find a way of re- 
peating the enviable record you have made in classifying 
and examining the 19-20 and 32-36 group." 

And on November 11, 1913, Gen. Crowder wired the fol- 
lowing comment upon the whole administration of the draft in 
Wisconsin : 

"I take this opportunity to convey my congratulations 
upon the vigorous and systematic manner in which the whole 
administration of the selective service system has been con- 
ducted in the state of Wisconsin." 



CHAPTER SIX. 
State Food Administration. 

When, on June 12, 1917, President Wilson directed Her- 
bert Hoover to begin the mobilization of the food econoni}'- 
forces of the United States, the value of that suggestion al- 
ready become apparent to close students of the needs of the 
war. 

To the ordinary citizen, patriotic as he or she might be, 
w^ar meant armies and navies — fighting men who could win 
battles and force the enemy to its knees. Never before, in 
all the wars in which the United States had been engaged, 
had a government department been organized to regulate and 
direct the conservation of food. People knew that soldiers 
and sailors must have food, but to our mind the knapsack of 
the soldier and the chow table of the sailor always had been 
well provided. We sometimes had inquired into the quality 
of the food, but never the quantity. We had not learned that 
bread is as much part of the equipment of a victorious army 
as bullets. We had not sensed the world food situation, and 
we could not visualize the commissary necessary for mil- 
lions of fighting men. 

President Wilson took the first step and brought the sit- 
uation home to our awakening realization in the following 
letter to Mr. Hoover : 

"My Dear Mr. Hoover : It seems to me that the in- 
auguration of that portion of the plan for food administration 
which contemplates a contemplation of the mobilization of 
the great voluntary forces of the country which are ready to 
work towards saving food and eliminating waste admits of 
no further delay. 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 197 

"The approaching harvesting, the immediate necessity for 
wise use and saving, not only in food but in all other ex- 
penditures, the many undirected and overlapping efforts being 
made toward this end, all press for national direction and in- 
spiration. While it would in many ways be desirable to wait 
complete legislation establishing the food administration, it 
appears to me that so far as voluntary effort can be assembled 
we should not wait any longer, and therefore I would be very 
glad if you would proceed in these directions at once. 

"The women of the nation are already earnestly seeking 
to do their part in this our greatest struggle for the mainte- 
nance of our national ideals, and in no direction can they so 
greatly assist as by enlisting in the service of the food admin- 
istration and cheerfully accepting its direction and advice. 
By so doing they will increase the surplus of foods available 
for our own army and for the export to the allies. To provide 
adequate supplies for the coming year is of absolutely vital 
importance to the conduct of the war, and without a con- 
scientious elimination of waste and very strict economy in 
our food consumption we cannot hope to fulfill this primary 
duty. 

"I trust, therefore, that the women of the country will 
not only respond to your appeal and accept the pledge to the 
food administration which you are proposing, but that all 
men also who are engaged in the personal distribution of 
foods will cooperate with the same earnestness and in the 
same spirit, I give you full authority to undertake any steps 
necessary for the proper organization and stimulation of their 
efforts. Cordially and sincerely yours, WOODROW WIL- 
SON." 

Wisconsin citizens, particularly the women, had taken up 
food conservation through the State Council of Defense early 
in the war, and this state was ready to do its part as soon as 
Mr. Hoover gave the word. Mrs. H. H. Morgan, woman 
member of the council, had arranged for the distribution of 
food pledge cards and they were being signed generally. The 
production of food, however, had been given the most atten- 



198 Wisconsin In The Would War 

tion. Wisconsin became a part of the national food conserva- 
tion movement in fact when Magnus Swenson, chairman of 
the state council, was appointed, late in August, 1917, to the 
position of Federal Food Administrator for the State of Wis- 
consin. Mr. Swenson's first message to the people of this 
state was published after his return from a conference in 
Washington, which was attended by representatives of twen- 
ty-one other states. 

He said: 

"I have just returned from Washington, where the repre- 
sentatives of twenty-two states were in conference with Mr. 
Hoover and his assistants, regarding the administration in 
the various states of the federal food law. 

"Mr. Hoover has certainly a most remarkable personality 
— his whole manner is quiet and unassuming, but he has a 
most powerful influence on those with whom he comes in con- 
tact. One soon discovers that back of that quiet countenance 
lies a most determined and forceful mind, and after being with 
him but a short time one knows instinctively that he will 
carry through any plan regardless of opposition or difficulties. 
His knowledge of the food situation all over the world is sim- 
ply amazing, and he arrives at his conclusions in a clear, con- 
cise and determined manner of a man who is accustomed to 
wield power and assume responsibility. He is exactly the 
type needed at Washington in the crisis now confronting our 
country, and we would be fortunate indeed if we had more 
men like him. 

"He has surrounded himself with assistants from all over 
the country, who are giving their services free to the govern- 
ment, in the same way as the administrators for the different 
states. 

"At this meeting only the general policies were formu- 
lated as it was thought best owing to the individual needs of 
the various states that each should work out its own problems 
with such advice and assistance as the central administra- 
tion at Washington could render. 

"The Federal Food Administration of the state is clothed 



Wisconsin In The World Was 199 

with all the power provided by the new food law, and is 
expected to assist the administration in enforcing this law 
within the state. In doing so, however, it was the wish of 
Mr. Hoover that we should appeal to the patriotic coopera- 
tion of those engaged in the distribution of food supplies, to 
try and stabilize rather than disturb conditions. On the other 
hand, we were instructed to spare no one who for personal 
gain would hoard food or speculate in food stuffs, or exploit 
the people in this time of war, when we should all be united 
for the purpose of helping the country. In such cases we are 
told to use all the drastic powers that were conferred upon us 
by the food administration, in conformity with the food law. 
Where certain dealers charge exhorbitant prices they will 
be placed under a federal license which may be taken from 
them upon evidence of unfair dealing. No leniency will be 
shown towards food speculators. They will be compelled to 
sell at a reasonable profit or the government is prepared to 
take over all foods which are stored to force an increase in 
price or for purposes of speculation. Aside from this, such 
conduct is liable to punishment, by fine, imprisonment, or 
both. 

"One of the most valuable suggestions made at the con- 
ference was that the different state food administrators should 
keep each other advised as to the lack or excess of certain 
food stuffs so that our public markets could be supplied direct 
and give the poorer people a chance to buy the needed food 
at the lowest possible price. As an example of this, Louis- 
iana has a large surplus of plantation sugar, which is all sold 
to the sugar trust. This can be obtained direct from the 
planter at a much lower price than the refined sugar and is 
as good or better for many household purposes. 

'Tn so far as possible the food administrators of the vari- 
ous states will work through their respective state councils 
of defense. In this way the different phases of defense work 
will be kept coordinated, and overlapping and duplication of 
efforts avoided. The Wisconsin state council of defense, at its 
meeting on August 28, tendered to the federal food adminis- 



200 Wisconsin In The World Wae 

trator for Wisconsin the entire resources of the state council 
of defense and through it those of the seventy-one county 
councils of defense." 

Following is the personnel of the state food administra- 
tion during the war: 

Magnus Swenson, Federal Food Administrator, Madison. 

A. H. Melville, Executive Secretary, Madison. 

Enforcement Division — Charles H. Tenney, Chief, Madi- 
son; Charles N. Brown, Madison; E. J. B. Schubring, Mad- 
ison. 

Cooperation with County Food Administrators' Division 
— Ritchie D. Lewis, Madison; Frank Jenks, Madison. 

Sugar Division for State — Wm. J. Teckemeyer, Madison; 
F. E. Caughey, Madison; Julius Klueter, Madison; G. P. 
Nourse, Madison; G. P. Irwin, Extension Division, Madison. 

Sugar Division for Milwaukee County — Francis J. Rick- 
ert, Milwaukee — E. O. Hoffmann, Milwaukee; W. H. Hoff- 
mann, Milwaukee; F. E. Dewey, Milwaukee; Oscar Host, Mil- 
waukee. 

Flour and Feed Division — H. M. Hansen, Madison; S. L. 
Foote, Madison. 

Licensing Division — Charles N. Brown, Madison. 

Dairy and Poultry Division — W. W. Power, Chicago, 111. ; 
J, L. Sammis, University of Wisconsin, Madison; C. E. Lee, 
Dairy and Food Commission, Madison. 

Home Economics — Miss Abby L. Marlatt, Director, Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin, Madison. 

Library and Graphic Exhibits Division — C. B. Lester, 
Director, Reference Library, Madison. 

Mill Inspection — M. G. Udey, Columbus, Wisconsin. 

Inspector Retailors and Wholesalers — F. C. Kuebler, Osh- 
kosh, Wisconsin. 

Educational Division — A. H. Melville, Director, Madi- 
son; Dorothy Hart, Ass't. Director, Madison. 

Bakery Division — S. W. Tredway ; Joseph Poehlman, Mil- 
waukee. 



Wisconsin In The Woeld Was 201 

State Retail Representative — Carl Herzfeld, Milwaukee; 
M. Slattery, Milwaukee. 

State Hotel Representative — Harry S. Hadfield, Milwau- 
kee. 

Threshing Division — L. L. Lunenschloss, Madison ; E. E. 
Parkinson, Madison; R. G. Nuss, Madison. 

Medical Advisor — Dr. J. S. Evans, Madison. 

Accounting Division — George M. Fuller, Madison; F. H, 
Elwell, Madison. 

The following served as food administrators : 

Adams, G. W. Bingham, Friendship. 

Ashland, Walter S. Gate, Ashland. 

Barron, John L. Dahl, Rice Lake. 

Bayfield, John J. Fisher, Bayfield. 

Brown, Frank H. Smith, Green Bay, 

Buffalo, Val Thoeny, Fountain City. 

Burnett, Robert C. Anderson, Siren; F. R. Huth, Grants- 
burg. 

Calumet, Peter Iversen, New Holstein. 

Chippewa, J. A. Brooks, Chippewa Falls. 

Clark, J. E. Ketel, Neillsville. 

Columbia, J. Russell Wheeler, Columbus; George Bunsa, 
Columbus. 

Crawford, A. M. Laird, Prairie du Chien. 

Dane, C. B. Chapman, Madison. 

Dodge, A. A. Washburn, Horicon; H. A. Bird, Beaver 
Dam; J. W. Deniger, Beaver Dam. 

Door, Robert B. Cornish, Sturgeon Bay; H. A. Wagener, 
Sturgeon Bay. 

Douglas, F. B. Jerrard, Superior. 

Dunn, S. W. Jackson, Menomonie; Alfred Thomas, Me- 
nomonie. 

Eau Claire, John G. Owen, Eau Claire ; D. R. Moon, Eau 
Claire. 

Florence, Oscar Soderburg, Florence. 

Fond du Lac, J. C. Harcum, Fond du Lac; L. B. Cum- 
mings. Fond du Lac; W. P. Leek, Fond du Lac. 



202 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

Forest, Martin Georgeson, Crandon ; H. P. Keith, Crandon. 

Grant, Len Stauffacher, Fennimore. 

Green, H. W. Johonnott, Monroe; F. W. Wettengel, 
Monroe. 

Green Lake, D. C. Williams, Green Lake. 

Iowa, John M. Reese, Dodgeville. 

Iron, P. J. Lanzer, Hurley. 

Jackson, H. H. Ormsby, Black River Falls; Freeman B. 
Dell, Black River Falls. 

Jefferson, Fred Prentiss, Watertown. 

Juneau, Clinton Price, Mauston; R. D. Chamberlain, 
Mauston. 

Kenosha, H. L. Bullamore, Kenosha. 

Kewaunee, James H. McGowan, Algoma. 

La Crosse, G. Van Steenwyk, La Crosse. 

La Fayette, John P. Sheldon, Darlington. 

Langlade, Chas. Metcalf, Antigo; M. T. Canfield, Antigo; 
David Stewart, Antigo; Mose A. Jansen, Antigo. 

Lincoln, Fred Rossman, Merrill ; Fred Heinemann, Mer- 
rill. 

Manitowoc, Henry Mulholland, Manitowoc. 

Marathon, O. P. Babbitt, Wausau ; Dr. G. G. Anderson, 
Wausau ; W. R. Chellis, Wausau. 

Marinette, C. R. Johnston, Marinette; Dan Madagin, 
Marinette. 

Marquette, C. H. Butler, Montello; John Conant, West- 
field; F. L. French, Montello. 

Milwaukee, A. T. Van Scoy, Milwaukee. 

Monroe, Myron Bracket, Sparta. 

Oconto, Harry Serier, Suring. 

Oneida, D. F. Recker, Rhinelander. 

Outagamie, C. A. Pardee, Appleton; Theodore Sanders, 
Appleton. 

Ozaukee, W. H. Ramsey, Port Washington. 

Pepin, George Kees, Durand. 

Pierce, W. G. Haddow, Ellsworth. 

Polk, E. A. Palmer, St. Croix Falls. 



Wisconsin In The World Wae 203 

Portage, J. M. Pfiffner, Stevens Point. 

Price, F. H. Sargent, Phillips. 

Racine, W. T. Harvey, Racine. 

Richland, W. E. Gillingham, Richland Center. 

Rock, Fred L. demons, Janesville ; W. M. Van Lone. 
Beloit. 

Rusk, Glenn H. Williams, Ladysmith. 

St. Croix, Swenum Swenumson, Baldwin. 

Sauk, H. H. Thomas, Baraboo; H. L. Halsted, Baraboo. 

Sawyer, Lee Swift, Hay ward ; C. D. Benack, Hay ward ; 
H. Sabin, Hayward, 

Shawano, D. W. Van Doren, Birnamwood; H. B. Rich- 
mond, Shawano. 

Sheboygan, Emil Clarenbach, Sheboygan. 

Taylor, P. Landon, Medford; A. E. Whitney, Medford. 

Trempealeau, Frank George, Whitehall. 

Vernon, C. J. Smith, Viroqua ; Gus Morterud, Westby. 

Vilas, Amos Radcliffe, Eagle River. 

Walworth, L. L. Oldham, Elkhorn. 

Washburn, S. H. Williams, Earl; A. J. Donnelly, Shell 
Lake. 

Washington, Henry Rolfs, Sr., West Bend. 

Waupaca, Llewellyn Cole, Clintonville. 

Waukesha, Hawley Wilbur, Waukesha; Roy T. Benja- 
min, Waukesha. 

Waushara, John W. Brann, Wautoma; J. M. Timble, 
Wautoma. 

Winnebago, Geo. A. Buckstafif, Oshkosh. 

Wood, E. C. Pors, Marshfield. 

The county food administrators' staff was as follows : 

Miss Louise C. Bolton, Racine; Miss E. J. Campbell, 
Milwaukee; Mrs. Margaret Cavanaugh, La Crosse; Miss Jen- 
nie Doerschlag, Baraboo ; Joseph Duxbury, Marinette ; Miss 
Frances Galvin, Mauston ; Miss Hazel Gakey, Janesville; Miss 
Mary Hollmann, Appleton ; Miss Mary L. Horan, Eau Claire ; 
Miss Nina A. Karlsbroten, La Crosse; Miss Helena Marka- 



204 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

toris, Green Bay; Miss Anna McDonald, Elkhorn; Miss 
Gretchen Mehlmann, Oshkosh ; Miss Edith Sandstrom, Hay- 
ward; Miss Ruth Sims, Dodgeville; Mrs. Sara O. Laird, 
Prairie du Chien; Mrs. Jessie F. Richmond, Shawano; Nels 
Swenumson, Baldwin ; Elizabeth Deffner, Milwaukee. 

The campaign for the signatures to the Hoover pledge 
card which had been conducted by the women's committee 
under the auspices of the state council of defense came to 
an end on September 5, 1917. Since the inauguration of the 
campaign Congress had passed the food conservation bill, and 
Food Administrator Swenson announced a second campaign 
under his direction. 

One of the first acts of the Wisconsin Food administra- 
tion, in fact, one which placed it early in the lead of the other 
states, was the establishing of the meatless and wheatless 
days, which made the state famous for its observance of food 
saving rules. 

This idea had been suggested at the first conference in 
Washington, but many of the administrators were sceptical 
as to its practicability. The National Hotel association had 
agreed to support the food conservation campaign, and in 
Wisconsin Mr. Swenson had been offered the same coopera- 
tion. 

Firmly believing in this plan and in the cooperation of 
the people of the state, Mr. Swenson issued the following 
proclamation on Friday, September 14: 

"PROCLAMATION TO CITIZENS OF WISCONSIN : 

"Pursuant to the authority vested in him by the President 
of the United States, Herbert Hoover, National Food Admin- 
istrator, has urged as a patriotic duty one meatless day and 
one wheatless day in each week as a means of conserving the 
food supply. 

"Owing to the very great shortage of wheat and meat, 
and the urgent necessity of conserving the present food sup- 
ply and of creating a reserve supply for future needs, the 
people of this Nation have been asked to make personal sac- 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wae 205 

rifices. It is through their cooperation alone that the food 
administration can be successfully carried out. 

"Therefore, acting under the direction of Food Adminis- 
trator Herbert Hoover, I, Magnus Swenson, Food Adminis- 
trator for Wisconsin, hereby call upon and urgently request 
the citizens of this state to set aside Tuesday, September 18, 
1917, and each Tuesday thereafter during the period of the 
war as a meatless day. I ask that all hotels, restaurants and 
other eating places serve meatless meals upon that day and 
that this practice be followed in the homes of all patriotic 
citizens. 

"In order, further, that Wisconsin may do its share in the 
conservation of food I ask that Wednesday, September 19, 
1917, and each Wednesday thereafter during the period of the 
war be set aside as a wheatless day. I ask the people of Wis- 
consin to abstain from the use of bread and pastries made 
from wheat upon that day to the end that the wheat supply 
of the United States may be increased for the time when 
greater calls will be made upon it." 

The response to this proclamation was surprising, even to 
the most optimistic. Issued on Friday, the following Tuesday 
and Wednesday it was obeyed to the letter by many hotels 
and restaurants and private homes. In the cases of many eat- 
ing places supplies had been purchased and to avoid waste 
these were allowed to establish the days the following week. 

One week later found Wisconsin leading the nation in 
the conservation of the two articles of food most vital to the 
winning of the war. Hotels and restaurants provided menus 
on Tuesday containing no mention of meat. It was to the 
credit of the hotel men that they entered into the spirit of 
the undertaking and greatly assisted in the enforcing of the 
rule. On meatless days, under the heading of "roasts" were 
printed the words "Meatless Tuesday," and under the heading 
of entrements was printed an American flag. On wheatless 
Wednesday patrons suddenly found substitutes for white 
bread which they had not known but which were palatable. 
The hotels and larger restaurants went to great expense to 



206 Wisconsin In The Wo eld Wab 

reorganize their kitchens and chefs were set at work invent- 
ing new breads. 

Many amusing incidents enHvened the meatless and 
wheatless days, all proving the patriotism of the people. 
Transients afforded most of them, for Wisconsin residents 
knew that there was no use in ordering meat or wheat, and, 
as a matter of fact, gladly accepted this small way in which 
to help win the war. 

"Give me some shredded wheat," said a patron of the 
restaurant. 

"No wheat today," replied the waitress. 

"What's the matter with this state," asked the man. "I 
asked for meat yesterday in Milwaukee and could not get it." 

"That was meatless Tuesday," was the reply, "and this 
is wheatless Wednesday. We've got to win the war." 

"By George, that's so," replied the man. "Give me a 
cheese sandwich, and, say, put it on rye bread." 

Wisconsin store windows, under the direction of the food 
administration, now began to teach conservation by displays. 
The foods displayed were wheat, beef, pork, dairy products 
and sugar. 

To aid in the observance of the meatless and wheatless 
days the state food administration prepared and distributed 
all over the state a calendar containing six pages, which urged 
this reason for meatless day : 

LET US REMEMBER 

That every flag that flies opposite the German 
one is by proxy the American flag, and that the armies 
fighting in our defense under these flags cannot be 
maintained through this winter unless there is food 
enough for them and for their women and children 
at home. There can only be food enough if Ameri- 
ca provides it. And America can only provide it by 
the personal service and patriotic cooperation of all 
of us. Wisconsin must do her part. To save meat 
we must use more poultry, rabbits and especially fish 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 207 

and sea food in place of beef, mutton and pork. Ob-r 
serve meatless days every Tuesday. On other days 
do not use either beef, mutton or pork more than once 
daily. Use all left over meat, cold or in made dish- 
es. Use soups more freely. Use beans. They have 
nearly the same food value as meat. 

This argument was made for wheatless Wednesday : 

LET US REMEMBER 
That the men of the allied nations are fighting. 
They are not on the farms. The production of food 
by the countries that are fighting with us in the war 
has, therefore, been greatly reduced. Even before 
the war it was much less than the amount consumed. 
The difference came from America and few other 
countries. Now this difference is greater than ever 
and at the same time but little food can be brought 
in from the outside world except from America. We 
must increase our normal export surplus of 88,000,000 
bushels of wheat to 220,000,000 bushels, and Wiscon- 
sin must do her part. It can be done in but one way 
— by economizing and substituting. The whole prob- 
lem can be met if we will substitute one pound of corn 
or other cereal flour for one pound of wheat flour 
weekly per person. Observe wheatless day on Wed- 
nesday and use substitutes on other days as far as 
possible. 

The state food administration did not stop with wheat 
and meat. The value of dairy products and the great need 
of the armies was recognized, and Wisconsin, as a dairy state, 
took an early step towards this kind of saving. The food 
administration, in the same booklet, made this argument, which 
was readily accepted by the people of the state : 

LET US REMEMBER 
That our allies in the great world war depend 
upon America for food as they have never depended 
before, and they ask us for it with a right which they 



208 Wisconsin In The Wobld War 

have never had before. Today they are our compan- 
ions in a great war for democracy and liberty. They 
are doing the fighting, the suffering and dying in our 
war, and will be carrying this burden for months. 
The decreasing herds and the lack of fodder means a 
steady falling off in the dairy products of our allies. 
We must increase our exports. Dairy butter has 
food values vital to little children. Therefore, use it 
on the table as usual, especially for little children. 
But use it as little as possible in cooking, and reduce 
the use of fried foods to reduce the consumption of 
lards and other fats. Use vegetable oil, as olive and 
cotton seed oil. Save daily one-third of an ounce of 
animal fat. Waste no soap. It contains fat and 
glycerine necessary for explosives. We must do our 
part at home in Wisconsin while our soldiers are 
fighting at the front. 

This was in September, 1917, more than a year before 
the end of the war, and at a time when other states were 
just awakening to the need of the conservation of food. Wis- 
consin already was on the firing line. 

The spirited address by Alexander Thompson of Wash- 
ington, representing Herbert Hoover, before the conference 
of county councils of defense early in October, 1917, aroused 
the people of the state to a realization of the need of saving 
and the small efforts they had already made, and the meatless 
and wheatless days became general. 

"I have been attending your meetings," he said, "and i 
am impressed with the work you are doing in this state. 
You must be inspired by leaders who are giving no thought 
to themselves but are unselfishly giving their time to this 
work. You must be inspired, yourselves, to have come, ;^o 
many of you, from long distances to make up this body. I 
can say that it is one of the greatest, perhaps the greatest 
meeting of its kind that I have attended. 

"There are those who say T have always had bread, and 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 209 

I will continue to have it.' There are others who say, with a 
shrug of their shoulders, 'I have always had meat, and I will 
continue to have it.' They say 'Who is this Hoover, any- 
way?' 

"I say to you that we must draw a line at this critical 
time. On one side will be those people, like yourselves, who 
are willing to sacrifice some of their meat and some of their 
wheat, and whose hearts burn with the fire of patriotism, 
born of the need of their country. 

"On the other side of this line will be those who do not 
understand and those who selfishly refuse to respond to their 
country's call, and their names will be anathema." 

This was the spirit in which Wisconsin entered into the 
Housewife Food Pledge Campaign, which was inaugurated 
October 28, with C. F. Coykendale, field representative for 
the food administration, coming here from Washington to 
handle the details under Mr. Swenson, 

Five weeks after Wisconsin adopted the meatless and 
wheatless days, and when in this state the idea was a com- 
plete success, this announcement was made by Tracy C. 
Drake, chairman of the hotel and restaurant division of Dis- 
trict No. 5, federal food administration : 

"Orders have just been issued from Washington at once 
to establish and announce a wheatless and a meatless day 
each week, in every state in the Union. Therefore, Wednes- 
day of each week, beginning October 24, will be designated 
as a wheatless day, and Tuesday of each week, beginning Oc- 
tober 30, as a meatless day in all the hotels and restaurants, 
as well as in the homes. Your immediate cooperation in this 
movement, therefore, is absolutely essential, and you will 
please arrange your menus accordingly." 

With the other states now taking the first step, Wiscon- 
sin had had the advantage of five weeks of education, and was 
showing the way for the whole nation. It was an undertak- 
ing of some magnitude to bring home to the people the neces- 
sity and advantage of these meatless and wheatless days. 



210 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Once the argument had been driven home, it was readily ac- 
cepted. 

The wholesalers of Wisconsin were anxious and willing 
to comply with the government's request for cooperation and 
faithful observance of the margin of profit indicated in the 
government regulations. That spirit of loyalty was expressed 
at a meeting in Milwaukee on November 1, which was ad- 
dressed by A. T. Van Scoy, food administrator for Milwau- 
kee county, and A. H. Melville. 

The students of the University of Wisconsin and the 
other colleges were given an opportunity to assist the 
food administration. The Wisconsin committee prepared a 
special pledge card which was circulated and signed by stu- 
dents without exceptions. A copy of that card follows : 

"I promise as a voluntary member of the food administra- 
tion to keep the meatless Tuesday and wheatless Wednesday 
pledge, and in addition I promise : 

"1. To have at least 7 wheatless meals a week. 

"2. To have at least seven meatless meals a week. 

"3. To use at least one less pat of butter a day. 

"4. To omit between meals ice cream, candy and other 
luxuries. 

"5. To cut the use of candy at least one-third." 

With the food situation in the United States growing even 
more serious, the state administration began at this time to 
consider the problem of the regulation of the retail stores. 
Food Administrator Swenson had returned from Washington, 
and, at a meeting of the state council of defense had made the 
following statement, as the impressions he had gained there : 

"The European powers are depending upon the United 
States for money, supplies and food. 

"The wheat situation is such that this country will prob- 
ably run out of wheat by next June, unless we immediately 
begin to conserve wheat to an extent that we have not yet 
begun to do. 

"Every possible means of conserving wheat, sugar and 



Wisconsin In The World War 211 

fats must be taken if the United States is to do her full share 
in aiding the allies." 

With the state council cooperating, the state food admin- 
istration began the study of further saving rules. Wisconsin 
had made a start, but there was more work to do. 

The reports of the housewife food pledge campaign were 
being made. Green Lake county led the state, with 100 per 
cent of its homes pledged to save food. Milwaukee county 
reported that eighty per cent of the large population of that 
city had signed the cards. Other counties which were lead- 
ing at this time were Ashland, with 65 per cent; Columbia, 
with 51 per cent; Dane, with 87 per cent; Eau Claire, with 
67 per cent; Grant, with 51 per cent; Juneau, with 61 per 
cent; Monroe, with 52 per cent ; Pepin, with 53 per cent ; 
Price, with 66 per cent; Rock, with 55 per cent; Trempealeau, 
with 85 per cent. 

A total of 247,814 housewives had signed the cards, or 44 
per cent of the total in the state. 

The state food administration stopped combination sales 
by retail dealers in food commodities, on the ground that such 
purchases were wasteful. 

On December 3, 1917, Wisconsin received the following 
acknowledgment of its work from Herbert Hoover, in a let- 
ter to Mr. Swenson : 

"Now that the recent family enrollment campaign is prac- 
tically completed with a result far exceeding my expectations, 
I wish to extend to you and through you to the many workers 
in your state my personal appreciation of the spirit with which 
the campaign has been waged. 

"The work already done so successfully should be an in- 
spiration for the further spreading of the gospel of food con- 
servation and I trust that — through you — the people of your 
state will be brought to a more complete realization of the 
necessity of conservation even to the extent of personal sac- 
rifice. 

"With renewed thanks for the work which you and your 
loyal assistants performed in the recent campaign and with 



212 Wisconsin In The World War 

hopes that this work will be continued for the duration of the 
war with even increasing efficiency and enthusiasm, I am, 
yours faithfully, 

Herbert Hoover." 

Hotels in Wisconsin had saved, during the months of 
October and November, 1917, 286,300 pounds of meat, 125,200 
pounds of wheat and 93,100 pounds of sugar as a result of 
their observance of meatless and wheatless days. Of the 700 
hotels all but 149 had been able to send in detailed reports. 
Sixty of these reported large savings, but their figures could 
not be added to the total. 

Eighty-seven hotels reporting on meat saving showed an 
average economy per month of 409 pounds. The average 
monthly saving in wheat was 176 pounds, and in sugar 133 
pounds. 

On a basis of a monthly saving the reports showed 143,150 
pounds of meat, 61,600 pounds of wheat and 46,550 pounds of 
sugar. 

That the charitable institutions of the state, under the 
supervision of the State Board of Control, were living up to 
the spirit of the food conservation regulations was shown by 
replies to letters sent out by the state food administration. 

All of the forty-eight institutions were reducing waste to 
a minimum, and nearly all observing the meatless and wheat- 
less days. In seven institutions in Milwaukee county 2,740 
pounds of meat were being saved weekly, without incon- 
venience to the inmates, and the economy in sugar amounted 
to 665 pounds per week. The pupils of the Wisconsin School 
for the Blind, at Janesville, at their own initiative, were saving 
one-third of their former consumption of wheat and sugar. 
This institution was an inspiration for the rest of the state in 
all the war activities. 

During the month of February, 1918, sixty-five Wiscon- 
sin towns and cities heard lectures by a flying squadron 
brought here by the state administration. The tours were ar- 



Wisconsin In The Woeld War 213 

ranged and directed by Robert Duncan, chairman of the speak- 
ers' bureau of the state council of defense. 

The organization of an army known as Potato Patriots 
was made at this time by Miss Abby L. Marlatt, Wisconsin 
director of home economics for the federal government. Wis- 
consin had a large crop of potatoes, and in her appeal to the 
citizens Miss Marlatt said : 

"Just say it to yourself, that one bushel of potatoes equals 
thirty-two loaves of bread in food value, and that every potato 
that I eat releases a slice of bread for the boys in France. We 
cannot ship potatoes in quantity. But we can ship wheat to 
France, and it is in France that our boys are today. Let us 
eat our potatoes at home and ship our wheat to them abroad. 
In other words, let us be Potato Patriots." 

To supplement this appeal, the state food administration 
published a picture of a potato, bearing this inscription : 

Everybody 

At home 

The U. S. A. 

Please remember 

Our food is as essential 

To win battles 

As bullets. 

Try to do your bit. 

Ours will be done. 

Eat potatoes. 

Save wheat for us. 

Your Soldiers. 
Under this postcard was printed : 

"If you received such a letter as this from one of the boys 
in France — one of your boys — would you be inclined to do 
what it asks? If it tells you that the boys — American, French, 
British, Italian — need wheat and more wheat in order to win 
your battles, would you be willing to do your part to save 
wheat? Wouldn't you? 

"They say that the German prisoners are astounded when 
they find that the soldiers of the allies have white bread. 



214 Wisconsin In The World War 

Well, just that difference between the white bread of the 
allies and the black bread — or no bread — of the Germans is 
what will win the war. 

"And the white bread that our soldiers eat must come out 
of what you save. In Wisconsin potatoes are going to waste, 
millions of bushels of them. 

"Why not write back to the boys and say : 

" 'We're eating potatoes. We're sending the wheat to 
you.' " 

Sectional meetings of agricultural committees of county 
councils of defense, agricultural agents and emergency food 
agents were held in the state for the purpose of discussing 
crop problems. J. Russell Wheeler presided at a meeting at 
the College of Agriculture, and G. A. Buckstaff had charge of 
similar gatherings at Appleton and at Eau Claire. 

A campaign to increase the sugar beet acreage was 
launched at the statewide conference of state councils of de- 
fense, which was attended by county food administrators of 
fifty-nine counties. A circular explaining the sugar beet in- 
dustry and market was prepared, and thirty thousand copies 
were sent out to farmers in sugar beet raising counties. In 
order to encourage the raising of sugar beets arrangements 
were made with the refineries whereby farmers who raised 
beets could exchange them for sugar. 

The acreage allotment in this campaign was fixed as fol- 
lows : 

Barron, 600; Brown, 1800; Calumet, 4690; Chippewa 695; 
Clark, 200; Columbia, 150; Crawford, 200; Dane, 1600; Dodge, 
900; Door, 165; Dunn, 340; Eau Claire, 300; Fond du Lac, 
1370; Green Lake, 150; Jackson, 100; Jefferson, 500; Juneau, 
150; Kenosha, 750; Kewaunee, 100; La Crosse, 220; Manito- 
woc, 450; Marinette, 490; Milwaukee, 1500; Monroe, 200; 
Oconto, 770; Outagamie, 1100; Ozaukee, 350; Pepin, 100; 
Pierce, 400; Polk, 170; Racine, 200; Rock, 1950; Rusk, 200; 
St. Croix, 600; Sauk, 225; Shawano, 100; Sheboygan, 560; 
Trempealeau, 340; Vernon, 200; Walworth, 200; Washington, 
600; Waukesha, 1400; Waupaca, 400; Winnebago, 1200. 



WisconsinIn The Wokld War 215 

The state food administration at this time issued a sched- 
ule for meatless and wheatless meals which was designed to 
increase the savings, which was : 

Sunday — Breakfast meatless, supper wheatless. 

Monday — All meals wheatless, breakfast meatless. 

Tuesday — All meals meatless, supper wheatless. 

Wednesday — All meals wheatless, breakfast meatless. 

Thursday — Breakfast meatless, supper wheatless. 

Friday — Breakfast meatless, supper wheatless. 

Saturday — All meals porkless, breakfast meatless, supper 
wheatless. 

This regulation was accepted as readily by the people as 
had been the first meatless and wheatless days. The hotels 
and restaurants, in spite of some complaints at first, relig- 
iously followed the schedule, and before long their patrons 
were endorsing their patriotic stand. Before the war ended 
Wisconsin people had forgotten "white bread." Sugar bowls 
had disappeared, and hotel guests became used to "not more 
than one pat of butter." 

Food Administrator Swenson, in announcing the further 
reduction in allowances of wheat, meat and sugar, issued the 
following appeal : 

"As food administrator for Wisconsin I appeal to you to 
help make a record for compliance with the federal food law. 
The hoarding of flour, sugar and other necessities must stop 
in Wisconsin. Our state can lead all others in establishing 
a 100 per cent record. This practice, through thoughtlessness 
or ignorance of the law in most cases, is prevalent through- 
out the nation. We insist that Wisconsin shall be one state 
where it is absolutely abolished. 

"If hoarding is abolished all over the nation it means : 

"1. We shall have abundant food in our stores for every 
need of the people at home. 

"2. We shall have food in abundance for our soldiers at 
the front. 

"3. We shall have food to spare for our Allies. 

"Without these conditions we cannot win the war. 



216 Wisconsin In The World War 

"We have no control over other states, but we can insist 
that our own state does its part. I ask, therefore, the follow- 
ing as the first steps in this campaign : 

"County federal food administrators should at once obtain 
an inventory of sales of sugar and flour for January, 1918. 

"From these lists county federal food administrators will 
secure the return to stores, where credit will be given, of all 
supplies in excess of needs for thirty days. 

"All citizens will be asked to examine their supply and de- 
termine their reasonable needs for the next thirty days. Then, 
as a patriotic duty, they will return the surplus. 

"I wish to be able to report to Washington at an early 
date, and before any other state, that we are on a thirty day 
war basis, without a single prosecution under the law. The 
penalty is severe — $5,000 fine and two years in prison. I have 
faith that the people of Wisconsin will do as loyal citizens 
what the law forces the disloyal to do. 

"Begin in your own home. Then insist that your neigh- 
borhood, your city, your county and your state establish the 
record we shall all be striving for. 

" We are not fighting at the front. Let us do our part at 
home." 

These regulations continued in force until early in April, 
when they were withdrawn except for meatless Tuesday. 
The consumption of meat on all other days but Tuesday was 
allowed. 

Wisconsin, however, continued to go without wheat prod- 
ucts until the end of the war. 

On March 30, 1918, the following bulletin was issued : 

"All meatless days and wheatless days are hereby sus- 
pended by order of the food administration until May 1. This 
ruling is due to the fact that there is an unusual run of hogs 
in the market and limited storage capacity in packers' cellars 
and also a shortage of cars and a shortage of overseas trans- 
portation. 

"We urge people to eat more potatoes, milk and meat, of 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 217 

which there are now bountiful suppHes, and conserve all 
breadstuffs possible. 

"There is no change in the ruling to the effect that all 
consumers must purchase wheat flour and substitutes on the 
fifty-fifty basis. 

"After April 1 housewives and households should not pur- 
chase and consume to exceed one and one-half pounds of 
flour per person per week, or six pounds of flour per person 
per month. 

"Five hundred leading hotel men from all parts of the 
United States pledged themselves on March 30 to abolish 
absolutely the use of wheat products in their hotels until the 
next harvest, in order that through their example an adequate 
shipment of wheat to the allies may be made. We ask all 
hotels, restaurants and eating houses to cooperate in this 
agreement, 

"All bakers are hereby notified that rye flour cannot be 
used as a substitute for wheat flour after April 1. 

"Beginning with April 14 all bakers must use 25 per 
cent of substitutes in their bread. 

"The use of sugar on bread and rolls is forbidden. It may 
be used in crackers and other pastry products." 

County food administrators now found that the task 
which they had undertaken was a hard one. Many of them 
were obliged to abandon their private business, and all worked 
without compensation. The people responded to their ap- 
peals, however. Hotels set a good example, and this spirit 
of saving made its way into the homes. Housewives invented 
"wheatless cake" which tasted as good as the dainties of "be- 
fore the war." Some households were proud of the fact that 
they had gone weeks without tasting a single bite of a food 
containing wheat. 

The bakers of the state had responded to the appeal of 
the food administration, and at their request a meeting was 
called in Milwaukee. They wished to submit for approval a 
plan for making a uniform war bread in the state. The diffi- 
culty as presented was in making a bread which contained 



218 Wisconsin In The World War 

large admixtures of other than wheat flour. To meet this sit- 
uation the bakers proposed to appoint a committee in each 
county upon which technical experts able to instruct bakers 
in the use of wheat substitutes would be placed. These com- 
mittees, which were later appointed, took the added respon- 
sibility of working with the county food administrators in the 
enforcement of food regulations. 

Miss Marlatt's appeal for the use of the potato to save 
wheat had attracted the attention of people all over the state, 
and already much had been accomplished. On April 4, 1918, 
a potato conference was held in Madison, attended by potato 
growers and shippers, representatives of the food adminis- 
tration and others. A committee was appointed to take 
charge of a "potato drive," consisting of Senator George B. 
Skogmo, River Falls, chairman; Miss A. L. Marlatt, Madi- 
son; C. P. Norgord, Madison; J. A. Jardine, Waupaca; George 
Earnhardt, Wautoma; G. B. Cummings, Eau Claire. 

Dean Eugene Davenport, of the University of Illinois, in 
addressing the conference, brought home the gravity of the 
situation when he said that the wheat situation was far more 
serious than had appeared in print. 

"If we don't wriggle through the next few weeks," he 
said, "we never will. The question is one of food ; in fact, we 
can say it is one of wheat. We must ship more wheat to the 
Allies. There is no other way to win the war. 

"If we lose this war it will be the fault of the civilian 
population of the Mississippi valley. None with a knowledge 
of the true situation now is sure of victory. Germany, fully 
organized, with forty years of preparation, is fighting a 
democracy, slow to start and hard to keep going. We know 
that food will win the war — but whose food?" 

As the first steps the extension division of the University 
was induced to prepare moving picture slides urging an in- 
creased consumption of potatoes, which were shown thi'ough- 
out the state. Food administrators in other states and 
chambers of commerce in large cities were reached by tele- 
phone and telegraph and asked to cooperate in the movement. 



Wisconsin In The World War 219 

The problem was presented to a conference of bakers in 
Milwaukee with the idea of effecting a larger use of potatoes 
in the use of bread. Potato bread, long before the war end- 
ed, came to be a well liked article of food in Wisconsin. 

Hotels were urged to serve potatoes free and charge for 
bread. The cooperation of the Four Minute Men was se- 
cured, through a wire to Herbert Hoover. April 14 was set 
aside as "Potato Sunday," and ministers of the state were 
urged to preach on that day sermons on the subject, and gen- 
erally responded. 

C. P. Gary, state superintendent of schools, sent a letter 
to all of the public schools, asking that the children be told 
of the situation so that the message could be carried into every 
home. H. E. Holmes, representing the growers, and J. E, 
Jardine, representing the shippers, took charge of a state- 
wide publicity campaign. 

As a further step to aid Wisconsin in contributing to the 
wheat supply for overseas, the state food administration 
sought the smaller supplies in the state. The following ap- 
peal was issued. 

"Farmers of Wisconsin ! Throw your wheat reserve into 
the fight against the Hun ! 

"The Federal Food Administration for Wisconsin calls 
upon all farmers who have reserves of wheat to carry it at 
once to mills and elevators. 

"The success of the battles raging in Picardy and Flanders 
depends upon the wheat shipments of America to our soldiers 
and allies. They must have wheat, and have it now." 

The state food administration had proceeded, thus far. 
by appealing to the patriotism of the people, and no prosecu- 
tions had been made under the stringent federal food law. It 
was found necessary, however, to make an example of those 
who persisted in violating the law, and the first instance of 
this was when the following sign was placed upon two store 
fronts : 

"This store closed until April 22 for violating the rules 
of the U. S. Food Administration." 



220 Wisconsin In The Wokld War 

Until the end of the war it was necessary to enforce the 
law in isolated cases, more particularly during the closing 
months when food was a vital factor. That part of the record 
of the administration of the food problem in this state, is 
small. Ignorance of the law, in many cases, was the cause. 

A conference of all the county food administrators of the 
state was called for May 8 and 9, 1918, at which the whole 
problem of the food situation in the state was taken up and 
plans were made for an even greater control of food supplies. 

J. W. Hallowell was sent here from Washington by Her- 
bert Hoover with a message for Wisconsin. It was : 

"Give them a message of both gratitude and encourage- 
ment. Gratitude for the disinterested work which the state 
food administration under Mr. Swenson has done. Encour- 
agement because the situation has so changed in the last 
three m.onths, because of the splendid records of states like 
Wisconsin, that the National Food Administration feels justi- 
fied in saying that it can at least see daylight." 

During the four sessions of the conference, the problems 
before the delegates were thoroughly discussed. The mem- 
bers were welcomed by Gov. Philipp. President Van Hise of 
the University spoke on the "Food Crisis," and was prepared 
to make an interesting address because of his experience here 
and abroad in the interest of the food administration. Francis 
Rickert, secretary of the State Wholesalers' association, dis- 
cussed methods of cooperation. The plans of the sugar distrib- 
uting committee were discussed by W. H. Hoffman of Mil- 
waukee, chairman of that committee. W. W. Powers spoke 
on the egg, poultry and cheese situation. 

The principal address of the conference was made by 
Chief Justice J. B. Winslow of the Supreme Court, at an 
evening meeting to which the public was invited. 

Following Mr. Hallowell's address at the opening ses- 
sion of the second day, S. W. Treadway of the State Bakers' 
conservation bureau described the work the bakers were do- 
ing to conserve wheat, George J. Weigle, state dairy and food 
commissioner, spoke on the inspection of bakeries and stores. 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 221 

and "What We Expect of the Hotels and Restaurants in the 
Use of Substitutes" was the subject of a talk by Dr. C. A, 
Harper of the state board of health. The work of women was 
discussed by Miss A. L. Marlatt, and A. H. Melville spoke on 
the general work and plans of the state food administration. 

Another duty was given the county food administrators 
when, in an effort to save wheat, a grain threshing division 
was established in Washington. It was estimated that from 
one to ten per cent of the wheat crop had been annually wast- 
ed because of careless operation and inefficiency in threshing. 
In Wisconsin committees composed of the county food ad- 
ministrator, the county agricultural agent and a thresherman 
representing the county council of defense were formed wher- 
ever the county had an acreage to require the operation of 
five or more threshing outfits. The coopJeration of farmers 
was sought. Machines were inspected and arrangements 
were made whereby farmers secured the use of machines in 
time to save their whole crop. 

The state food administration began the collection of 
wheat flour for immediate transmission to cantonments and 
to ports for overseas shipment. Two carloads of flour were 
sent in one day to the Great Lakes Naval Training station, 
to be baked into bread for the 20,000 jackies in training there. 

Further penalties became necessary at this time in the 
administration of the food laws. In announcing the fact that 
several citizens and firms had been penalized, the following 
statement was made : 

"When the question of food for the world is as grave as 
it is today, the Wisconsin Food Administration deems it vital 
that each person and firm should follow its food regulations. 
After studying the food supply, the condition of the crops, the 
food administration formulates plans whereby all the peoples 
may be most adequately fed. 

"These plans fail unless everyone helps to carry them out, 
and so the food administration has found it necessary to 
punish all violations of them. 

"But, before imposing penalties upon violators, it always 



222 Wisconsin In The World War 

considers the intent; in some cases, ignorance of recent rul- 
ings or unavoidable delay in carrying them out renders the 
food administration lenient. No mercy, however, is shown 
to cases of deliberate violation of the regulations." 

A grower was fined $100 for advertising wheat flour for 
sale. A manufacturing concern was closed for an indefinite 
period. A grocer was twice penalized, first for violating the 
sugar regulation in failing to take the necessary certificates 
from consumers to whom he sold large quantities of sugar, 
and then because he had failed to file with the county food 
administrator the prices he was receiving for substitutes for 
flour, the names of the firms from whom he purchased them 
and the prices he paid for them. Another man paid $50 for 
hoarding flour. Carelessness in making reports brought fines 
to several. 

A milling company was found guilty of excess profits in 
retail sales and a few individuals were fined for raising their 
sugar certificates, much in the matter that a check is raised. 
Selling flour without substitutes and violations of the meat 
regulations caused penalties. Mills were penalized for grind- 
ing too much flour for customers, also. Two grocers were 
fined small amounts because they had kept their records on 
slips of paper instead of using a regular book, a few res- 
taurants came in for penalties and a pop manufacturer paid 
a fine of $10 for using too much sugar. 

These violations, however, proved to be the excep- 
tion to the rule in Wisconsin. No state in the Union lived 
up to the regulations of the food administration with better 
spirit. 

The sugar ration in Wisconsin was reduced in June, 1918, 
to purchases of two pounds to city customers and five pounds 
to rural customers. No householder was permitted to buy 
more than twenty-five pounds for canning purposes except 
from a special permit issued by the local food administrator. 
Each retailer was required to keep a sugar book, and a viola- 
tion meant that their sugar supply would be cut olT. 

Wisconsin people were asked to "live off tTieir garden," 



Wisconsin In The World War 223 

in order that canned goods might be saved for the armies, 
and the following bulletin was issued to again urge the neces- 
sity of saving wheat: 

"With the approach of a bountiful harvest it would seem 
that we could once more see and actually eat wheat bread, 
but the undeniable need for a wheat reserve will oblige us to 
continue the minimum consumption of wheat. It will require 
unceasing ingenuity on the part of the cook to concoct wheat- 
less puddings and biscuits, but even the gourmand would 
prefer a plain diet this year to going hungry next year as a 
result of eating all of his cake now." 

Regulations of eating houses grew more stringent. 
These rules were enforced : 

"Monday noon — Roast beef, served hot or cold. 

"Wednesday noon — Stewed, boiled or beef hash. 

"Thursday noon — Steaks, any form, including hamburger. 

"Saturday noon — Stewed, boiled or beef hash. 

"Any Time — By-products of beef, including ox-tails, 
livers, tongues, sweetbreads, hearts, kidneys, brains or tripe. 

"At no other time may clear beef be served, and, in case 
of violations the offenders will be warned and then supplies 
cut off." 

It will be seen that the man who was used to ordering 
"steak and onions" did it in Wisconsin during the closing 
days of the war not more than once each week. 

As a step to discourage and prohibit "profiteering," the 
state food administration, through the county administrator, 
published during the war what was called a "fair price list" 
of commodities purchased at retail stores. Merchants as 
well as consumers were protected by these lists, 

For their historical value, some of these war time prices 
are given here. Turkeys were sold at from 42 to 47 cents. 
Chickens, dressed, brought 23 to 27 cents. Eggs, storage, fall 
pack, were worth 58 to 65 cents a dozen. Other prices were : 
Hams, 38 to 42 cents a pound ; sliced, as high as 59 cents. 
Sliced bacon, 57 to 70 cents. Lard, 34 to 37 cents. Butter, 
60 to 11 cents. Milk, 13 to 18 cents a quart. Cheese, 32 to 



224 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

48 cents a pound. Potatoes, $1.40 to $1.52 a bushel. Beans, 
13 to 19 cents a pound. Onions, $1.20 to $1.40 a bushel. 
Sugar, 11 cents a pound. Flour, 6 to 73^ cents a pound. 
Cornmeal, 5y^ to 6 cents a pound. Bread, 9 cents for sixteen 
ounces. Prunes, 10 to 18 cents. Raisins, 13 to 16 cents. 
Canned corn, 15 to 20 cents; tomatoes, 15 to 20 cents; peas, 
20 to 28 cents; corn syrup, 12 to 80 cents; sardines, 8 to 10 
cents. Carrots, 90 to $1.25 a bushel. 

Just before the armistice was signed, Wisconsin was pre- 
paring to do its part in a campaign to save 15,000,000 tons 
of food for shipment abroad. The following bulletin was is- 
sued: 

"Greater conservation of all foods will take the place of 
the definite drives on specific commodities last year. Amer- 
ica must send 15,000,000 tons of foodstuffs across the Atlantic 
this coming year to maintain the strength of our gigantic 
armies, the allied armies and the allied civil population. This 
means a shipment of 5,000,000 tons more than we sent last 
year. 

"A general program of thrift and denial, curtailment of 
consumption and elimination of waste will be carried through- 
out Wisconsin." 

This motto was adopted : 

"Buy less. Cook less. Serve less. Waste Nothing. Eat 
less and produce more." 

During the week of October 8, 1918, the retail grocers 
of the state were asked to sign cards pledging the obeyance 
of the food regulations, and soon these stores, with cards of 
acknowledgment displayed in their windows, appeared all 
over the state. They read : 

"This certifies that John Doe has enlisted in the service 
of the nation and as a dealer in the necessaries of life 
pledges to abide by the rules and regulations of the Unir- 
ed States Food Administration to give all customers the 
benefit of fair and moderate prices, selling the necessaries 
at only a reasonable advance over cost regardless of mar- 
ket conditions, to discourage and prevent hoarding and 




RAY SMITH. MILWAUKEE. 

FOOD ADMINISTRATION. 



••• FRED W.ROGERS. MILWAUKEE. 

I FUEL .>DM1M I5TRATION. 




W.N. FITZGERALD, MILWAUKEE. 
FUEL ADMINISTRATOR. 




ABBY L. MARLATX MADISON. 

FOOD APW mi STRATI ON. 




C, P. NORGORD, MADISON 
cor-1 n 1 SSI Oh e:r OF agriculture: 



ERNST CLARENBACH, MILWAUKEE. 
FUEL ADMirSlSTRATIOH. 



Wisconsin In The Woeld War 225 

waste, and to cooperate fully in the food conservation pro- 
gram in order to save food for our people, our armies and 

those of the allied nations." 

Effective October 21, 1918, the following rules for eating 
places were announced: 

"No bread or other bakery product which does not con- 
tain at least twenty per cent of substitutes may be served, and 
no more than two ounces of Victory bread and four ounces of 
other breads such as muffins or corn bread may be granted to 
any patron. 

"Bread or toast may not be served as a garniture or under 
meat. 

"At one meal, a patron must not have more than one kind 
of meat, that is, beef, mutton, pork, poultry or any by-products 
thereof. Bacon will not be permitted as a garniture. 

"Not more than one-half ounce of butter and one-half 
ounce of American cheese may be served to individuals. 
Double cream is banned. 

"The sugar bowl is abolished. Guests may have one tea- 
spoonful per meal, and only two pounds will be permitted for 
every ninety meals, including all uses on table and in cooking 
except to hotels holding a bakery license. 

"No waste food may be burned, but must be saved to feed 
animals or reduced to obtain fats. 

"To save food and labor, the food administration suggests 
that vegetables and meat should be placed on one plate in- 
stead of in several side dishes. The great variety of dishes 
usually listed on menus should be cut down, the menus must 
be printed in English and the guests should write their order, 
"Luncheons and banquets are considered unpatriotic, and 
simple meals should be served to gatherings of people." 

Little Americans were urged to sign the following pledge, 
the records being kept at public libraries: 

"I'll eat cornmeal, oatmeal and rice 

And nice sweet hominy ; 
Corn flakes and mush with lots of milk 

Are good enough for me. 



226 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

"At table I'll not leave a scrap 

Of food upon my plate. 
And I'll not eat between meals but 

For supper time I'll wait. 

"I make the promise that I'll do 

My honest, earnest part 
In helping my America 

With all my loyal heart. 

"This is a Promise, and I hope 

All children make the same. 
I'll be a good American, 

And hereto sign my name." 

On November 10, 1918, the day before the signing of the 
armistice, 600,000 home cards were shipped by the state food 
administration to postmasters in the state, for distribution on 
December 2 to 7 to every household in the city or rural dis- 
trict. The sternest task yet set for the American people was 
in sight, and Wisconsin was ready to do more than its part. 
The home cards showed how the millions of tons of food 
necessary for winning the war could be saved. 

The signing of the armistice did not end the work of the 
food administration. The slogan "Food Will Win The War" 
was changed overnight to "Don't Stop Saving Food." With 
millions of men in France America was called upon to save 
food with no less energy than before. The Wisconsin food 
administration issued the following bulletin : 

"Peace or no peace, there will be need of the most care- 
ful food conservation until the next harvest comes. During 
the war, we must increase our food shipments ; as the armies 
march to victory we must take care of the liberated peoples ; 
and when peace does come we will have many more starving 
peoples on the eastern front to feed and will be able to make 
larger shipments without submarine danger. 

"If the war ends before another harvest, our allies will 
need as much food as they will if the war continues. They 
have no reserve stocks and some reconstruction work will be 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 227 

necessary before their own crops will be sufficient. For Ger- 
many has destroyed much of the farm machinery of France 
and of Belgium, and a shortage of labor will also interfere 
with proper cultivation. Moreover, new crops cannot be 
planted nor harvested until late next summer. 

"After the war is over, we will be able to send food to 
millions of Poles, Serbians, Russians and Armenians who are 
now starving. The number of dead and dying in Armenia 
may only be guessed at, but enough is known to appeal to 
humanity. Our soldiers over there must also be fed after 
the war until they can be brought home. 

"Despite popular belief, our stock of food is no greater 
than last year. Our larger wheat crop is counterbalanced by 
a shortage of other food. There is a decrease in yields of 
corn, oats, potatoes and sweet potatoes. Consequently, al- 
though there may be a relaxation in wheat saving, there must 
be greater conservation of all foods." 

International food conditions and the after-the-war prob- 
lems of state and county food administrators were explained 
at a meeting of these workers at Madison on November 20, 
1918. The 150 delegates, representing the entire state, came 
to receive instructions and carry back to the people of their 
counties the word for the next few months. 

As an acknowledgment of the assistance women workers 
had rendered the food administration during the year Food 
Administrator Swenson appointed the chairmen of the 
women's conservation committees official members of the food 
administration. 

Mr. Swenson, in addressing the gathering, said: 

"When the armistice was signed, the food administration 
faced an entirely new problem. Up to that time, practically 
all of our energies had been devoted to feeding our soldiers, 
and those who, with us, made war against the robber barons 
of Central Europe. Our work was devoted almost entirely 
to winning the war. 

"Our work from now on will be much more difficult be- 
cause of its much broader scope and lack of any definite pol- 



228 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

icy. Our work will now be one of mercy and compassion 
towards those stricken peoples who have suffered under the 
brutal heel of the Central Powers, until they have been re- 
duced to such misery and want as beggars all description. 

"The food administration has two definite things to do 
from now until peace is finally declared, when the food ad- 
ministration automatically goes out of existence. We were 
told by both Mr. Hoover and President Wilson to rigidly reg- 
ulate prices and put a stop to profiteering up to the last hour 
of our existence, and to impose the drastic penalties provided 
by law against all offenders. Only in exceptional cases will 
donations to the Red Cross (the usual method during the war 
of disposing of fines) be permitted. Hereafter it means the 
closing of the offender's business for such a time as the food 
administration deems necessary, and I want to assure each 
one of you that you will be backed up to the limit in taking 
such action in your respective communities." 

Eighteen months of war work were discussed by Miss 
Abby L. Marlatt, speaking for the women of the state. 

It is probable that no government bureau has the figures 
which show how much food was saved in the United States 
during the war. When the statistics of the war are ready, 
Wisconsin's part in the feeding of the victorious armies will 
be shown, and it will compare favorably with that of any 
other state. Wisconsin gave more than her share in produc- 
ing food, and did her share in saving. 

Perhaps no member of Uncle Sam's army-at-home 
worked harder than did the members of the food administra- 
tion. Perhaps none received as little of the glory of war. 
They were obliged to enforce rules which were hard to fol- 
low. They dealt in prosaic things, such as most articles of 
food are, but their battles were none the less important, and 
they won them all. 

A fitting testimonial to the work of the Wisconsin food 
administration was the selection by Herbert Hoover, of Mag- 
nus Swenson to go to Europe after the armistice was signed, 
for work in the allied countries. Mr. Swenson had been 



Wisconsin In The Woeld War 229 

close to the federal food administration all during the war, 
and when Mr. Hoover undertook the task of handling after- 
the-war food problem abroad, he recognized Mr. Swenson's 
efficient service. 



CHAPTER SEVEN. 
State Fuel Administration. 

Wisconsin was the pioneer state in the conservation of 
fuel and the handHng of this product which entered into 
every move and phase of the world war. 

When Harry A. Garfield was appointed United States 
Fuel Administrator by President Wilson, this state had been 
investigating the fuel situation for months. The State Coun- 
cil of Defense had been active in this, and months before 
Washington found its way through red tape and departmental 
rules Wisconsin had been trying to get coal across the lakes 
for the northwest. 

Under the Lever act passed by Congress and signed by 
the President August 10, 1917, the executive was given the 
power to deal with the fuel situation for the period of the 
war. The necessity for this step had been made plain by 
the need for increased production, for supervision of trans- 
portation and distribution and for the regulation of prices. 

The activity of the state council, the investigations which 
covered every phase of the situation and the early work of 
W. N. Fitzgerald, later state fuel administrator, followed 
closely the declaration of war. The Great Lakes had long 
been an avenue of shipment for coal from the eastern mines 
to the northwest, and advantage had been taken of the lake 
transportation during the summer months. Early in 1917, 
however, it was seen that unless some action was taken the 
northwest would face a fuel famine during the winter of 1917- 
1918 which would cause hardship and seriously interfere with 
the manufacture of war essentials. 

Mr. Fitzgerald was sent east to investigate on behalf of 



Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 231 

the state, and to insist on shipments from the eastern lake 
ports before the closing of navigation. 

The wisdom of this course was shown when Dr. Garfield 
issued his famous order which closed factories and all other 
industries not classified as essential. The northwest was in 
the grip of a fuel famine for days, but Wisconsin was able to 
go through an unusually severe winter without serious hard- 
ship. 

Early in September, 1917, Mr. Fitzgerald was appointed 
state fuel administrator by Dr. Garfield, and his experience 
during the summer proved of great value. He immediately 
devoted his energies towards building up an organization 
throughout the state to undertake the work of distribution 
and the regulation of prices under the rules of the federal fuel 
administration. 

Committees were appointed in each county, and plans for 
the registration of dealers were worked out. It was found 
necessary to transfer the state headquarters from Madison to 
Milwaukee early in the fall. County committees were in- 
structed to regulate the delivery of anthracite so that no con- 
sumer would suffer, and this necessitated the delivery of not 
more than a ton at a time to a customer as the shipments 
came in. 

The federal fuel administration, in the spring of 1918, 
worked out an anthracite distribution program based on the 
shipments in 1916. Under this plan the anthracite shipments 
to the middle western states were cut by varying percent- 
ages. Wisconsin was allotted 86.64 per cent of its 1916 sup- 
ply. When the annual increased need of ten per cent was 
taken into account, it was seen that the state would receive 
but seventy-five per cent of its needed supply. Wisconsin 
went through the war, increasing its war manufactures, keep- 
ing wheels turning and avoiding suffering in homes and edu- 
cational institutions because of the cooperation of the people 
and the efficient service of the men who enlisted in the state 
fuel administration. 

Even this curtailed supply might not have reached the 



232 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

State, however, had it not been for the continued vigilance ot 
the fuel administrators for the four northwestern states, Wis- 
consin, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota, whose 
persistence in following up shipments for the northwest was 
responsible for the fact that all of the anthracite allotted to 
these four states was received. 

An equitable distribution of Wisconsin's anthracite allot- 
ment depended upon the registration of all retail dealers. 
Consumers, then, were urged to place their orders early with 
the dealer who had formerly supplied them with coal. A 
plan then was worked out so that each dealer would receive 
at least fifty per cent of his share before any other dealer had 
received more than fifty per cent. Under a system of prior- 
ity shipments dealers who had received less than fifty per 
cent were given preference until each had received his allot- 
ment. 

The retail dealers, in making their deliveries, were at first 
limited to deliver but two-thirds of the customer's annual re- 
quirements, but this regulation later was changed to accom- 
modate heating systems which could burn anthracite only. 
It was left to the discretion of county fuel administrators to 
change these delivery regulations and many adopted the sys- 
tem of permitting the delivery of but one ton of anthracite 
at a time, in order that each shipment be distributed to as 
many customers as possible. 

A problem which the fuel administration was called upon 
to solve was that of education in the elimination of waste and 
the spread of information on the use of bituminous coal and 
wood as substitutes for anthracite. Wisconsin adopted read- 
ily the "Hghtless night" idea. Milwaukee's "white way," 
Grand avenue and Wisconsin street, became dark. Electric 
signs disappeared during the war. In other cities this same 
rule was enforced. To carry out this program a statewide 
volunteer organization was made, which had the cooperation 
of the members of county councils. The same organization 
aided in carrying out the gasolineless Sundays, and in Wiscon- 



Wisconsin In The Wokld Wab 233 

sin the man who used his automobile on Sunday had to have 
a visible excuse for so doing. 

Perhaps no department of Wisconsin's war activities had 
less of the glamor of war than did the fuel administration. It 
was plain business. Its members wore no uniforms. They 
were not even known, except when their duties brought them 
before the public. Nevertheless, these men and women, near- 
ly all of whom were volunteers, and some of whom gave all of 
their time to the work, did their part in the war unselfishly, 
and because many of them were too old to be accepted as 
soldiers they found great satisfaction in being able to do this 
work for the government. 

The work, under Fuel Administrator Fitzgerald, was 
handled by a state advisory committee, all volunteers. The 
members were George A. Buckstafif, Oshkosh; Stephen W. 
Oilman, Madison; Fred W. Rogers, Milwaukee. 

The county organizations included the following volun- 
teers : 

Adams county — C. B. Meteyard, Friendship, county fuel 
administrator; E. Layer, Adams, J. R. Eakle, Adams, mem- 
ber county committee. 

Ashland county — A. J. Kull, county fuel administrator ; H. 
B. Warner, Ashland, George H. McCloud, Ashland, member 
county committee. 

Barron county — T. T. Hazelberg, Baron, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; Frank Goettsche, Rice Lake, R. B. Hart, Com- 
berland, member county committee. 

Bayfield county — D. M. Maxey, Washburn, county fuel 
administrator; F. T. Bears, Washburn, H. C. Wachsmuth, 
Bayfield, member county committee. 

Brown county — John A. Kittell, Green Bay, county fuel 
administrator; Sheldon Wilcox, De Pere, F. B. Desnoyers, 
Green Bay, member county committee; Henry Fuller, Green 
Bay, Max Schota, Green Bay, fuel engineer. 

Buffalo county — A. L. O'Mera, Mondovi, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; Fred Reiter, Mondovi, Charles Kirschner, Foun- 
tain City, J. A. Ganz, Alma, member county committee. 



234 Wisconsin In The World Wae 

Burnett county — James Jensen, Grantsburg, county fuel 
administrator; S. F. Glover, Grantsburg, C. J. Strang, member 
county committee. 

Calumet county — Leo P. Fox, Chilton, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; A. N. Schewe, Chilton, A. P. Bauman, Chilton, 
member county committee. 

Chippewa county — L. M. Newman, Chippewa Falls, 
Charles Ainsworth, Chippewa Falls, Earl S. Barker, Chip- 
pewa Falls, county fuel administrators; W. M. Bowe, Chip- 
pewa Falls, C. A. Mandelert, Chippewa Falls, member county 
committee. 

Clark county — William L. Smith, Neillsville, John P. 
Kintzele, Neillsville, county fuel administrators ; John Grimes, 
Colby, W. C. Tufts, Withee, member county committee. 

Columbia county — F. L. Van Epps, Portage, county fuel 
administrator; R. E. York, Portage, R. C. Stotzer, Portage, 
member county committee. 

Crawford county — C. P. Vaughn, Wauzeka, county fuel 
administrator ; Fred. Speck, Prairie du Chien, T. T. Sime, 
Gays Mills, member county committee. 

Dane county — George E. Gary, Madison, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; G. J. Corscot, Madison, John Holtan, Stoughton, 
member county committee. 

Dodge county — A. B. Chandler, Beaver Dam, C. H. 
Smith, Beaver Dam, county fuel administrators ; Charles 
Hawks, Horicon, Fred Green, Watertown, member county 
committee. 

Door county — Frank Graas, Sturgeon Bay, county fuel 
administrator ; H. G. Garland, Sturgeon Bay, James Johnson, 
Sturgeon Bay, member county committee. 

Douglas county — P. G. Stratton, Superior, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; W. R. Foley, Superior, R. I, Tipton, Superior, 
member county committee. 

Dunn county — E. O. Wright, Menomonie, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; Oscar Wilson, Menomonie, H. W. Jimmerson, 
Menomonie, member county committee. 

Eau Claire county — John G. Owen, Eau Claire, O. W. 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 235 

Robertson, Eau Claire, S. R. Davis, Eau Claire, county fuel 
administrators; F. E. Nichols, Eau Claire, O. W. Robertson, 
Eau Claire, member county committee. 

Florence county — Max Sells, Florence, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; William Judge, Florence, J. E. Perry, Florence, 
member county committee. 

Fond du Lac county — E. H. Lyons, Ripon, G. B. Horner, 
Ripon, county fuel administrators; A. J. Kremer, Fond du 
Lac, H. B. Tubbs, Fond du Lac, T. L. Doyle, Fond du Lac, 
Clyde Harris, Waupun, member county committee ; Edward 
Kopplin, Ripon, E. F. Ahern, Fond du Lac, fuel inspectors. 

Forest county — John Swenehart, Crandon, L. A. Rogers, 
Crandon, county fuel administrators ; S. D. Switzer, Wabeno, 
J, L. Raile, Crandon, member county committee. 

Grant county — H. E. Schreiner, Lancaster, county fuel 
administrator; C. H. Gribble, Platteville, Fred W. Lewis, 
Boscobel, P. K. Kelly, Platteville, W. N. Smith, Platteville, 

E. J. Sawbridge, Platteville, Horace Fawcett, Platteville, mem- 
ber county committee. 

Green county — R. D. Gorham, Monroe, P. J. Weirich, 
Monroe, F. J. Bolender, Monroe, county fuel administrators; 

F, J. Bolender, Monroe, F. B. Luchsinger, Monroe, member 
county committee. 

Green Lake county — W. J. Patton, Berlin, county fuel 
administrator; G. F. Rasek, Princeton, J. M. Hull, Markesan, 
W. A. Peterson, Green Lake, member county committee. 

Iowa county — J. B. Eagan, Aurora, J. H. Ford, Dodge- 
ville, county fuel administrators; O. C. Rewey, Rewey, Ole 
Christopherson, Barneveld, member county committee. 

Iron county — J. A. Slender, Hurley, county fuel admin- 
istrator; Charles N. Bonino, Hurley, Henry Meade, Hurley, 
member county committee. 

Jackson county — B. L. Van Gordon, Taylor, county fuel 
administrator; J. L. Lewis, Black River Falls, T. L. Wheaton, 
Alma Center, member county committee. 

Jefferson county — G. J. Kispert, Jefferson, county fuel ad- 



236 Wisconsin In The Woeld War 

ministrator; F. W. Hoard, Fort Atkinson, E. C. Wolfram, 
Watertown, member county committee. 

Juneau county — J. T. Hanson, Mauston, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; T. P. Morgan, Elroy, M. J. Walcott, Necedah, 
member county committee. 

Kenosha county — Walter M. Burke, Kenosha, Dr. George 
L. Ross, Kenosha, county fuel administrators; Frank Iserman, 
Kenosha, W. W. Hammond, Kenosha, member county com- 
mittee. 

Kewaunee county — C. W. Andre, Kewaunee, county fuel 
administrator; H. Banchor, Luzemburg, Frank McDonald, 
Algoma, member county committee. 

La Crosse county — D. W. MacWillie, La Crosse, county 
fuel administrator; F. P. Hixon, La Crosse, Will Ott, La 
Crosse, member county committee; J. B. Kinsloo, La Crosse, 
secretary. 

Lafayette county — Thomas Kirwin, Darlington, county 
fuel administrator; John Stephenson, Darlington, W. B. Vail, 
Benton, member county committee. 

Langlade county — R. Koebke, Antigo, county fuel admin- 
istrator; James A. Cody, Antigo, C. H. Avery, Antigo, mem- 
ber county committee. 

Lincoln county — George A. Schroeder, Merrill, county 
fuel administrator ; Roy Barber, Merrill, F. E. Burbach, Toma- 
hawk, member county committee. 

Manitowoc county — Thomas Higgins, Manitowoc, Henry 
Vits, Manitowoc, John Miller, Manitowoc, William Rahr, Jr., 
Manitowoc, county fuel administrators ; Henry Vits, Mani- 
towoc, A. L. Hougen, Manitowoc, member county committee. 

Marathon county — E. A. Dunn, Wausau, Herman Mar- 
quardt, Wausau, county fuel administrators ; Patrick Gorman, 
Wausau, John Grimes, Wausau, F. D. Timlin, Wausau, mem- 
ber county committee. 

Marinette county — W. E. Morton, Marinette, S. R. 
Brough, Marinette, Howard L Wood, Marinette, county fuel 
administrators ; R. S. Goodhue, Marinette, A. M. Olson, Mari- 
nette, member county committee. 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab. 287 

Marquette county — Charles Barry, Montello, county fuel 
administrator; Frank C. Walsh, Montello, Charles Burlin- 
game, Montello, member county committee. 

Milwaukee county — John C. Post, Milwaukee, James A. 
Hannan, Milwaukee, county fuel administrators ; Philip Knoll, 
South Milwaukee, T. L. Coleman, Milwaukee, C. M. Burdick, 
Milwaukee, member county committee. 

Monroe county — T. P. Abel, Sparta, county fuel admin- 
istrator; Thomas E. Ward, Sparta, William R. McCaull, 
Tomah, George Friederick, Kendall, member county commit- 
tee. 

Oconto county — William Comstock, Oconto, county fuel 
administrator; P. H. Sharp, Oconto Falls, Harry Serier, Sur- 
ing, member county committee. 

Oneida county — Albert J. O'Melia, Rhinelander, county 
fuel administrator; F. C. Wood, Rhinelander, R. F. Thomp- 
kins, Rhinelander, F, E. Burbach, Tomahawk, E. O. Barstow, 
Rhinelander, member county committee. 

Outagamie county — George F. KuU, Appleton, Maj. H. 
E. Pomeroy, Appleton, George H. Beckley, Appleton, county 
fuel administrators; John Coppes, Kaukauna, Maj. H. E. 
Pomeroy, Appleton, John A. Engel, Appleton, member county 
committee. 

Ozaukee county — Harry W. Bolens, Port Washington, 
county fuel administrator ; Charles A. Mueller, Port Washing- 
ton, F, W. Walker, Cedarburg, member county committee. 

Pepin county — W. H. Biles, Durand, county fuel admin- 
istrator; W. H. Serine, Pepin, E. T. Josephson, Stockholm, 
member county committee. 

Pierce county — Charles Hanson, River Falls, county fuel 
administrator; Ed. Campbell, Ellsworth, J. F. Borner, Pres- 
cott, member county committee. 

Polk county — C. B. Casperson, Luck, county fuel admin- 
istrator; H. D. Backer, St. Croix Falls, W. W. Winchester, 
Amery, member county committee. 

Portage county— W. E. Fisher, Stevens Point, county fuel 



238 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 

administrator; L. J. Seeger, Stevens Point, James Mainland, 
Stevens Point, member county committee. 

Price county — Michael Barry, Phillips, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; W. L. Maitland, Park Falls, John A. Morner, 
Prentice, member county committee, 

Racine county — F. Lee Norton, Racine, county fuel ad- 
ministrator ; J. V. Rohan, Racine, H. F. Johnson, Racine, mem- 
ber county committee. 

Richland county — George Miller, Richland Center, county 
fuel administrator; Rollin Myers, Viola, Frank Core, Lone 
Rock, member county committee. 

Rock county — Jesse Earle, Janesville, A. J. Raubenheim- 
er, Beloit, county fuel administrators; A. J. Raubenheimer, 
Beloit, George W. Blanchard, Edgerton, Henry F. Hanson, 
Janesville, member county committee. 

Rusk county — L. E. McGill, Ladysmith, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; Harry Ballow, Ladysmith, Thomas Baker, Lady- 
smith, member county committee. 

St. Croix county — Spencer Hansen, Hudson, James H. 
Walker, Hudson, county fuel administrators; W. J. Barter, 
Hudson, James H. Walker, Hudson, member county com- 
mittee. 

Sauk county — W. E. Beringer, Baraboo, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; J. Van Orden, Baraboo, A. W. Rohn, Baraboo, 
member county committee. 

Sawyer county — C. P. West, Hayward, county fuel ad- 
ministrator ; J. W. Ackley, Winter, C. M. Olson, Coudery, 
member county committee. 

Shawano county — J. E. Scanlon, Shawano, county fuel 
administrator ; E. A. Scott, Shawano, H. R. Stanley, Shawano, 
member county committee. 

Sheboygan county — A. L. D. Sommers, Sheboygan, county 
fuel administrator; W. P. Roseman, Sheboygan, G. A. Rob- 
bins, Sheboygan, M. H. Hand, Plymouth, member county 
committee, 

Taylor county — H. M. Koehler, Medford, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; Dr. E. W. Watson, Medford, J. A. Taylor, Rib 



Wisconsin In The Wobld War 239 

Lake, member county committee; M. E. Adler, Oilman, W. 
A. Bingham, Hannibal, Ed. Erickson, Stetsonville, August 
Frels, Little Block, N. Frindel, Chelsea, E. J. Kelly, Jump 
River, Frank Kulwic, Lublin, J. J. Lingle, Westboro, M. S. 
McKee, Polley, Milton McNamer, Whittlesey, Douglas Peter- 
son, Donald, assistant vounteers. 

Trempealeau county — Richard Holtan, Whitehall, county 
fuel administrator; J. A. Markham, Independence, M. P. Skog- 
stad, Osseo, member county committee. 

Vernon county — O. G. Munson, Viroqua, county fuel ad- 
ministrator; Joseph Amundson, Viroqua, Nels Nelson, Viro- 
qua, member county committee. 

Vilas county — O. H. Wiegand, Eagle River, county fuel 
administrator ; C. A. Beckstrom, Winchester, C. M. Christian- 
son, Phelps, member county committee. 

Walworth county — Riley S. Young, Darien, Hon. O. R. 
Rice, Delavan, county fuel administrators ; L. L. Oldham, Elk- 
horn, Walter Babcock, Elkhorn, member county committee. 

Washburn county — Frank Hammill, Spooner, county fuel 
administrator; Aimer E. Adams, Minong, Andrew Ryan, Shell 
Lake, member county committee. 

Washington county — Henry Lieven, Hartford, county 
fuel administrator; H. V. Schwalback, So. Germantown, Carl 
Pick, West Bend, member county committee. 

Waukesha county — Howard T. Greene, Genesee Depot, 
T. J. Hughes, Wales, county fuel administrators ; B. G. Ed- 
gerton, Oconomowoc, Wyan Gilham, Waukesha, member 
county committee; J. F. Kettenhofen, Oconomowoc, W. F. 
Notbohm, Oconomowoc, E. W. Tuttle, Oconomowoc, Martin 
Daley, New Butler, C. H. Golden, Merton, Ed. A. Goodman, 
Mukwonago, F. T. Grogen, Templeton, C. R. Guthrie, Guthrie, 
William Jacobson, Delafield, Rev. H. L. Lofy, Calhoun, R. No. 
11, Oscar Olson, Dousman, D. W. Pardee, Eagle, Julius Reis, 
Brookfield, Arthur Richards, Genesee Depot, Ben Schneider, 
Hartland, B. B. Simmons, Pewaukee, Burton Smith, North 
Lake, R. H. Wendt, Menomonee Falls, assistant volunteers. 

Waupaca county — L. D. Smith, Waupaca, county fuel 



240 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wak 

administrator; S. E. Wright, New London, C. B. Stanley, 
New London, D. J. Rohrer, Clintonville, E. W. Wendtland, 
New London, member county committee. 

Waushara county — F. M. Clark, Wild Rose, county fuel 
administrator ; J. W. Borens, Wild Rose, John Digman, Wau- 
toma, member county committee. 

Winnebago county — Edward Nielson, Oshkosh, L S. Mac 
Nichol, Oshkosh, county fuel administrators ; W. H. Miners, 
Menasha, Ray Kutchin, Oshkosh, member county committee. 

Wood county — Robert Nash, Grand Rapids, county fuel 
administrator; R. C. Hastings, Marshfield, J. F. Seidel, Pitts- 
ville, member county committee; Mike Griffin, Marshfield, 
volunteer assistant. 

The following staff did the clerical work during the war: 

Frances Adlam, Beatrice Beckerman, Martha Bell, Jennie 
Besendorfer, Allen J. Busby, Charles A. Cahill, Winifred 
Casey, M. E. Christensen, Helen Clark, Margaret Dougherty, 
Flora Eichoefer, Frances G. Emer, Robert Fitzgerald, Ade- 
laide Folsom, Jennie Gasper, Agnes Gauthier, A. V. Gruhn, 
Mayte Hansen, Rose T. Heinze, Harriet Herman, Irma Hoch- 
stein, Alma Kiekhofer, Edward Kircher, Theresa Knight, 
Lucille Knight, Elsie Knoth, Stella Kragh, Josephine Kube- 
shesky, Ida Lanburg, Dorothy Mann, Rosalynd Manasse, 
Jennie Meade, Margaret Mierswa, Altha Nelson, Kenneth B. 
Newton, Jane G. Olds, Vida Peck, Emilie Prue, Lillian Qual- 
man, Rudolph Schimmel, Marion Smith, Arthur Stofen, Ann 
Sullivan, J. J. Talmadge, Edna Tillmann, Anna Wanvig, Flor- 
ence Weckesser, Paul J. Weirich, Eleanor Whitney, Margaret 
Wood, Ella Zimmerman, Ann Ziolkowski. 

Early in the war Ernst Clarenbach of Milwaukee was ap- 
pointed Wisconsin state director for the conservation of fuel 
in hotels, and under his direction hotel men did their part to 
save fuel as they did under the food administration. Mr. 
Clarenbach prepared a card which was placed in all hotel 
rooms, giving suggestions to be followed by guests. With 
these suggestions was the following appeal : 



Wisconsin In The World War. 241 

"Coal must be saved to transport our men in this country 
and across to Europe. 

"Coal must be saved to transport war supplies and am- 
munition to our men at the front. 

"Coal must be saved to transport food to our boys and 
our allies at the front. 

"Coal must be saved to maintain life at home and keep 
our industries running." 

The work of the administration would have been incom- 
plete without control over fuel prices. The first step in fuel 
administration taken by the President was that of price fixing 
of bituminous coal. This was followed by the orders of Fuel 
Administrator Garfield to state and local fuel administrators 
authorizing them to determine local gross margins and fix a 
retail selling price allowing reasonable charges to cover the 
expense of unloading, yard expense, general overhead, deliv- 
ery, and net profit. It was thus possible to investigate the 
costs of conducting the coal business and to keep down the 
prices to a reasonable level. In working out the standard 
gross margins for the state the fuel administration had the 
assistance of Professor Stephen W. Oilman, of the University 
of Wisconsin, and representatives of the federal trade com- 
mission. Investigations were conducted throughout the state 
and valued assistance given to the county administrators. 
Early in the season maximum margins were fixed by the state 
administrator, which allowed for the fixing of the delivery 
charges by each county fuel administrator in accordance with 
local conditions. 

It would have been impossible for the state fuel adminis- 
trator to carry out his work without the co-operation of the 
local county committees and of the coal dealers and dock op- 
erators. Their co-operation made the distribution and con- 
servation program workable realities. Consumers also will- 
ingly submitted to a curtailment and to fuel substitution that 
involved considerable discomfort, making willing sacrifices to 
meet the war demands on the fuel supply. 



CHAPTER EIGHT. 
Women In The War. 

It is not within the possibilities of this volume to give 
the women of Wisconsin full credit for their part in the state's 
war record. Their work consisted of so many small things, 
in addition to the larger undertakings which attracted atten- 
tion, that the story cannot half be told. It was the old story 
of woman's work never being done. The women devoted all 
their time, and taxed their strength to the utmost. It was the 
women who drove home the lessons of food conservation. 
Without their influence in the home that successful part of 
the war work would have been a failure. They were thor- 
oughly American. 

Before the men were fully awake to their war duties the 
women were at work for the Red Cross. When the State 
Council of Defense was created, the first in the nation, much 
work had been done. The first official recognition of their 
part in the state's program was the appointment of Mrs. Hen- 
ry H. Morgan of Madison as the woman member of the state 
council. At the first statewide conference of that organiza- 
tion Mrs. Morgan outlined the immediate program for the 
women. Nursing, gardening, knitting were some of the types 
suggested. 

Portage county had one of the first meetings for women, 
when Miss Bessie M. Allen, director of home economics of 
the Stevens Point Normal school, talked on food conserva- 
tion. As a result of that address, 280 students of the school 
signed the following pledge : 

'T promise to use my ability and influence toward the 
organization of the women of my community for the elimina- 



Wisconsin In The World Wae 243 

tion of waste and for the production and preservation of 
food." 

Milwaukee county women began gathering war time 
recipes, which were published in state newspapers. All over 
the state the women were enlisting for war service, and late 
in April, 1917, Mrs". Morgan issued a letter of instruction, 
which explained the plan of organization as one to "coordi- 
nate women's organizations and their working forces in order 
to enlist at once the greatest possible number in the service 
which the national crisis demands." 

Wood county was one of the first to form an active com- 
mittee, under the leadership of Mrs. E. M. Deming. 

This creed was adopted early in the war : 

"It is most necessary that the women be organized to 
help in every way possible in the world war. In Germany 
every woman is helping in some way. Every woman in the 
United States must be ready to change her usual way of 
living and adapt her time and strength to do effective work 
for her country." 

Langlade county also was one of the first to organize, 
and Marathon county as early as June, 1917, had held can- 
ning demonstrations. Rock county had seven canning clubs 
at the same time. 

One of the first accomplishments was the preparing of 
recipes for the cooking of carp and other rough fish, which 
were being distributed by the state council in the industrial 
centers. 

On July 1 the following appeal was issued to the women 
of the state: 

"Every woman can render important service to the na- 
tion in the present emergency. She need not leave her home 
or abandon her home duties to help the armed forces. She 
can help to feed and clothe our armies and help to supply 
food to those beyond the seas by practicing effective thrift 
in her own household. 

"To save food the housewife must learn to plan econom- 
ical and properly balanced meals, which, while nourishing 



244 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

each member of the family properly, do not encourage over- 
eating or offer excessive and wasteful variety. She must 
make it her business to see that nothing nutricious is thrown 
away or allowed to be wasted." 

The Hoover Food Pledge Card was placed in every Wis- 
consin home by the women's committee of the state council. 

Early in July, 1917, a conference was held in Madison, 
at which thirty-six counties were represented, and fifty-three 
women war workers registered. Addresses were made on the 
work at hand and plans laid for more active organizations. 

A call to supply women workers for the pea canneries 
came to Mrs. William Kittle, chairman of the committee on 
women industry, and the emergency was met with the co- 
operation of women in the counties where canneries were lo- 
cated, among them Mrs. A. L. Nash, Manitowoc ; Miss 
Frances G. Perkins, Fond du Lac ; Mrs. E. Falkenborg, Bar- 
ron; Mrs. E. J. Knapp, Rice Lake; Mrs. L. H. Howard, Neills- 
ville; Mrs. G. Hensen, Osceola, and Mrs. F. W. Miller, Cum- 
berland. 

The women began to teach knitting in the schools, even to 
boys. Their work at fairs was interesting, as shown by a 
report from Janesville at this time: 

"For the Janesville fair we are putting announcements 
in our papers calling attention to our booth. Our women 
who work there will wear either Food Administration cos- 
tumes or white dresses, with red, white and blue sashes. We 
have arranged for one woman trained in domestic science to 
be in the booth all the time. We have announced that 
women should register." 

The executive committee which headed the various de- 
partments of the state organization was as follows : 

Mrs. Henry H. Morgan, State Council of Defense, Madi- 
son, chairman. 

Mrs. Joseph W. Hobbins, Madison. 

Mrs. Wm. Kittle, Madison, Women in Industry. 

Miss A. L. Marlatt, Madison, Food Production and Food 
Conservation. 



Wisconsin In The World Wab- 245 

Miss Juliet C. Thorp, Madison, Speakers' Bureau. 

Mrs. Chas. F, Burgess, Madison, Publicity. 

Mrs. Edith E. Hoyt, Madison, Child Welfare. 

Mrs. E. L. Maloney, Fond du Lac, Home and Foreign 
Relief. 

Mrs. E. F. Bickel, Oshkosh, Health and Recreation. 

Miss Mary Oakley, Madison, Information. 

Mrs. Nellie Kedzie Jones, Madison, Woman's Land Army 
for Wisconsin. 

Mrs. H. M. Youmans, Waukesha, Americanization. 

Mrs. Jos. A. Schumacher, Milwaukee, Home Work. 

Mrs. May F. Grimshaw, Elroy, Order of Eastern Star. 

Mrs. John P. Hume, Milwaukee, D. A. R. 

Mrs. John W. Mariner, Milwaukee, National League for 
Woman's Service. 

Mrs. Blanche Burrowbridge, Madison, Pythian Sisters. 

Mrs. James L. Foley, Wauwatosa, Catholic Alumnae As- 
sociation. 

Mrs. L. D. Harvey, Menomonie, Wisconsin, Federation 
of Women's Clubs. 

Mrs. W. A. Lawson, Milwaukee, W. C. T. U. 

Mrs. J. E. Lund, Madison, Ladies of the G. A. R. 

Mrs. M. B. Rosenberry, Madison, Assn. Collegiate 
Alumnae. 

Miss Eleanor Regan, Madison, Graduate Nurses Asso- 
ciation. 

Mrs. Carroll M. Towne, Milwaukee, Daughters of 1812. 

Mrs. O. L. Robinson, Madison, Wisconsin, Woman's 
Home Missionary Union. 

Mrs. Edward Hammet, Sheboygan, Congress of Mothers 
and Parent-Teacher Assn. 

Mrs. L D. Mishoff, Milwaukee, Woman's Synodical Mis- 
sionary Society of the Presbyterian Church in Wisconsin. 

Mrs. E. H. Van Ostrand, Madison, War Mothers of 
America. 

Miss Cora Harris, Evansville, Woman's Relief Corps. 



246 Wisconsin In The World W^ar 

Mrs. E. C. Thompson, Assistant Executive Secretary, 
State Council of Defense, Madison. 

The organization of women in the state had been com- 
pleted by August, 1917, The following served at some period 
of the war, as committee chairmen and heads of departments, 
and the large majority until the armistice was signed : 

Adams county — Miss Hanna D. Poppe, Friendship, chair- 
man ; Mrs. Alfred Poppe, Friendship ; Mrs. Emil Griese, 
Friendship ; Mrs. Chas. Oilman, Friendship ; Mrs. L. A. Rosen- 
berry, Friendship; Mrs. George Beach, Adams; Mrs. F. J. 
Thomm, Friendship ; Mrs. John Purves, Friendship. 

Ashland county — Mrs. Walter Hodgkins, Ashland, chair- 
man ; Mrs. George A. Sparling, Ashland; Mrs. F. M. Cole, 
Ashland; Mrs. C. U. Marchessault, Ashland; Mrs. Augusta 
Kennedy, Ashland; Miss Emilia C. Peterson, Ashland; Miss 
Catherine O'Brien, Ashland ; Miss Kathleen Calkins, Ashland. 

Barron county — Mrs. J. E. Bowen, Barron, chairman; 
Mrs. E. C. McClelland, Rice Lake; Miss Mildred Taylor, Bar- 
ron ; Mrs. Ida Kendal, Cumberland ; Mrs. Mida Thomas, Cum- 
berland; Mrs. O. H. Ingram, Rice Lake; Mrs. Frank Bond, 
Barron; Mrs. C. H. Borum, Barron; Mrs. Ida Patchin, Chetek; 
Mrs. L. P. Charles, Chetek; Miss Gertrude Wahl, Barron; 
Mrs. E. Falkenburg, Barron ; Mrs. E. C. McClelland, Rice 
Lake; Mrs. E. M. Burnstad, Chetek; Mrs. F. W. Miller, Cum- 
berland. 

Bayfield county — Mrs. A. H. Wilkinson, Bayfield, chair- 
man; Mrs. F. H. Bartlett, Drummond; Mrs. George DeGuire, 
Ashland; Mrs. L. T. Hoyt, Ashland; Miss M. M. Moen, Ma. 
son; Mrs. Fay Bigelow, Bayfield; Mrs. W. A. Robinson, 
Washburn; Mrs. Ned Wieman, Washburn; Mrs. Jacob Segal, 
Washburn; Mrs. Amos Hanson, Washburn; Mrs. A. W. Mc 
Leod, Washburn ; Mrs. E. C. Alvord, Washburn. 

Brown county — Mrs. W. P. Wagner, Green Bay, chair- 
man; Mrs. S. D. Hastings, Green Bay, secretary; Mrs. R. W. 
Spring, Green Bay; Mrs. T. E. Teetshorn, Green Bay; Mrs, 
W. E. Collette, Green Bay; Mrs. S. D. Hastings, Green Bay; 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 247 

Mrs. A. C. Neville, Green Bay ; Mrs. Lee S. Blood, Green 
Bay; Miss Myra Kimball, Green Bay. 

Buffalo county — Mrs. M. C. Fisher, Mondovi, chairman; 
Mrs. Jessie Dillon, Mondovi; Mrs. Delia Kenyon, Mondovi; 
H. J. Neihaus, Alma; Miss Louise Huber, Alma; Mrs. J. D. 
Pace, Mondovi. 

Burnett county — Mrs. Alice Anderson, Grantsburg, chair- 
man; Miss Mary C. Plummer, Webster; Miss Anna Swanson, 
Grantsburg; Mrs. Mamie Heim, Grantsburg; Mrs. Fred Chris- 
tianson, Grantsburg; Mrs. E. J. Bunker, Grantsburg; Miss 
Emma Christianson, Grantsburg; Mrs. W. L Nichols, Web- 
ster. 

Calumet county — Mrs. W. S. Lloyd, Chilton, chairman; 
Miss Florence Billings, Chilton; Miss Dorothy Johnson, Chil- 
ton; Mrs. E. W. Perry, Chilton; Miss Eliese Gallett, Chilton. 

Chippewa county — Mrs. Edward Porter, Cornell, chair- 
man ; Miss Mary O'Keefe, Chippewa Falls ; Miss Mary Lun- 
ney, Chippewa Falls ; Miss Adele Felch, Cadott ; Miss Flor- 
ence Wiltrout, Chippewa Falls; Mrs. Lyla Flagler, Chippewa 
Falls. 

Clark county — Mrs. L. H. Howard, Neillsville, chairman; 
Mrs. Ole Anderson, Mrs. W. A. Campman, Mrs. W. L. Smith, 
Mrs. J. H. Ripplinger, Mrs. Adolph Unger, Mrs. Edward 
Hoey, Miss Elizabeth Kennedy, Mrs. T. E. Brameld, Mrs. 
Louis Buddenhangen, Mrs. Levy Williamson, all of Neills- 
ville. 

Columbia county — Mrs. A. H. Whitney, Columbus, chair- 
man ; Miss Louisa King, Columbus, secretary ; Mrs. T. O. 
Parry, Cambria; Miss Mary Clark, Portage; Miss Mary 
O'Keefe, Portage ; Mrs. Elmer Luey, Columbus ; Miss Mabel 
Hall, Columbus ; Mrs. Frank Brandt, Portage ; Miss L. B. 
Jamieson, Poynette; Mrs. J. L. Farrington, Rio; Mrs. J. R. 
Wheeler. 

Crawford county — Mrs. G. T. Atwood, Gays Mills, chair- 
man; Mrs. R. L. Marken, Gays Mills; Mrs. J. P. Evans, 
Prairie du Chien ; Mrs. A. J. McDowell, Soldiers Grove; Mrs. 
Alvin Peterson, Soldiers Grove, 



248 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Dane county — Mrs. W. S. Marshall, Madison, chairman; 
Miss Martha Riley, Mrs. George Fisk, Mrs. T. E. Britting- 
ham, Mrs. Burr Jones, Mrs. John Grinde, Mrs. C. B. Chap- 
man, Mrs. I. Weaver, Mrs. J. B. Ramsey, Mrs, A. E. Proud- 
fit, Miss Elizabeth Herfurth, Mrs. Walter Ayer, all of Madi- 
son. 

Dodge county — Mrs. A. G. Hill, Beaver Dam, chairman; 
Mrs. E. E. WilHams, Beaver Dam; Mrs. A. B. Chandler, 
Beaver Dam ; Mrs. John H. Sherman, Beaver Dam ; Miss Ma- 
tilde Binzel, Beaver Dam ; Miss Ruth Griswold, Horicon; 
Mrs. Eva C. Lev^^is, Juneau ; Miss N. E. Casey, Beaver Dam. 

Door county — Mrs. C. M. Sampson, Sturgeon Bay, chair- 
man ; Mrs. T. C. Proctor, Sturgeon Bay; Mrs. L. D. Burns, 
Sturgeon Bay; Miss Elizabeth Madoche, Sawyer; Mrs. Her- 
man Hawkey, Sturgeon Bay; Mrs. N. C. Garland, Sturgeon 
Bay; Mrs. C. M. Stephenson, Sturgeon Bay; Mrs. N. Z. Wag- 
ener. Sturgeon Bay; Mrs. C. I. McDonald, Sturgeon Bay; 
Miss Emma C. Anderson, Sturgeon Bay; Miss Margaret 
Reynolds, Sturgeon Bay. 

Douglas county — Mrs. Philip G. Stratton, Superior, chair- 
man ; Mrs. Fred Owen, Superior, secretary ; Mrs. E. M. Mar- 
tin, Mrs. I. P. Lord, Mrs. T. A. McDougal, Mrs. H. L. Worth- 
man, Mrs. E. L. Erickson, Mrs. Clara L. Brooks, Mrs. C. L. 
Wildner, Mrs. Beulah S. Grant, Miss Marie Campeau, all of 
Superior. 

Dunn county — Mrs. H. C. Inenfeldt, Menomonie, chair- 
man ; Mrs. R. E. Bundy, chairman ; Mrs. A. Egdahl, chairman ; 
Mrs. B. J. Steves, Miss Daisy Kugel, Miss Mary McFadden, 
Miss Theresa Leinenkugel, Miss Emma Jungck, Mrs. J. D. 
Lee, all of Menomonie. 

Eau Claire county — Mrs. A. H. Shoemaker, Eau Claire, 
chairman ; Mrs. James T. Barber, Eau Claire; Mrs. J. D. R. 
Stevens, Eau Claire. 

Florence county — Mrs. E. A. Thieman, Florence, chair- 
man ; Miss Emily Machovec, Mrs. Leonard Reed, Miss Clara 
Rynder, Mrs. Frank Boetcher, Mrs. C. O. Youngs, Mrs. Ed. 



Wisconsin In The World War 249 

Zeisler, Miss Margaret Phelan, Mrs. E. W. Peterson, all of 
Florence. 

Fond du Lac county — Miss Frances G. Perkins, Fond du 
Lac, chairman; Mrs. C. A. Cheney, Fond du Lac, secretary; 
Mrs. F. J. Rueping, Mrs. B. H. Anderson, Mrs. Wm. P. Leek, 
Mrs. G. J. Bean, Miss Mary Fowler, Mrs. Jos. Kitts, Mrs. C. 
A. Cheney, Mrs. Chas. Giese, Mrs. E. L. Maloney, Mrs. K. 
Bresnahan, Mrs. J. B. Perkins, Miss Edith Herren, Mrs. T. S. 
Arthur, all of Fond du Lac ; Mrs. O. W. Hoffman, Waupun ; 
Mrs. W. E. Haseltine, Ripon. 

Forest county — Mrs. A. L. Mordt, Crandon, chairman; 
Mrs. G. C. Planner, Blackwell ; Mrs. Edith Kieth, Crandon; 
Mrs. George Maltby, Laona; Mrs. Fred Rogers, Crandon; 
Mrs. Len Rogers, Nashville; Miss Marie Schenck, Crandon. 

Green county — Mrs. F. B. Luchsinger, Monroe, chair- 
man; Mrs. F. A. Ten Eyck, Brodhead; Mrs. Jessie Weirich, 
Monroe; Mrs. Adolph Sery, Monroe; Mrs. F. F. West, Mon- 
roe; Mrs. C. E. Schriner, Monroe; Mrs. Howard Chadwick, 
Monroe; Miss Harriet Corson, Monroe; Mrs. F, A. Shriner, 
Monroe ; Mrs. John Strahm, Monroe. 

Grant county — Miss Emma Schreiner, Lancaster, chair- 
man; Miss Opal Stevens, Mrs. W. W. Reese, Mrs. A. G. 
Knapp, Sr., all of Lancaster. 

Green Lake county — Mrs. C. S. Morris, Berlin, chairman; 
Mrs. Herbert Safford, Berlin ; Mrs. W. D. Brooks, Green 
Lake; Miss Ellen Russell, Berlin; Mrs. Homer Morris, Green 
Lake; Miss Donna Kutchin, Green Lake; Mrs. Sherwood 
Kutchin, Green Lake ; Mrs. Robert Spragg, Ripon ; Miss Sarah 
J. Quinn, Berlin, 

Iowa county — Mrs. John Williams, Edmund, chairman ; 
Mrs. F, W. Stratman, Dodgeville; Miss Louise Arthur, 
Dodgeville ; Miss Jennie Bayliss, Barneveld ; Mrs. Henry Bray, 
Mineral Point; Mrs. Chas. Davis, Dodgeville; Mrs. W. H. 
PauU, Ridgeway; Mrs. James Brewer, Mineral Point. 

Iron county — Mrs. Luella Trier, Hurley, chairman ; Miss 
Frances Jewell, Miss Edith Golmar, Miss Irene Houlehan, 
Mrs. J. C. Flannagan, Mrs. A. L. Ruggles, Miss Ella Egan, 



250 Wisconsin In The World War 

Mrs. H. Meade, Mrs. W. C. Trezona, Miss Nell McConnell, 
Mrs. Frank Marta, all of Hurley. 

Jackson county — Mrs. L. M. Cumnock, Black River Falls, 
chairman; Mrs. John Mills, Black River Falls; Mrs. R. A. 
Jones, Black River Falls; Miss Alta Higgins, Melrose; Mrs. 
E. A. Miller, Alma Center; Miss Eda Gansel, Alma Center; 
Miss Harriet Bright, Black River Falls; Mrs. Eugene Krohn, 
Black River Falls. 

Jefferson county — Miss Gladys Mollart, Watertow^n, chair- 
man; Miss Carrie J. Smith, Ft. Atkinson; Mrs. L. Maule, Jef- 
ferson; Mrs. Fred Wagner, Ft. Atkinson ;'Dr. Louise Seeber, 
Waterloo; Mrs. Geo. Bruns, Lake Mills; Mrs. C. T. Goodrich, 
Ft. Atkinson ; Mrs. Winifred Davis, Ft. Atkinson ; Miss Mary 
Shinnick, Watertow^n ; Mrs. E. Hilberts, Jefferson ; Mrs. Lynn 
Smith, Jefferson. 

Juneau county — Mrs. C. S. Huntley, Elroy, chairman ; 
Mrs. May F, Grimshaw^, Elroy; Mrs. G. W. Barge, Union 
Center; Mrs. W. J. McCartney, Mauston ; Mrs. Bert Fisk, 
Elroy; Mrs. L. E. Dixon, Elroy; Miss Bernice Chinn, Camp 
Douglas; Mrs. W. B. Parks, Camp Douglas; Mrs. Myrtle 
Bishop, Wonewoc; Mrs. Nye Jorden, Mauston; Mrs. Louis 
Larson, Elroy; Mrs. Brand Starnes, Mauston. 

Kenosha county — Mrs. D. O. Head, Kenosha, chairman ; 
Mrs. Harry Skinkle, Kenosha, secretary ; Mrs. E. C. Thiers, 
Mrs. G. N. Tremper, Mrs. A. H. Lance, Miss Emma Brister, 
Miss Mary E. Langan, Mrs. E. S. Meers, Mrs. Otis Trenary, 
Mrs. M. Z. Wade, Mrs. R. Kriofsky, Miss Harriet F. Bain, 
Mrs. Horace Johnson, Mrs. G. H. Eddy, all of Kenosha. 

Kewaunee county — Mrs. W. A. Cowell, Kewaunee, chair- 
man; Miss Viola Leyse, Kewaunee, secretary; Mrs. J. L. 
Haney, Kewaunee ; Mrs. Chas. Peters, Luxemburg ; Miss 
Gladys Duvall, Kewaunee ; Mrs. Norman Leyse, Kewaunee ; 
Mrs. L. W. Bruemmer, Kewaunee. 

La Crosse county — Mrs. E. C. Thompson, La Crosse, 
chairman ; Mrs. R. G. McDonald, Mrs. H. M. Curtis, Dr. Sara 
Nimocks, Mrs. W. A. Thompson, Miss Grace Edwards, Mrs. 
W. T. Greenwood, Miss Mary Evans, Mrs. E. G. Perkins, Miss 



Wisconsin In The World War 251 

Anna Nashek, Mrs. C. L. Lien, Mrs. Charles Glore, Mr.s. 
Frank E. Davis, Mrs. Munson Burton, Mrs. A. R. Baldwin, 
Mrs. George Bunge, Mrs. Albert Ftinke, Mrs. L. H. White, 
Mrs. C. F. Morley, Miss Lilly Borreson, Miss Jeanette Tor- 
rance, Mrs. Edward Evans, all of La Crosse. 

La Fayette county — Mrs. G. W. Raas, Darlington, chair- 
man; Mrs. Walter Bower, Mrs. Wm. Wilson, Mrs. Ed. Mc 
Ginley, Miss Rose Trestrail, Miss Hattie Greene, Mrs. Vina 
Huntington, Mrs. Chas. Teasdale, Mrs. D. C. Shockley, Miss 
Elizabeth Hogan, Mrs. W. W. Peck, all of Darlington. 

Langlade county — Mrs. E. A. Morse, Antigo, chairman; 
Mrs. H. K. Bassett, Mrs. Lyman Steffen, Mrs. Sam UUman, 
Mrs. J. T. Fitzgerald, Mrs. H. V. Mills, Miss Carrie Collins, 
Miss Elizabeth Cornish, Mrs. R. B. Johns, Mrs. H. V. Mills, 
all of Antigo. 

Lincoln county — Mrs. L. J. Belott, Merrill, chairman , 
Miss Nell Evjue, Miss Mamie Downie, Miss Theta Mead. 
Mrs. Wm. Van Nostrand, Mrs. Charles King, all of Merrill. 

Manitowoc county — Mrs. F. C. Robinson, Manitowoc, 
chairman; Mrs. J. C. Smith, Manitowoc; Miss Calla Endress, 
Manitowoc; Mrs. J. F. Conant, Two Rivers; Mrs. Alice 
Green, Manitowoc; Mrs. R. A. Ritchie, Manitowoc; Miss Eva 
Higgens, Manitowoc ; Mrs. Frank Eggers, Manitowoc. 

Marathon county — Mrs. W. H. Nablo, Wausau, chair- 
man; Mrs. A. H. Reid, Mrs. G. D. Jones, Mrs. C. H. Ingraham, 
Mrs. F. P. Stone, Mrs. M. C. Ewing, Mrs. R. W. Jones, Mrs. 
Walter Flieth, Mrs. L. H. Wheeler, Miss Cora L Lansing, 
Miss Mary Brady, all of Wausau. 

Marinette county — Mrs. Joshua Hodgins, Marinette, chair- 
man ; Mrs. Victor A. Lun-dgren, Mrs. R. H. Stephenson, Mrs. 
A. A. Pinegar, Miss Gladys M. Andrews, Mrs. George W. 
Graves, Mrs. J. R. McLain, Mrs. M. H. Maxwell, all of Mari- 
nette. 

Marquette county — M^rs. Lottie Woodford, Westfield, 
chairman ; Mrs. J. J. Langdon, Westfield ; Mrs. W. T. Currie, 
Montello ; Dr. S. McGregor, Westfield ; Mrs. Waldo Brown, 
Westfield; Miss Caroline Taylor, Endeavor; Mrs. Thomas 



252 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Roberts, Westfield ; Mrs. H. J. Eubank, Westfield ; Mrs. Sarah 
Cogan, Montello; Mrs. Marion Zeigler, Oxford. 

Milwaukee county — Mrs. John W. Mariner, Milwaukee, 
chairman ; Mrs. C. E. Anderton, Miss Gertrude Sherman, Miss 
Kathryn Washburn, Mrs. Jos. Schumacher, Miss Esther Ber- 
lowitz, Mrs. Arthur McGeoch, Mrs. George Lines, Mrs. A. M. 
Simons, Mrs. H. J. Dernehl, all of Milwaukee. 

Monroe county, Eastern Section — Mrs. W. W. Warren, 
Tomah, chairman ; Mrs. C. M. Seeker, Mrs. W. R. McCaul, 
Mrs. L. W. Earle, all of Tomah. 

Monroe county, Western Section — Mrs. H. H. Williams, 
Sparta, chairman; Miss Harriet Hutson, Mrs. Mary Gibbon, 
Sparta. 

Oconto county — Mrs. J. B. Chase, Oconto, chairman ; Miss 
Genie Wilson, Oconto Falls ; Mrs. Stephen Bolles, Oconto ; 
Mrs. B. J. Rohan, Gillett; Mrs. K. M. Chworowsky, Oconto; 
Mrs. A. M. Martineau, Oconto; Miss Malvina Clausen, 
Oconto ; Mrs. R. L. Porterfield, Oconto ; Mrs. A. E. Cleveland, 
Oconto; Mrs. J. A. Ramsey, Oconto. 

Oneida county — Mrs. S. S. Miller, Rhinelander, chairman ; 
Mrs. A. S. Pierce, Mrs. R. J. La Selle, Miss Edith Brown, 
Miss Helen L. Alban, Mrs. C. P. Crosby, Mrs. Webster E. 
Brown, Miss Anne L Oakey, all of Rhinelander. 

Outagamie county — Mrs. Frank E. Wright, Appleton, 
chairman; Mrs. Geo. R. Wettengel, Mrs. Jas. Scott, Mrs. J. 
E. Beckhofer, Mrs. H. W. Abraham, Mrs. Samuel Plantz, 
Mrs. Allen Thuerer, Miss Veronica Green, Miss Anne Har- 
wood, all of Appleton. 

Ozaukee county — Mrs. Julian Zillier, Port Washington, 
chairman ; Mrs. George Savage, Mrs. Frank Kuhn, Miss Bessie 
Bolens, all of Port Washington. 

Pepin county — Mrs. Harry M. Orlady, Durand, chair- 
man ; Mrs. Walter Bowman, Durand. 

Pierce county — Mrs. O. W. Groot, Elmwood, chairman ; 
Mrs. Jessamine B. Costelloe, Prescott; Mrs. J. E. Reinke, Elm- 
wood ; Mrs. August Wilkens, Rock Elm ; Mrs. Alvin Hurtgen, 



Wisconsin In The World War 253 

Rock Elm; Mrs. Kate Bowers, Ellsworth; Miss Bernice San- 
ford, River Falls. 

Polk county — Mrs. G. Hanson, Osceola, chairman; Miss 
Genevieve Nagier, Osceola; Mrs. S. L. Pennington, Amery; 
Mrs. C. A. Love, Luck ; Mrs. J. S. Klinka, Balsam Lake ; Mrs. 
Ralph Carey, Osceola; Mrs. Harry D. Baker, St. Croix Falls; 
Mrs. Chas. Johnson, Amery; Mrs. R. G. Arveson, Frederic; 
Miss Pearl Crommet, Amery, 

Portage county — Mrs. D. J. Leahy, Stevens Point, chair- 
man ; Mrs. C. E. Shorten, Mrs. L. M. Maloney, Mrs. Iva G. 
Haertel, Miss Anna Olsen, Mrs. C. F. Watson, Miss Anna 
Park, Mrs. E. B. Robertson, all of Stevens Point. 

Price county — Mrs. Wm. Milne, Phillips, chairman ; Miss 
Bernice Marsh, Phillips; Mrs. George B. Reedal, Mrs. C. D. 
Fenelon, Mrs. Peter E. Reedal, Mrs. J. L. Davis, Mrs. Frank 
Henry, Miss Gertrude Barry, Mrs. F. A. Kramer, Miss Ida 
Johnson, Miss Anna J. Perkins, Mrs. Pierson Kneeland, all 
of Phillips. 

Racine county. Eastern Division — Mrs. R. S. Preble, Ra- 
cine, chairman; Mrs. Willard T. Walker, Mrs. E. J. Stormer, 
Mrs. E. P. Kastler, Miss Helen Gorton, Mrs. M. M. Barnard, 
Mrs. George B. Wilson, Mrs. H. J. Cadwell, Mrs. Paul Oster- 
gaard, Miss May Burgess, Mrs. L. K. Merrill, Mrs. John Pro- 
strednick. Miss Helen V. Bebb, Mrs. Jack Williams, Miss 
Geneva L. Bower, Mrs. H. C. Severance, Mrs. D. E. Callander, 
Mrs. Fred R. Pettit, Mrs. John W. Owen, Mrs. Stuart Web- 
ster, all of Racine. 

Racine county, Western Division — Mrs. W. G. Rasch, 
Burlington, chairman ; Mrs. J. W. Powers, Mrs. J. W. Chris- 
tian, Mrs. George Fratt, Mrs. G. C. Rasch, Mrs. L. H. Rohr, 
Miss Elizabeth Wilson, Miss Clara Jacobson, Miss Alma Neu- 
haus, Mrs. H. E. Zimmerman, Miss Nettie Karcher, all of 
Burlington. 

Richland county — Mrs. Fred Thompson, Richland Center, 
chairman; Mrs. John Kirkpatrick, Richland Center; Mrs. A. 
A. Thompson, Mrs, F. W. McKee, Mrs. P. L. Lincoln, Mrs. 



254 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Joseph Kelly, Mrs. O. B. James, Mrs. L. C. Johnson, Miss Ada 
James, Mrs. Fred Wohlrabe, all of Richland Center. 

Rock county — Mrs. Frank Van Kirk, Janesville, chair- 
man; Mrs. A. C. Anderson, Edgerton ; Mrs. Minnie Greene, 
Evansville; Mrs. O. C. Colony, Evansville; Mrs. Walter At- 
wood, Janesville; Mrs. Abbie Helms, Janesville; Mrs. Scott 
Hatch, Edgerton; Mrs. C. E. Rose, Janesville; Miss Florence 
C. Day, Edgerton ; Miss Mary McLay, Janesville ; Mrs. Percy 
Munger, Janesville. 

Rusk county — Mrs. Chas. Eisenach, Ladysmith, chair- 
man; Mrs. O. J. Falge, Ladysmith; Mrs. George Manley, 
Ladysmith. 

St. Croix county — Mrs. Andrew Tobin, New Richmond, 
chairman ; Mrs. Hoyt Epley, New Richmond ; Mrs. Jas. E. 
Hughes, New Richmond; Mrs. Chas. Jensch, Hudson; Mrs. 
J. H. Coe, New Richmond ; Mrs. Andrew Tobin, New Rich- 
mond ; Mrs. H. H. Smith, New Richmond ; Mrs. Fred J. Carr, 
Hudson. 

Sauk county — Mrs. Frank Avery, Baraboo, chairman; 
Miss Ethel Sue Horton, Mrs. Hugh Kelly, Mrs. W. E. Bar- 
inger, Mrs. E. F. Dithmar, Miss Georgiana McFetridge, Mrs. 
E. Groth, Miss Matilda Reul, all of Baraboo. 

Sawyer county — Mrs. J. S. McGeorge, Hayward, chair- 
man ; Miss Nellie Jordan, Mrs. W. V. Silverthorn, Mrs. H. E. 
Rohlf, Miss Nell Mockler, Mrs. C. D. Stillman, Mrs. Wm. H. 
Biegler, all of Hayward. 

Shawano county — Mrs. Mary E. Weber, Shawano, chair- 
man ; Mrs. Mary Zachow, Miss Vera Howard, Miss Lottie 
Stubenvoll, Mrs. Chester Goddake, Mrs. E. J. Scott, Miss Inez 
Humphrey, Mrs. R. A. Upham, Miss A. M. Amenson, all of 
Shawano. 

Sheboygan county, Eastern Section — Mrs. T. M. Bowler, 
Sheboygan, chairman ; Mrs. C. E. Hillyer, Mrs. Walter J. 
Kohler, Mrs. W. P. Roseman, Mrs. E. O. Lutze, Mrs. Walter 
S. Piper, Mrs. E. A. Ebert, Mrs. E. R. Bowler, Mrs. Chas. 
Browne, Miss Alice R. Wilson, all of Sheboygan. 



1 

Wisconsin In The World Wab 255 

Sheboygan county, Western Section — Mrs. Harriet Cor- 
bett, Plymouth, chairman; Mrs. Carl Corbett, Mrs, C. A. 
Rubado, Mrs. Arthur Stark, Mrs. Catherine Wheeler, Mrs. I. 
B. Wensink, Miss Jessie B. Cole, Mrs. A. C. Luecker, Mrs. 
Roy Weik, all of Plymouth. 

Taylor county — Miss Margaret Ryan, Medford, chair- 
man; Miss Irene Stone, Medford, chairman; Miss Verna 
Philipps, Medford; Mrs. E. W. Watson, Medford; Mrs. H. 
M. Koehler, Medford; Mrs. Geo. McClure, Westboro; Mrs. 
R. H. Musselman, Medford; Mrs. K. J. Urquhart, Medford; 
Mrs. A. E. Whitney, Medford; Miss Florence Smith, Med- 
ford; Mrs. J. Upjohn, Rib Lake; Mrs. W. B. Patrick, Rib 
Lake. 

Trempealeau county — Mrs. J. M. Ingalls, Whitehall, chair- 
man; Mrs. R. S. Cowie, Whitehall; Mrs. O. A. Breakey, Blair; 
Mrs. A. J. Lamberson, Whitehall ; Mrs. Harriet MacCornack, 
Whitehall; Mrs. A. R. Markham, Independence; Mrs. H. 
Ruseling, Eleva; Mrs. Jennie Simpson, Arcadia. 

Vernon county — Miss Maud Neprud, Viroqua, chairman ; 
Mrs. T. O. Mork, Mrs. Bertha F. Lauder, Mrs. W. D. Dyson, 
Mrs. R. W. Baldwin, Mrs. John Henry Bennett, Miss Clara A. 
Glenn, Miss Ethel Nuzum, Mrs. R. W. Baldwin, all of Viro- 
qua. 

Vilas county — Mrs. Ruby B. Radcliffe, Eagle River, 
chairman ; Mrs. Rena Thorp, Mrs. Gertrude La Renzie, Mrs. 
Imogene Hall, Mrs. Clara Menefee, Mrs. Mae E. Lawler, Mrs. 
Pearl E. Strong, Mrs. Margaret McKenzie, all of Eagle River. 

Walworth county — Miss Helen Martin, Elkhorn, chair- 
man; Miss Lulu Matheson, Elkhorn, secretary; Mrs. I, U. 
Wheeler, Miss Edith Hatch, Miss Ethel R. Nott, Mrs. Jame.^ 
Harris, Mrs. Grant D. Harrington, all of Elkhorn. 

Washburn county — Mrs. John Putz, Shell Lake, chair- 
man ; Miss Laura Kellar, Shell Lake ; Mrs. Mattie J. Tozer, 
Spooner; Mrs. H. F. Benson, Shell Lake; Mrs. Charles Shon, 
Shell Lake; Mrs. D. J. Albee, Shell Lake; Mrs. M. E. Albee, 
Shell Lake. 



256 Wisconsin In The Wobld Was 

Washington county — Mrs. C. C. Henry, West Bend, 
chairman ; Mrs. Wareham Rix, West Bend ; Miss Ella Kuehl- 
than, West Bend ; Miss Irene Hoyer, West Bend ; Miss Marie 
Weller, West Bend; Miss Florence Day, West Bend; Miss 
Sadie Le Count, Hartford; Mrs. George Kuehlthan, West 
Bend; Mrs. Mary K. Hoppe, West Bend. 

Waukesha county — Mrs. M. Kartak, Oconomowoc, chair- 
man; Mrs. H. J. Frame, Waukesha; Mrs. F. E. Tichenor, 
Waukesha; Mrs. G. B. Rhoades, Waukesha; Mrs. H. B. Ed- 
wards, Eagle; Mrs. H. B. Hartshorn, Waukesha; Mrs. H. 
M. Youmans, Waukesha; Mrs. Fred Weber, Oconomowoc; 
Mrs. L. D, Ely, Waukesha. 

Waupaca county — Mrs. Elizabeth Bronson, Waupaca, 
chairman; Mrs. D. F. Burnham, Waupaca; Mrs. F. Mulvaney, 
Marion; Mrs. Beatrice Parmenter, Waupaca; Mrs. C. H. Phil- 
lips, Waupaca; Mrs. John W. Evans, Waupaca; Mrs. E. H. 
Miles, Waupaca; Mrs. A. R. Lea, Waupaca. 

Waushara county — Mrs. Fay M. Patterson, Wild Rose, 
chairman; Miss Nellie Walker, Wautoma, secretary; Mrs. 
Hubert Younglove, Wautoma, treasurer; Mrs. Ed. O'Connor, 
Hancock ; Mrs. Frank Dopp, Wild Rose ; Mrs. William Kim- 
ball, Pine River; Mrs. William Beach, Wautoma; Mrs. C. O. 
Luce, Hancock; Mrs. L. S. Brooks, Coloma; Mrs. F. B. Raw- 
son, Plainfield; Mrs. William Tyler, Wautoma; Mrs. CHnt 
Darling, Wild Rose; Mrs. Ed. O'Connor, Hancock. 

Winnebago county — Mrs. E. R. Smith, Oshkosh, chair- 
man; Mrs. J. E. Bassett, Oshkosh; Miss Ruth Henderson, 
Oshkosh; Mrs. J. E. Bassett, Oshkosh; Mrs. George Finch, 
Oshkosh; Mrs. L. M. Miller, Winneconne; Airs. Edward M. 
Crane, Oshkosh; Mrs. T. E. McGillan, Menasha; Mrs. Frank 
Wakeman, Oshkosh ; Mrs. D. E. Rockwood, Oshkosh ; Mrs. 
Luther Davies, Oshkosh ; Mrs. Frank Ford, Oshkosh ; Mrs. 
P. W. Hollister, Oshkosh; Mrs. Frank E. Grove, Menasha; 
Miss Nellie Maxwell, Neenah; Mrs. John Howell, Omro; Mrs. 
Stephen Radford, Oshkosh. 

Wood county — Mrs. Isaac P. Witter, Grand Rapids, 
chairman; Mrs. R. M. Gibson, Grand Rapids; Mrs. G. M. 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 257 

Hill, Grand Rapids; Mrs. D. R. Mead, Grand Rapids; Mrs. 
A. F. Jones, Grand Rapids ; Miss Jennie Schrage, Grand Rap- 
ids; Mrs. Laurence L. Hebberd, Grand Rapids; Mrs. M. H. 
Jackson, Grand Rapids; Mrs. Franz Rosebush, Port Edwards; 
Mrs. Guy Nash, Grand Rapids; Mrs. W. F. Kellogg, Grand 
Rapids ; Mrs. Henry Demitz, Grand Rapids ; Miss Cecile Ar 
pin. Grand Rapids ; Mrs. J. C. Marsh, Marshfield ; Mrs. E. M 
Deming, Marshfield; Mrs. E. R. Dickerson, Marshfield; Mrs 
W. D. Connor, Marshfield ; Miss Caroline Shaw, Marshfield 
Mrs. R. J. Straus, Marshfield ; Miss Fannie Cole, Marshfield ; 
Mrs. Anna Lathrop, Marshfield ; Mrs. R. E. Andrews, Marsh- 
field; Mrs. W. D. Wheeler, Marshfield. 

On August 31, 1917, at a conference of the executive 
committee, Mrs. Morgan reported that in sixty-six of the 
seventy-one counties there was a woman member of the 
county council of defense. In thirty-six counties the com- 
mittees were thoroughly organized. Monthly reports were 
decided upon, and the mailing list of Forward showed the 
names of 722 active workers. Mrs. John W. Mariner of Mil- 
waukee reported that the work of women for the second Lib- 
erty Loan was being organized, Mrs. E. L. Maloney of Fond 
du Lac, chairman of home and foreign relief, reported that 
letters had been sent to local representatives in towns where 
soldiers were stationed asking that the men be looked after, 
Mrs. Kittle, chairman of the committee on women in industry, 
reported the appointment of a committee in each industrial 
center, and Miss Abby L. Marlatt reported forty-seven 
counties where food conservation work was being done in an 
organized way. 

Food pledge cards had been distributed in sixty-five 
counties, and 50,000 bulletins on drying had been sent into 
the state. 
■ The following resolution was adopted : 

"Recognizing that support of the war and the consequent 
high cost of living makes economy in the household and the 
community imperative during the coming months, be it 

"Resolved, That in planning for the Christmas festivities 



268 Wisconsin In The World War 

we urge that only useful presents be purchased, and that we 
call attention to the fact that a Liberty Bond of large or 
small denomination makes a most acceptable present." 

This resolution also was adopted : 

"In view of the fact that some of the people of Wisconsin 
do not appear to appreciate the crisis facing our government, 
and do not understand the fundamental principles underlying 
this great conflict, be it 

"Resolved, That this committee recognize the imperative 
need of the education of the people through patriotic speeches ; 
that the committee cooperate with other forces to provide 
patriotic speeches throughout Wisconsin ; that it especially 
urge all women's clubs, lodges, chapters, aid societies and all 
other women's organizations to give place on their programs, 
early and often, to addresses of this character." 

That women were doing notable war work was shown 
in October, 1917, when a report by Mrs. Morgan said that in 
sixty-six counties there was a complete organization and that 
food conservation work, lectures, canning and drying demon- 
strations and canning classes were common to all counties. 
The county women's committees had been directly responsible 
for 248 Red Cross organizations. 

Women were being urged to join the women's commit- 
tees, and service pins were being distributed. 

Women were beginning to carry their own parcels to 
release delivery men for war. 

The speakers' bureau had 100 speakers listed. Child wel- 
fare work was beginning all over the state, an undertaking 
which was completed so successfully that it added another 
chapter to the state's war record for practical response to the 
nation's calls. The women of the state were preparing to do 
their part in a national undertaking to sell one billion dollars' 
worth of Liberty Bonds. 

The first woman emergency food agent to be appointed 
was Mrs. Lyla Flagler, whose services were given jointly to 
Jefiferson and Waukesha counties. The movement to estab- 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 259 

lish women conservation experts was under the direction of 
Miss Emma Conley. 

Reports from counties showed wonderful results by 
women in the Liberty Loan campaign. Outside of Milwaukee 
county, which naturally led in sales, the women of Brown, 
Racine and Winnebago counties had the best record, more 
than a quarter of a million having been sold in each. The 
Milwaukee county women had sold more than two and one- 
half millions. The total sales in the drive were over $6,- 
000,000. 

The women's committee now began to form an organiza- 
tion which was to reach every school district. Dane county 
was the first to report, where the county organization was 
handled by Mrs. Walter Ayer. 

The appointment of chairmen of county speakers' bureaus 
brought good results, meetings being held all over the state. 
In Walworth county, where Mrs. James L. Harris was chair- 
man, eleven meetings had been held. In Rock county moving 
pictures were given with the talks, and in Columbia count}' 
Mrs. J. R. Wheeler, chairman, had arranged twelve meetings, 
copies of "On Wisconsin" being distributed to be sung at 
all patriotic gatherings. 

The women's committee had been responsible for raising 
$53,924.78 for the Y. W. C. A. war fund. 

A program was announced by the committee on women 
in industry which was important. The following results 
were obtained : 

Information was secured concerning industries depleted 
by the draft. 

Information was secured as to the possibility of supply- 
ing these positions by women and as to the condition of work. 

Those lacking employment were brought to the attention 
of employers needing women. 

What was perhaps the largest meeting of women war 
workers up to this time was held in Appleton January 18, 
1918. More than 800 attended. 

The women's committee began, on April 6, 1918, an in- 



260 Wisconsin In The World War 

ventory of all children under 6 years in the state. It was 
popularly called "weighing the babies," and it took the work- 
ers into every home in the state. The work was part of a 
national campaign, and in Wisconsin it was in charge of Mrs. 
May F. Grimshaw of Elroy, who was assisted by a commit- 
tee consisting of Dr. Dorothy Reed Mendenhall, Washington, 
D. C, Mrs. Louise Fenton Brand of the Wisconsin Anti- 
Tuberculosis association, Mrs. Mary C. Bradford, superin- 
tendent of schools in Kenosha, Mrs. C. P. Gary of Madison 
and Miss Elizabeth Woods of Madison. 

Ways in which women were helping to win the war were 
many and a few are mentioned as typical. The home eco- 
nomic division of the committee in Racine was conducting 
free cooking and sewing classes. The food conservation com- 
mittee in Dane county was arranging a series of traveling 
window displays to be sent to villages and towns. In Mar- 
athon county the committee had an "Employed Girls' League 
for Overseas Service." It had ninety members. Manitowoc 
county was organizing its high school girls as "Daughters of 
Defense." A committee was looking after the welfare of 
women and children in canneries and helping to minimize 
the waste of materials in food production plants. Racine 
county sent Mrs. Elizabeth Merrill to Camp MacArthur to 
mend and darn for boys in camp there, the materials being 
supplied by the committee. 

More than 3,000 women were wearing the bronze service 
pin of the women's committee at this time, and the number 
was growing daily. The child welfare work had taken a 
definite plan, and a complete file index of all the children in 
the state, with valuable data as to their physical well-being, 
was expected. 

More than 400 women assembled at the state capitol on 
March 27, 1918, from all parts of the state, to discuss war 
problems. Service was the keynote of the two days' confer- 
ence that followed. The subjects that attracted the most at- 
tention were Americanization, child welfare, the necessity of 
a rigid conservation of wheat, the work of women on draft 



Wisconsin In The Wokld War 261 

boards, the approaching Liberty Loan campaign, and the 
value of the Junior Red Cross. Addresses were made by 
Mrs. Morgan, Miss Abby L. Marlatt, Mrs. Lois K. Matthews, 
dean of women at the University of Wisconsin, Mrs. Fred- 
erick Paxson, Mrs. Hobart Johnson, Mrs. Edith E. Hoyt, 
Mrs. E. F. Bickel, Miss EHzabeth Herfurth and others. 

"Don't Waste the Summer" v^as the message sent lo 
every girl in the state by the women's committee early in 
1918. 

The appeal to their patriotism said : 

"The closing of school in June should not mean two 
months of idleness for anyone concerned, and the girl who 
is not planning to put that time to useful purpose is a slacker 
of the worst sort. 

"For the older girls — the girls who have completed a 
high school course or the girls who are in normal schools and 
colleges — the summer months offer an opportunity to begin 
real preparation for professional work. June will see a de- 
pletion in the ranks of trained nurses and already from the 
hospitals of the state comes word that their waiting lists for 
students are smaller than usual, even though the demand is 
greater. Most of the hospitals start their training classes 
in June and girls who are planning to go into this work are 
urged to make application at once. The world has great 
need of nurses just now and a girl who decides to go into 
training at once may rest assured that she is responding to 
a great patriotic call. 

"Teaching is another of the professions for which new 
workers must be recruited. The call for stenographers and 
typists is almost as great as the demand for either nurses or 
teachers and the summer is the time for a girl to enter busi- 
ness college and get ready for the task ahead." 

Mrs. John W. Mariner of Milwaukee, in a report of the 
activity of women in the Third Liberty Loan, gave a total of 
$9,100,400. In her report she said: 

"The allotment plan adopted in all the counties of the 
Ninth and most of those of the Seventh, although an excellent 



262 Wisconsin In The World Was 

plan of producing results in the state, had materially reduced 
the size of the reportable subscriptions of the women's com- 
mittee, because in almost all cases the men wished to handle 
the allotment cards entirely, and of course all large sub- 
scriptions have fallen to their share. The women of Wis- 
consin are better organized than they have been before, and 
have done fine work in this Third Liberty Loan campaign. 
In justice to them it should be stated that the size of the re- 
port of subscription does not begin to show the amount of 
efifort expended, as their work was in many places entirely 
educational." 

Wisconsin women were represented at the first annual 
conference of the women's committee, Council of National 
Defense, held in Washington May 13, 14 and 15, 1918, by Mrs. 
Henry LL Morgan, Miss A. L. Marlatt, Miss Juliet C. Thorpe, 
Mrs. B. M. Caples, Mrs. A. L. P. Dennis and Dr. Dorothy 
Reed Mendenhall. An interesting series of charts giving an 
outline of the work being done by W^isconsin was prepared 
by the information department and was on display during the 
conference. 

The women's advisory committee at this time decided to 
ask the government to take the proper steps to restrict the 
advertising and conspicuous display of non-essentials. The 
following resolution was adopted : 

"Whereas, it is the opinion of thoughtful women that an 
effective way by which diversion of our productive energies 
from non-essential lines may be speedily accomplished is by 
some form of restrictive measures imposed by the govern- 
ment upon the advertising and conspicuous display of non- 
essentials ; therefore, be it 

"Resolved, That the women's committee of the Wisconsin 
State Council of Defense transmit to the various trade con- 
trol agencies of the federal government the pledge of the com- 
mittee to cooperate in creating public sentiment in support 
of the government trade and economic policies." 

At this meeting Mrs. E. F. Bickel, chairman of the de- 
partment on health and recreation, stated that in cooperation 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 263 

with the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis association and the 
state board of health a survey of the resources of the state 
was being made by means of a questionnaire which was being 
sent to every city, town and village in the state. Its purpose 
was to establish the status of the health resources of the state. 
Mrs. Edith E. Hoyt, chairman, reported that work for the 
children's year had been started in all but eight of the seventy- 
one counties and that the committee was urging the appoint- 
ment of a visiting nurse in every county. The department 
of women in industry, it was reported by Mrs. William Kittle, 
chairman, had sent out a questionnaire through which it was 
hoped to find out how many women were taking the places 
of men in industry. Miss A. L. Marlatt reported cooperation 
in her department, food conservation, and Mrs. Lois K. Mat- 
thews reported that university girls were registering for 
summer work in various lines. 

Efforts were made at this time to secure the registration 
of every retired nurse in Wisconsin. Letters were sent to 
every county and special articles were sent through the pub- 
licity channels urging every woman who was eligible to come 
forward and do what she could to relieve the shortage of 
nurses. 

The women's committee now had three field organizers at 
work. They were Mrs. Ben Hooper of Oshkosh, Mrs. E. C. 
Thompson of La Crosse, who later became head of the 
women's committee, and Miss Carrie Smith of JefTerson. All 
were good speakers and addressed meetings in many counties. 

The organization of a Girls' Patriotic League with its 
membership almost entirely drawn from the factories of the 
city was a plan adopted by the women's committee in Win- 
nebago county. Eight employers of women were asked to 
appoint two young women from each plant, the choice being 
given to girls of foreign birth. These sixteen young women 
then held several meetings with the Americanization com- 
mittee. It was decided that each girl was to inform herself 
as to the cause and history of the war and carry home her 
conviction to every person she knew. 



264 Wisconsin In The Woeld War 

Of this work Mrs. Stephen Radford wrote : 

"The girls are much interested and admit there is plenty 
of need for the work. To make their efforts accomplish the 
greatest possible results we are going to provide for a course 
of lectures on the war and our position in regard to it, to be 
given especially for them and their friends. For our lectures 
we have the assistance of normal and high school teachers." 

This plan was carried out in many other counties with 
good results. 

An example of the great work being done by women now 
was a report from Dane county, which showed that thirty- 
two townships were organized, and that women had given 
236 hours of clerical work to the draft boards. Ninety food 
demonstrations, at which 4,500 persons were present, had 
been held. Twelve thousand copies of the wheatless manual 
had been sold at a nominal price to cover the cost of printing, 
and the speakers' bureau had sent out 342 speakers who had 
reached 15,602 persons. 

The women started an agitation for aid for soldiers sent 
home from camps suffering from tuberculosis, and urged the 
establishment of county sanitoriums. 

In La Crosse girls from six factories had been organized 
into a junior defense league. In Kenosha twenty young 
women were members of the auto squad, "driving their cars 
for Uncle Sam." Thirty girls in Richland county enlisted to 
go into the homes of farmers and assist in housework. 

All over the state the same enthusiastic work was being 
carried on, and girls and women were enlisting for practical 
war work. 

Lincoln county women were holding a series of meetings. 
In Portage county sales were being held for the benefit of the 
Red Cross, war bread exhibits were being held in many coun- 
ties, La Crosse women were offering premiums for canning, 
drying and preserving, and Milwaukee county women had 
published a list of substitutes for wheat. All the young wom- 
en home from school in Marquette county were enrolled for 



Wisconsin In The Woeld War 265 

war work, and in Outagamie county all the committees were 
active. 

Mrs. Ben Hooper, field organizer, had been in Vilas coun- 
ty, where, with Mrs. W. H. Radcliffe, county chairman, she 
had driven from one mill town to another. The greatest 
eagerness was reported among the women for information and 
for opportunities to do war service. High school girls in 
Green Bay had raised $28,000 for the Red Cross, in Buffalo 
county women had knitted $2,000 worth of yarn into articles 
for soldiers, in Chippewa the women had taken a census of the 
county, and in Door county girls were joining clubs to learn 
the baking of Liberty bread and other war time cooking. The 
women of Fond du Lac had been active in the war savings 
stamp campaign. La Crosse county women were giving re- 
ceptions for soldiers, Milwaukee county reported 4,000 women 
active in food conservation work, and the women of Outagamie 
county were holding daily meetings. More than 100 women 
attended a "war luncheon" in Grand Rapids, and the announce- 
ment was made that the women of every town in the county 
were organized for war work. The food conservation com- 
mittee in Portage county had concluded a six weeks course 
at the normal training school, demonstrating how to use sub- 
stitutes for wheat. 

On June 20, 1918, a conference of the county, city and de- 
partment chairmen of the Fox River valley women's com- 
mittees was held in Oshkosh, delegates attending from Wau- 
paca, Fond du Lac, Winnebago, Green Lake, Brown and Outa- 
gamie counties. Kewaunee and Door later joined this organ- 
ization. Mrs. E. R. Smith, Oshkosh, presided and addresses 
were made by Miss Mabel Gilkey, Oshkosh, Mrs. C. E. Hatch, 
Madison, Mrs. E. F. Bickel, Oshkosh, Mrs. H. H. Morgan, 
Madison, Mrs. Stephen Radford, Oshkosh, Mrs. James Scott, 
Appleton, Mrs. W. P. Wagner, Green Bay, and Miss Emma 
Conley, Madison. 

The work of women in the operation of curb markets was 



266 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

shown in a letter from Miss Frances G. Perkins, chairman of 
the Fond du Lac county committee : 

"The curb market has been in operation since early in 
May, and apparently is as successful from the producers' side 
as last year. Prices keep just under market prices on such 
commodities as eggs and chickens. Things are fresh and in 
excellent condition and there is considerable variety." 

These markets, made possible by the attention given them 
by women, helped to keep down the war time cost of living 
as much as possible. 

The work of the women of the state in child welfare cam- 
paigns was praised by the state board of health in the follow- 
ing resolution adopted at this time : 

"Whereas, an earnest attempt is being made throughout 
the country to save the lives of 100,000 young children each 
year, and 

"Whereas, the work of weighing and measuring young 
children as recommended by the United States Children's 
bureau has created an intense interest in the subject of child 
welfare throughout the state, and 

"Whereas, the material increase in the cost and the scar- 
city of necessary foods, due to war conditions, is apt to result 
in undernourishment of young children, and 

"Whereas, it is necessary to know of this undesirable con- 
dition as soon as possible in order to conserve our child life, 

"Therefore, Be it Resolved by the state board of health in 
regular semi-annual meeting assembled, that the board heartily 
recommends the work which is being done in conserving our 
child life and it strongly recommends to the schools of the 
state that provision be made for the weighing and measuring 
of young children in the spring and fall of each year during 
the period of the war." 

Adams county was the last of the seventy-one counties to 
form a woman's organization, after hearing addresses by Mrs. 
Edward C. Thompson, field organizer, but none the less active 
during the remaining period of the war. With the council of 



Wisconsin In The World War 267 

defense committees had been acting various other organiza- 
tions. The Wisconsin Woman's Suffrage association had 
been active for the overseas hospital unit, besides assisting in 
all patriotic campaigns. The Wisconsin Consumers' league 
had been doing research work in the interest of women and 
children at work, and had investigated the cost of living. The 
Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic had taken up all 
branches of war work and were at this time raising funds for 
the canteen committee. The Pythian war fund had been 
created by the Pythian Sisters. The Wisconsin Chapter of 
the International Federation of Catholic Alumnae had been at 
work in the schools, and the Woman's Relief Corps had been 
prominent in Americanization work. 

The Wisconsin Woman's Christian Temperance Union 
had performed definite war service, and the Wisconsin Asso- 
ciation of Graduate Nurses was filling the demands for nurses 
as well as conducting classes in Red Cross work, elementary 
hygiene and home care of the sick. Other organizations 
which were doing their share were the League for Women's 
Service, the Daughters of the American Revolution, Catholic 
Women's clubs. Eastern Star, Collegiate alumnae, Federation 
of Women's clubs, Daughters of 1812, Mothers' Congress, 
Woman's Synodical Missionary society of the Presbyterian 
church in Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Woman's Home Mis- 
sionary Union. 

The part that the women were taking in the war was well 
illustrated by the efforts of six young women of Fort Atkin- 
son, who made up a Liberty Sextette. They produced a play- 
let, "The Girls Over Here," which was one of the best pieces 
of American propaganda offered in the state during the war. 
The girls, Corinne Lawton, Hertha Wandschneider, Gertrude 
Beyer, Helen Reynolds, Maryette Goodrich and Blanche Van- 
dewater, were school chums, and the playlet was rehearsed 
in their homes. They gave it before dozens of large audiences 
during the war. 



268 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

The work of women thus far was summed up in July, 
1918, in reports from committee chairmen. 

"Returns from the first section of the survey are coming 
in rapidly," reported Mrs. E. F. Bickel, chairman of the com- 
mittee on health and recreation, "and it is hoped to have full 
reports from every county by July 30. 

"The department is working for permanent agencies to 
accomplish definite work. Among these may be mentioned 
the erection of sanatoria in each county to care for all tubercu- 
lars ; the appointment of county health nurses to care for the 
health of our rural population ; the establishment of municipal 
recreation systems in every city and incorporated village, to 
provide, free for all, body developing, character building rec- 
reation ; the developing in every township of community rec- 
reation for the rural population. 

"The next definite task for the county committees will be 
the organization throughout the state of the Patriotic League. 
We hope to have every girl and young woman in the state a 
member of the league." 

Said Miss Abby L. Marlatt, chairman of the food con- 
servation committee : 

"In sixty-five counties of Wisconsin there are 76 chair- 
men of Food Conservation committees and in the other six 
counties the chairmen of the woman's committee are acting 
as chairmen of the Conservation committee. 

"Plans in regard to the food exhibits at the county fairs 
have been forwarded by the conservation chairmen with the 
suggestion that no prize be given for wheat bread and rolls, 
doughnuts, cakes with frostings, rich cakes made with wheat 
and sugar or jams and preserves requiring large quantities of 
sugar. Where a competitive exhibit is put on the suggestion 
was made that the products be sold in cafeteria style for 
lunches rather than have an exhibit that would eventually be 
a waste of food material. 

"The canning campaign is being carried on under the lead- 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 269 

ership of the conservation committees and in cooperation with 
the home demonstration agents." 

This was the report of Mrs. Edith R. Hoyt, chairman of 
the committee on child welfare : 

"The weighing- and measuring of children under six in 
Wisconsin is still making progress, four counties having com- 
pleted this work and others carrying it on with interest and 
success. In many counties this work would have been com- 
pleted earlier had materials for it been available when called 
for. In many communities the weighing and measuring was 
supplemented by a more complete physical examination of 
young children and many mothers have been instructed as to 
the care of children, particularly in the line of nutrition. At 
practically all meetings throughout the state child welfare 
has been discussed and plans are now under way for carrying 
on this work throughout the coming months." 

Mrs. William Kittle, chairman of the committee on women 
in industry, reported : 

"The following is a report of the counties which have re- 
turned the questionnaires sent them recently by the state com- 
mittee. The questionnaire covered two subjects, viz, what 
the county committees were doing to assist the draft boards 
in the industrial classification of the drafted men and also 
what could be done to supply emergency help to pea canneries 
so that the crop would be cared for and at the same time the 
order of hours of labor as issued by the Industrial Commission 
be upheld. 

"In the twenty-seven counties where the pea canneries of 
the state are located the women in industry committees 
agreed to aid the canneries in every way possible. 

"Forty-four counties returned information concerning as- 
sistance given the local draft boards. In sixteen of the forty- 
four counties the boards needed no assistance. 

"In the twenty-eight remaining counties a total of 588 
women served the boards, giving 3,888 hours of service in the 
last three months." 



270 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

This report was made by Mrs. H. M. Youmans, chairman 
of the Americanization committee : 

"Questionnaires for the purpose of ascertaining the 
strength and extent of Americanization work now being car- 
ried on have recently been sent to all the counties. When 
the returns are compiled the department will have a founda- 
tion upon which to build its work of the future. The ques- 
tionnaire included inquiries as to the nationality of the foreign 
group in each county and the need of reaching them with 
literature printed either in their own or in the English 
language. 

"County chairmen have been instructed to arrange food 
demonstration for foreign groups, keeping such demonstra- 
tions thoroughly informal, with a view to getting into closer 
touch with the women it is desired to reach. They have been 
instructed to work towards the establishment of classes for 
teaching English and also to keep in special touch with the 
children who should be organized for patriotic work. . 

"A reception for all citizens naturalized in Milwaukee dur- 
ing the past year was held on July 2, when 590 men with their 
wives and children, many of them dressed in the costume of 
their own countries, were gues.ts of honor of the council of 
defense. The affair was most impressive. Twenty-two coun- 
ties in Wisconsin now have women chairmen on American- 
ization." 

The following report was made by Mrs. L. D. Harvey, 
chairman of the committee on women's clubs organization : 

"Since the declaration of war the Federation of Women's 
clubs has endeavored to co-operate with the women's com- 
mittee of the Council of Defense in all its activities, working 
on and contributing to the various kinds of war work, and fur- 
nishing leaders in organizing the communities to meet the spe- 
cial war demands. 

"Local clubs have been active throughout the state in. pro- 
moting child welfare, food conservation, food demonstrations, 
war gardens, public health, Americanization, education, Red 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 271 

Cross work in the betterment of social and industrial condi- 
tions, and other work which space forbids enumerating. 

"During the year the clubs have contributed $78,000 to the 
various war relief funds. The local clubs have adjusted their 
programs, work and days of meeting so as to be of the utmost 
service in helping to win the war." 

A patriotic play week was arranged by the women, and 
handled by county chairmen. Women's war work was dem- 
onstrated in county fair exhibits as an example for others. 
The Girls' Patriotic League had been thoroughly organized 
in the state, and the members were signing pledges to do the 
following kinds of war work : Gardening, cooking, canning, 
calf raising, corn raising, potato raising, poultry raising, in- 
fant care, child welfare, first aid, home nursing, home relief 
work, surgical dressings, refugee garments, athletic games, 
folk dancing. Liberty chorus, orchestra or band, music, drama, 
English, French, millinery, dressmaking, plain sewing. 

The speakers' bureau had taken charge of the campaign 
for the Y. W. C. A. war fund, and training institutes had been 
established in Madison, Milwaukee, Wausau, La Crosse and 
Duluth, Minn. 

Women representing councils of defense in nine counties, 
Buffalo, Trempealeau, Jackson, Monroe, Juneau, Adams, Ver- 
non, Crawford and La Crosse, held a conference in La Crosse 
in October, 1918, which was largely attended. In September 
Wisconsin had been represented at a mid-west conference in 
Chicago by Miss Tracy Copp of the Wisconsin Industrial 
commission, Dr. Helen Harbert, Kenosha, Mrs. M. V. O'Shea 
of Madison, Mrs. Glenn P. Turner of Madison, and Mrs. H. H. 
Morgan. 

The last statewide conference for women war workers be- 
fore the signing of the armistice was held in Madison October 
23 to 26, 1918. The meeting was attended by Dr. Anna How- 
ard Shaw of Washington, chairman of the women's committee 
of the National Council of Defense. Addresses were made by 
Mrs. E. F. Bickel, Oshkosh ; Dr. Sara Nimocks, La Crosse; 



272 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Mrs. Burr Jones, Madison ; Mrs. J. F. Conant, Manitowoc ; 
Mrs. Nellie Kedzie Jones, Madison ; Mrs. H. M. Youmans, 
Waukesha; Mrs. A. M. Simons, Milwaukee; Mrs. William 
Kittle, Madison ; Miss J. C. Thorp, Madison ; Miss A. L. Mar- 
latt, Madison; Miss Hazel Manning, Madison; Mrs. E. L. 
Maloney, Fond du Lac ; Mrs. Walter Ayer, Madison ; Mrs. E. 
B. Frost, Williams Bay; Mrs. Edith Hoyt, Madison; Miss 
Theta Mead, Merrill ; Elizabeth Woods, Madison ; Miss Mary 
Oakley, Madison ; Miss Wedin, Madison, and others. 

The reports at this meeting showed that the women were 
doing more than their share of war work in the state. Seven- 
ty-one counties were organized, with the chairmen members 
of the county councils of defense. More than 2,500 local 
units had been formed, with a group of women at work in 
every city, village, township or school district. Women had 
travelled many miles, at their own expense, to attend three 
statewide conferences and two district meetings. 

The reports at the close of the war showed that by the 
affiliation of all women's organizations the committee was 
able to reach without delay 80,000 women war workers. The 
committees had recruited 726 student nurses. A compre- 
hensive exhibit had been made at the state fair. American- 
ization committees were at work in thirty-four counties. Ap- 
proximately 160,000 children had been weighed in the state, 
many child welfare clinics had been held and some permanent 
ones established. Cooperating with the food administration, 
275,000 food pledges had been secured, twenty-five home 
demonstrators had been sent out into the state, volunteer 
groups had been trained to give food demonstrations, many 
curb and city markets had been installed and maintained, 
window exhibits had been arranged by the hundreds, canning 
and drying activities had extended throughout the state, and 
meetings had been held in 230 community centers. 

The home and foreign relief committee had a central de- 
pot at Madison for the storing and distribution of clothing 
being made over by women, and clothing had been shipped 



Wisconsin In The World War 273 

abroad through the American Fund for French Wounded, the 
Duryea War Relief, the American Girls' Committee in Paris, 
the Belgian Relief Commission and the Red Cross. The com- 
mittee for the Fatherless Children of France had been pro- 
moted, and 5,000 children had been adopted in the state. 

The department of information had distributed 71,500 
pieces of printed matter. The speakers' bureau had sent out 
700 speakers who had made 3,000 addresses. In this cam- 
paign 20,000 pamphlets on various war subjects had been dis- 
tributed. The committee on women in industry had cooper- 
ated with all labor organizations and with employers, and had 
furnished 7,000 volunteer workers who had given 35,000 hours 
of service to draft boards. The official arm band of the com- 
mittee, earned by forty-eight hours of volunteer service, was 
being worn by 1351 women, and this represented only a part 
of the work performed. Committee pins were being worn 
by 8,240 women. 

These records show only a part of the outward signs of 
women's war activity. The quiet and heroic service of women 
was attested before the end of the war by 100,000 service flags 
displayed in windows, the stars of some of which turned from 
blue to gold as the months went by and Wisconsin's soldiers 
gained their brilliant victories overseas. Toward the close 
of the war parades in many cities were made distinctive by 
the presence of mothers who wore flags bearing both blue and 
gold stars, the gold gradually increasing. 

To the women of Wisconsin who gave their hours to work 
to which they were unaccustomed, who served their country 
in the home and everywhere, some partial acknowledgment 
can be made. To the mothers and sisters and sweethearts 
whose loved ones were "Over There," some of them never to 
return, the state owes a debt it never can repay. 



CHAPTER NINE 
The Wisconsin State Guard. 

When the Wisconsin National Guard entrained and left 
the state in September, 1917, bound for France by way of 
Waco, Texas, the state was left without a military fo«rce, and 
this fact gave being to an organization which was at once 
unique in the history of the state and a striking example of 
jDatriotic service. 

Under the authority of a Wisconsin law there was or- 
ganized, with nearly every principal city of the state con- 
tributing, what was known as the Wisconsin State Guard. 
It was purely a volunteer organization, recruited among men 
too old and too young for military service as it had been re- 
stricted in the first draft, and over night it became an efficient 
body of soldiers. 

When it held its first encampment at Camp Douglas, dur- 
ing July, 1918, it comprised four regiments of infantry, and a 
State Guard reserve. The strength of the four regiments 
was, ofificers and men, about 3,500, and the strength of the 
reserve 2,000. 

The regiments drew their strength from the following 
cities : 

Seventh regiment, headquarters Milwaukee — Company 
A, Milwaukee; Company B, Milwaukee; Company C, Milwau- 
kee ; Company D, Milwaukee ; Company E, Milwaukee ; Com- 
pany F, Milwaukee ; Company G, Milwaukee ; Company H, 
West Allis ; Company I, Racine ; Company K, Racine ; Com- 
pany L, Milwaukee; Company M, Milwaukee. 

Eighth regiment, headquarters Beloit — Company A, Ocon- 



Wisconsin In The Wokld Wab 275 

omowoc ; Company B, Kenosha ; Company C, Waukesha ; 
Company D, Hartford ; Company E, Fort Atkinson ; Company 
F, Beloit; Company G, Janesville ; Company H, Jefferson ; 
Company I, Monroe; Company K, Madison; Company L, 
Madison; Company M, Platteville. 

Ninth regiment, headquarters Appleton — Company A, Ap- 
pleton ; Company B, Neenah; Company C, Fond du Lac; Com- 
pany D, Oshkosh ; Company E, Oconto; Company F, Mani- 
towoc; Company G, Green Bay; Company H, Sheboygan; 
Company I, Marshfield ; Company K, Grand Rapids ; Company 
L, Marinette; Company M, Stevens Point. 

Tenth regiment, headquarters Eau Claire — Company A, 
Superior ; Company B, Superior ; Company C, Wausau ; Com- 
pany D, Bayfield ; Company E, Menomonie ; Company F, 
Eau Claire; Company G, Chippewa Falls; Company H, Lady- 
smith; Company I, Neillsville; Company K, Tomah; Company 
L, Mauston ; Company M, La Crosse. 

The State Guard Reserve, divided into Separate com- 
panies, was stationed as follows : 

First, Milwaukee; Second, De Pere ; Third, Waupun; 
Fourth, Elroy; Fifth, Minong; Sixth, Mt. Horeb ; Seventh, 
Kendall; Eighth, Horicon ; Ninth, Watertown; Tenth, New 
Richmond ; Eleventh, Spooner ; Twelfth, Tomahawk ; Thir- 
teenth, Rib Lake; Fourteenth, Sturgeon Bay; Fifteenth, Cum- 
berland; Sixteenth, Wfightstown; Seventeenth, Grantsburg; 
Eighteenth, Hurley; Nineteenth, Webster; Twentieth, Alder- 
ly ; Twenty-first, Eagle ; Twenty-second, Port Washington ; 
Twenty-third, Whitewater ; Twenty-fourth, Mayville ; Twen- 
ty-fifth, Colby; Twenty-sixth, Crandon; Twenty-seventh, 
Lake Mills; Twenty-eighth, Campbellsport ; Twenty-ninth, 
New London ; Thirtieth, Kewaskum ; Thirty-first, Rome ; Thir- 
ty-second, Hudson ; Thirty-third, Princeton ; Thirty-fourth, 
Rice Lake ; Thirty-fifth, Palmyra ; Thirty-sixth, Middleton ; 
Thirty-seventh, Waupaca; Thirty-eighth, Clintonville; Thirty- 
ninth, Milton. 

Platoons were stationed as follows : 



276 Wisconsin In The World War 

First, Stratford; Second, Wauwatosa; Third, Livingston; 
Fourth, Frederic; Fifth, Birchwood. 

As governor of the state Emanuel L. Philipp w^as com- 
mander-in-chief of the state guard. Earl S. Driver of Madison 
was made assistant adjutant general, with the rank of major, 
under Adjutant General Holway. William G. Atkins of Mad- 
ison served in the inspector general's department, with the 
rank of first lieutenant. Senator Timothy Burke of Green Bay 
was judge advocate, with the rank of major. 

The state quartermaster was Max P. Curtius of Camp 
Douglas, with the rank of captain, and David Atwood of 
Janesville was the head of the quartermaster corps, with the 
rank of major. 

The officers of the State Guard were : 

SEVENTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. 

Colonel Horace M. Seaman, Milwaukee. 

Lieutenant Colonel Henry C. Baker, Racine. 

Majors Michael F. Blenski, Milwaukee; Harry W. Ellis, 
Milwaukee ; Clarence Christensen, West Allis. 

Capt. William T. Dorward, Milwaukee, chaplain. 

Capt, Thomas S. Bell, Milwaukee, adjutant. 

Second Lieut. Charles Stevens, Milwaukee, band master. 

First Lieuts. Herbert W. Tullgren, Milwaukee; Henry 
A. Digman, Milwaukee ; Casimer Gonski, Milwaukee, battalion 
adjutants. 

Capt. Roy L. Stone, Milwaukee, quartermaster. 

First Lieut. Paul Meske, Milwaukee, inspector small arms 
practice. 

Second Lieut. Ernest E. Bruhn, Milwaukee, supply of- 
ficer. 

Major Harry E. Bradley, Milwaukee ; First Lieut. .Wil- 
liam S. Darling, Milwaukee; First Lieut. E. H. Darling, Mil- 
waukee, sanitary detachment. 

Company A — Capt. Fergus R. Ellsworth, First Lieut. 
Max L. Boeck, Second Lieut. William J. Janssen. 



Wisconsin In The World War 277 

Company B— Capt. Thomas M. Spence, First Lieut. Wil- 
liam Thomson, Second Lieut. Francis E. Dewey. 

Company C — Capt. Hugh M. MacGregor, First Lieut. 
Charles S. Mercein, Second Lieut. Donald A. Stewart. 

Company D — Capt. John A. Keelan, First Lieut. John 
Groom, Jr., Second Lieut. Irwin R. Reik. 

Company E — Capt. Paul G. Warren, First Lieut. Henry 
C. Hengels, Second Lieut. Darwin W. Townsend. 

Company F — Capt. Seymour Bonnett, First Lieut. Hub- 
bard C. Atkins, Second Lieut. Henry Weidenbacher. 

Company G — Capt. Manuel G. H. Kuechle, First Lieut. 
Arthur L. Day, Second Lieut. Roy A. Schafer. 

Company H — Capt. Harry E. Welbourne, First Lieut. 
Thomas J. Fleming, Second Lieut. Howard L. Ralston. 

Company I — Capt. Paul M. Matson, First Lieut. Wallace 
F. McGregor, Second Lieut. Rudolph P. Peterson. 

Company K — Capt. John T. Olson, First Lieut. John H. 
Owens, Second Lieut. Frederick C. Haumorson. 

Company L — Capt. Klemens Borucki, First Lieut. Wlad- 
islas Cieszynski, Second Lieut. Thomas Szewczykowski. 

Company M — Capt. Warren E. Porter, First Lieut. Reiley 
A. McNutt, Second Lieut. John W. Johannessen. 

EIGHTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. 

Colonel Rolf M. P. Rosman, Beloit. 

Lieutenant Colonel Frank A. Shriner, Monroe. 

Majors James W. O'Connell, Madison ; Robert J. Parks, 
Fort Atkinson; Elmer M. Webb, Waukesha. 

Capt. Evan John Evans, Beloit, chaplain. 

Capt. James H. McNeel, Beloit, adjutant. 

First Lieuts. Dean B. Becker, Fort Atkinson; Martin J. 
Olson, Madison; Marcus A. Jacobson, Waukesha, battalion 
adjutants. 

Capt. Jacob E. Kinzer, Beloit, quartermaster. 

First Lieut. Eugene A. Fuller, Madison, inspector small 
arms practice. 



278 Wisconsin In The World Wae 

Second Lieut. Thomas S. Nolan, Janesville, supply officer. 

Major Frederick C. Rogers; First Lieut. Samuel B. Ack- 
ley, Oconomowoc ; First Lieut. Joseph B. Noble, Waukesha, 
sanitary detachment. 

Company A — Capt. F. George Schuehle, First Lieut. 
Eugene Young, Second Lieut. Frank E. Boyle. 

Company B — Capt. Thomas B. Temple, First Lieut. 
James Millar, Second Lieut. Hugh V. Barden. 

Company C — Capt. John A. Williams, First Lieut. Owen 
L. Jines, Second Lieut. Otto F. Duecker. 

Company D — Capt. Fred L. LeCount, First Lieut. Lewis 
K. Benson, Second Lieut. Arthur E. Breitenfelt. 

Company E — Capt. John F. Mueller, First Lieut. George 
P. Lohmaier, Second Lieut. Alfred G. Cory. 

Company F — Capt. Fred Y. Hart, First Lieut. Frederic 
H. Gardner, Second Lieut. Vernon L. Stauffacher. 

Company G — Capt. E. C. Bauman, First Lieut. Charles 
H. Gage, Second Lieut. Emil Haumorson. 

Company H — Capt. Jacob C. Brandel, First Lieut. Robert 
L. Crawford, Second Lieut. W. Erwin King. 

Company I — Capt. Charles A. Schindler, First Lieut. 
Brooks J. Dunwidde, Second Lieut. Clarence B. Baltzer. 

Company K — Capt. Leslie B. Rowley, First Lieut. Eugene 
A. Fuller, Second Lieut. Harry T. Sheldon. 

Company L — Capt. Sigurd J. Swenson, First Lieut. Henry 
C. Croft, Second Lieut. Edward Green. 

Company M — Capt. David Gardner, Jr., First Lieut. Ro- 
land C. Harvey, Second Lieut. William B. Shepard. 

NINTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. 

Colonel Hugh Pomeroy, Appleton. 
Lieutenant Colonel Edward O. Brown, Rhinelander. 
Majors William H. Zuehlke, Appleton ; John M. West, 
Green Bay; Eugene A. Hickey, Sheboygan. 

Capt. Louis P. Peeke, Fond du Lac, chaplain. 
Capt. John H. Laabs, Oshkosh, adjutant. 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 279 

Second Lieut. Ferdinand H. Jebe, Appleton, band master. 

First Lieuts. Gustave C. Schwandt, Oshkosh; Albert F. 
Koepke, Sheboygan; Carl A. Eckhardt, Green Bay, battalion 
adjutants. 

Capt. Adelbert R. Brunet, Fond du Lac, quartermaster. 

Major George H. Scheer, Sheboygan ; First Lieut. Harry 
Heiden, Sheboygan, sanitary detachment. 

Company A — Capt. Maurice S. Peerenboom, First Lieut. 
William Buske, Second Lieut. Arthur Ritger. 

Company B — Capt. Ralph E. Dietz, First Lieut. Benjamin 
H. Metternick, Second Lieut. Phillip E. Grode. 

Company C — Capt. Samuel H. Longdin, First Lieut. 
Charles Werth, Second Lieut. Frank Vanderwort. 

Company D — Capt. H. Milton Bacon, First Lieut. Ray B. 
Boyd, Second Lieut. Bart W. Heiss. 

Company E — Capt. Albert J. Cummings, First Lieut. 
William F. Schenke, Second Lieut. John B. Chase. 

Company F — Capt. Christian Schade, Second Lieut. 
Stephen Cegielski. 

Company G — Capt. Charles J. Frewerd, First Lieut. 
Thomas H. Quinn. 

Company H — Capt. George F. Imig, First Lieut, Alfred 
Steffen, Second Lieut. George Jorgenson. 

Company I — Capt. Otto Meyer, First Lieut. Herman 
Hoerl, Second Lieut. Marcus A. Hansen. 

Company K — Capt. Wilbur E. Herschleb, First Lieut. 
Frank D. Abel, Second Lieut, Anton K. Hartl. 

Company L — Capt. Ralph W. Wenk, First Lieut. Dominic 
Berg. 

Company M — Capt. C. S. Orthman, First Lieut. James 
A. Cashin, Second Lieut, Leanore J. Eaton. 

TENTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. 

Colonel Marshall Cousins, Eau Claire. 
Lieutenant Colonel Winfield W. Warren, Tomah 
Majors Charles C. Remington, Mauston ; Frank L. French, 
Sparta; Cyrus C. Yawkey, Wausau. 



280 Wisconsin In The World War 

Capt. William James MacCartney, Mauston, chaplain. 

Capt. Herman G. Helstrom, Eau Claire, adjutant. 

First Lieuts. Aytch P. Woodson, Wausau ; Louis H. 
Losby, Sparta; Fred H. Runkel, Portage, battalion adjutants. 

Capt. William L. Howes, Tomah, quartermaster. 

Second Lieut. Herbert W. Quilling, Menomonie, supply 
officer. 

Major D. S. MacArthur, La Crosse ; First Lieut. William 
E. Bannen, La Crosse; First Lieut. J. Fred Farr, Eau Claire, 
sanitary detachment. 

Company A — Capt. S. C. demons. First Lieut. Fred 
A. Russell, Second Lieut. Creston Harris. 

Company B — Capt. Sidney A. Buchanan, First Lieut Al- 
fred T. Ledin, Second Lieut. John W. Kelley. 

Company C — Capt. Frederick C. Becker, First Lieut. 
Thomas H. Ryan, Second Lieut. Judd S. Alexander. 

Company D — John W. Dady, First Lieut. Charles W. 
Green, Second Lieut. William J. Bassett. 

Company E — Capt. Robert H. Rodgers, First Lieut. El- 
mer W. Waite, Second Lieut. Ludwig A. Tilleson. 

Company F — Capt. Edmund C. Hoeppner, First Lieut. 
Joseph C. Culver, Second Lieut. Charles D. Bergfeld. 

Company G — Capt. Orrin H. Larrabee, First Lieut. Wal- 
ter Holm, Second Lieut. Edward H. Monat. 

Company H — Capt. Archibald H. Callaway, First Lieut. 
Allison Skinner, Second Lieut. James A. Carter. 

Company I — Capt. Henry W. Klopf, First Lieut. John J. 
Irvine, Second Lieut. Alfred L. Devos. 

Company K — Capt. Edward C. Van Wie, First Lieut. 
Adelbert H. Wilson, Second Lieut. William E. Bartels. 

Company L — Capt. Earl W. Towers, First Lieut. Merton 
A. Grimmer, Second Lieut. Ervie E. Petrie. 

Company M — Capt. James A. Fairchild, First Lieut. 
Joseph G. Dubraks, Second Lieut. Charles J. Wacks. 

The officers of the First Separate Battalion, State Guard, 
in December, 1918, were: 



Wisconsin In The Wokld Wab 281 

Major Horace J. Mellum, Kenosha. 

First Lieut. Charles H. Ernst, Kenosha, adjutant. 

Second Lieut. Frank H. Truax, Kenosha, supply officer. 

First Lieut. George F. Adams, Kenosha, sanitary detach- 
ment. 

Company A — Capt. William R. Harrison. 

Company B — Capt. William J. Bermingham, First Lieut. 
John M. Albers, Second Lieut. Walter Getschman. 

Company C — Capt. Fred W. Steinert, First Lieut, George 
B. McCune, Second Lieut. Fred J. Baum. 

Company D — Capt. Orman D. Yule, First Lieut. Charles 
E. Crawford, Second Lieut. Walter J. Mahler. 

This was a Kenosha organization, all of the officers and 
men being enlisted from that city. 

The officers of the State Guard Reserve were : 

First Separate Company — Capt. Thomas P. Carter, First 
Lieut. Ben L. Salamon. 

Second Separate Company — Capt. Henry P. Moes, First 
Lieut. Levi S. Wilcox, Second Lieut. Elmer T, Abendroth. 

Third Separate Company — Capt. Edward B. Carroll, First 
Lieut. Byron Walker, Second Lieut. Elwin Franklin. 

Fourth Separate Company — Capt. John P. Conway, First 
Lieut. Charles Schmidt, Second Lieut. Gerald Flood. 

Fifth Separate Company — Capt. Allen S. Gilbert, First 
Lieut. Almon J. Downing, Second Lieut. Charles J. Cockson. 

Sixth Separate Company — Capt. Oscar Christianson, First 
Lieut. John B. Severson. 

Seventh Separate Company — Capt. George F. Friedrich, 
First Lieut. George H. Robinson, Second Lieut. James D. 
Sheridan. 

Eighth Separate Company — Capt. Charles Hawks, First 
Lieut. Harry W. Washburn, Second Lieut. Hector P. Vilvoch. 

Ninth Separate Company — Capt. Walter A. Simon, First 
Lieut. August C. Henze, Second Lieut. Albert R. Preusse. 

Tenth Separate Company — Capt. James Kennedy, First 
Lieut. Charles J. Fearn, Second Lieut. John M. Hagen. 



282 Wisconsin In The Wobld War 

Eleventh Separate Company — Capt. Leon C. Huff, First 
Lieut. William A. Taylor, Second Lieut. Herbert C. Brewer. 

Twelfth Separate Company — Capt. Henry H. Roehrborn, 
First Lieut. Charles F. Bebeau. 

Thirteenth Separate Company — Capt. Harry R. Hyland, 
First Lieut. Elmer F. Hollen, Second Lieut. Edward Johnson. 

Fourteenth Separate Company — Capt. Fred P. Sarles, 
First Lieut. John H. Stewart, Second Lieut. John F. La 
Vassor. 

Fifteenth Separate Company — Capt. Herbert R. Hines, 
First Lieut. Giles H. Wilse, Second Lieut. John D. Olson. 

Sixteenth Separate Company — Capt. Raymond J. Noel, 
First Lieut. John B. Vanderheiden. 

Seventeenth Separate Company — Capt. George Franklin 
Nash, First Lieut. George O. Olson, Second Lieut. Virgil E. 
Hawley. 

Eighteenth Separate Company — Capt. Lester D. Stewart, 

First Lieut. Lee L. Wilcox, Second Lieut. Verne O. Johnson. 

Nineteenth Separate Company — Capt. Max W. Hoppe, 

First Lieut. Burk S. Green, Second Lieut. Norman C. Dunn. 

Twentieth Separate Company — Capt. Forest A. Gourlie, 
First Lieut. John J. Jefifords, Second Lieut. Nicholas Derse. 

Twenty-second Separate Company — Capt. Emil Albl, 
First Lieut. Andrew M. Van Ells, Second Lieut. Henry Bar- 
tel. 

Twenty-third Separate Company — Capt. Olaf Johnson, 
First Lieut. Harry M. Bonnett, Second Lieut. George W. 
Ankomeus. 

Twenty-fourth Separate Company — Capt. Edward S. 
O'Connor, First Lieut. Gerard A. Strassen, Second Lieut. 
Victor H. Lawrence. 

Twenty-fifth Separate Company — Capt. Frank A. Jack- 
son, First Lieut. John S. Grimes, Second Lieut. Richard G. 
Salter. 

Twenty-sixth Separate Company — Capt. Lee W. Llewel- 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 283 

lyn, First Lieut. William M. Sherlock, Second Lieut. Fred 
C. Rogers. 

Twenty-seventh Separate Company — Capt. Edward O. 
Neff, First Lieut. Emil Kumbier, Second Lieut. Oliver H. 
Hornby. 

Twenty-eighth Separate Company — Capt. Robert B. El- 
lis, First Lieut. David Knickle, Second Lieut. William W. Ed- 
wards. 

Twenty-ninth Separate Company — Capt. Harry C. Smith, 
First Lieut. William A. Sheerin, Second Lieut. Chester M. 
Allen. 

Thirtieth Separate Company — Capt. John P. Fellenz, 
First Lieut. Byron H. Rosenheimer, Second Lieut. Newton 
W. Rosenheimer. 

Thirty-first Separate Company — Capt. Louis J. Auerbach, 
First Lieut. Guy R. Graves, Second Lieut. Lisle C. Curtis. 

Thirty-second Separate Company — Capt. William Y. Bur- 
ton, First Lieut. Leonard L. Bailey, Second Lieut. Benn C, 
Bunker. 

Thirty-third Separate Company — Capt. Charles F. Ger- 
lach. First Lieut. Erich Muller, Second Lieut. Oscar C. Ol- 
man. 

Thirty-fourth Separate Company — Capt. Eugene Matte- 
son, First Lieut. Gussie J. Dodge, Second Lieut. Vane W. 
Packard. 

Thirty-fifth Separate Company— Capt. Walter H. Reed, 
First Lieut. Willis D. Moneyelle, Second Lieut. Alfred W. 
Foote. 

Thirty-sixth Separate Company — Capt. Hans C. Ruenzel, 
First Lieut. Willard S. Green, Second Lieut. Charles F. Allen. 

Thirty-seventh Separate Company — Capt. Roy Holly, 
First Lieut. William C. Cain, Second Lieut. William H. Ott- 
man. 

Thirty-eighth Separate Company — Capt. Julius Spear- 
braker. First Lieut. Oscar H. Hagan, Second Lieut. Raymond 
F. Ogilvie. 



284 Wisconsin In The World War 

Thirty-ninth Separate Company — Capt. Floyd T. Coon, 
First Lieut. Alan W. Uren, Second Lieut. Walter E. Rogers. 

First Separate Platoon, headquarters Stratford — First 
Lieut. James B. Clark. 

Second Separate Platoon, headquarters Wauwatosa — 
First Lieut. Hjorleifor T. Kristjanson. 

Third Separate Platoon, headquarters Livingston — First 
Lieut. Harty A. Weingartner. 

Fourth Separate Platoon, headquarters Frederic — First 
Lieut. John A. Marquette. 

Fifth Separate Platoon, headquarters Birchwood — First 
Lieut. Lloyd T. Weeks. 

The regiments in the State Guard were recruited from 
the ranks of business men, and in every company there was 
hidden under the plain uniform of a private a man who repre- 
sented industry and the professions in a substantial way. At 
Camp Douglas all were soldiers. The companies were paid 
an allowance by the state for armory rent, and an additional 
allowance for the upkeep of clothing and for general expenses 
connected with their training. They were issued uniforms 
of a distinctive pattern, different from the uniforms of the 
Wisconsin National Guard and the United States Army. 
They were armed with arms issued to the state by the war 
department for this purpose. 

Their attendance at the camp of instruction in July, 1918, 
was evidence of their patriotism, for they served without 
pay. The camp was commanded by Brigadier General Charles 
King, Wisconsin National Guard, retired, and that officer put 
the men through the paces of the regular army life. Because 
of their natural training in life the men proved apt students 
of military tactics and their appearance after a few days of 
intensive training, following their own instruction at home, 
was everything to be desired. In his report to the adjutant 
general Gen. King paid them a highly deserved compliment. 

All of the men had enlisted with the understanding that 
enlistment in the State Guard did not exempt them from the 



Wisconsin In The World War 285 

draft. They were, as has been said, of the age above and be- 
low the first draft restrictions. Many of them later were 
called to active service when the men reaching twenty-one 
were enrolled, and later the remaining men were registered 
under the draft for ages up to 40 years. 

Just as the Wisconsin National Guard, with its years of 
training and its complete equipment by the state gave the 
nation an army of 15,000 soldiers ready for the trenches, the 
State Guard was evidence of Wisconsin's readiness for war 
and its aid to the nation in preparing for it. The men of the 
State Guard who were later called went into the service with 
preliminary training which must have been valuable. 

And just as the Wisconsin National Guard represented 
the pick of the physical strength of the state, the State Guard 
represented the quiet reserve force, also mentally and physi- 
cally efficient, which was ready to do its part. 

The State Reserve companies were organized in the cities 
from a further reserve force, and they paid their own expenses 
of administration and purchased their own uniforms. 



CHAPTER TEN. 
The War Savings Stamp Campaigns. 

Of all the activities in which Wisconsin took part during 
the world war, perhaps the War Savings Stamp campaigns 
were the most important in their far reaching effect upon the 
citizens involved. 

The war savings stamp was at once a symbol of patriot- 
ism and of thrift. It did its part in the war. It purchased 
guns and clothing and ammunition, and it maintained soldiers 
in the field and sailors upon the great ships which helped to 
defeat the enemy. But it did more than that. It stimulated 
a sense of saving among adults, it is true, but it was among 
the children of today, the men and women of the future, that 
its lessons were learned never to be forgotten. It started 
savings accounts which are to grow into fortunes as time goes 
by. It placed in the homes of thousands of Wisconsin fam- 
ilies where saving had been unknown deposits of five and ten 
and twenty dollars or more which were to be repaid by the 
government in 1923, and from those deposits, referred to as 
they will be during the intervening years, will come an ap- 
preciation of the value of savings such as would not have been 
realized in this country in half a century of peace. 

When the war came to America, Wisconsin was a saving 
state, as compared with many others, but its record was far 
below those of many other states, also. In 1915, two years 
before the United States entered the world conflict, Wisconsin 
was credited with savings deposits amounting to $84,251,- 
893.38. With a population of 2,536,091, its per capita saving 
was $33.22. 

The state ranked twenty-eighth when compared with the 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 287 

Other states and territories, and it ranked fifth when 
compared with the other seven states in the middle group, 
which includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, 
Missouri and Ohio. The group of which Wisconsin was a 
part, on the other hand, ranked fourth among the six groups 
of states, with a per capita saving of $45.37. Of these the 
New England group was first, with a per capita saving of 
$242.80. The states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, 
New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont, with a com- 
bined population of 7,468,142, had a combined saving of $1,- 
813,497,873.92, as compared with the middle group, to which 
Wisconsin belongs, with a combined population of 28,704,719, 
and with a combined saving of $1,302,288,744.36. The west- 
ern group, including Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, 
New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota and 
Wyoming, ranked last, with a per capita saving of only $6.52. 
Oklahoma, with a population of 2,315,178, had a combined sav- 
ing of only $2,990,918.42, or a per capita saving of but $1.29. 

If saving was to be counted as a factor in war, as it proved 
to be, it also was a factor in preparing for a war. Germany, 
acknowledged as the country best prepared for the conflict, 
had a per capita saving of $88.08, as compared with a per 
capita saving of $68.21 in the United States. Austria, Ger- 
many's ally, had a per capita saving of $46.29, while the aver- 
age per capita saving of countries allied with the United States 
was about half that figure, with Russia, conceded to be the 
smallest final factor in the victory, last with only $10.90. 

When the government of the United States, therefore, 
inaugurated the war savings stamp campaign, as a means of 
financing the war, it was not without an example furnished 
by the then most powerful nation in point of war prepared- 
ness. It entered a rich field, where results were soon to be 
obtained, and the government had need of results quickly. It 
performed a double service, one to itself as a nation, in secur- 
ing funds for the maintaining of the war, and the other to its 
citizens, whom it taught the lesson of saving. When the 
final peace has been declared, the record of savings de- 



288 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

posits of states and territories and nations will need re- 
vision. Germany, with four years of war having drawn upon 
its savings, will necessarily have been lowered in the list. 
The United States, with saving habits formed, will, in spite 
of large investments in war, have been raised in the list of 
nations. The New England states, here at home, will no 
doubt maintain their place, for there, as in Wisconsin, the 
war saving stamp was sold. Wisconsin is sure to have a 
better place. 

That part which Wisconsin took in the national war sav- 
ings stamp campaigns is due to several factors. The state 
was fortunate in its leadership. John H. Puelicher, a Mil- 
waukee banker of many years' experience, combined physical 
qualifications needed for the strenuous work with the en- 
thusiasm needed for a campaign where the millions were to 
grow from pennies. He had to deal with children, and 
he was able to leave his place as the business advisor and 
associate of men who deal in millions and talk pennies with 
the tots in the kindergarten and the first grades. 

Charles P. Gary, state superintendent of schools, was of 
great assistance to Mr. Puelicher, for the campaign had to 
be one of education, and Mr. Gary's long experience and ex- 
tensive acquaintance in the state was an asset. To the teach- 
ers of the state is due great credit, for the hours which they 
gave to the cause of the war saving stamp. In every county, 
also, there were committees of men and women who gave 
tireless service. The patriotism of the school room told the 
final story. Among the citizens of the state there were none 
more patriotic than the boys and girls in school. They 
learned early the causes of the war and they took the side 
of Uncle Sam. 

One of the most pathetic and at the same time one of the 
most inspiring incidents of the war was the contribution of 
a little blind girl, fourteen years old, who wrote a thrift song 
as her part in the war. She was Mary O'Brien, a student at 
the state school for the blind at Janesville, and the song was 
written after hearing of the message of thrift sent out by the 




WALTER H.BURKE, KEHOSHA. 
KrtlGHTS OF COLUMBUS 



MRS.JOHIi W.MARINEPL, 
niLW^UK EE. LIBERTY LOANS. 



W. W. COLEMAN, M I LW4UKeE| 

RED CROS S WAR FUND S . | 




^, 



HELPED 
FINANCE 




E.J.KEARNEY, MILWAUKEE 
LIBERTY LOAM DIRECTOR 



FRANK P. HIXON, LA CROSSE, 
LlBEf?TY LOAN OIPECTOR.. 




M.I. STEVENS, MILWAUKEE. 

PUBLICITY DIRECTOR.. 



DR.J.B.M0DI5ETT, MILWAUKEE. 

Y. M. C.A. CAMPi^lG-NS. 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 289 

D. A. R. It was entitled "Keep The Thrift Thoughts Thriv- 
ing," and was sung to the melody of "Keep The Home Fires 
Burning." Its words were: 

We are summoned by our country, 

We are called on, every one ; 
Are we ready with our answer? 

Will we save, now that we've won? 
Let's not lose a single minute. 

Help the thrift campaign along; 
And the right way to begin it 

Is to sing our chosen song. 

Chorus : 

Keep the thrift thoughts thriving, 

While for stamps we're driving, 
Though we're saving, bit by bit. 

Our bits all count; 
A bit of wise combining 

Of dimes and quarters shining. 
Will help reach the two billion mark. 

Our pledged amount. 

Though the drive is on for money. 

Yet our aim is something more; 
Let us learn to be more thrifty, 

As one lesson of this war; 
Let us save our times and others, 

Let us save in food and dress, 
For those boys, our valiant brothers. 

Over there, have done no less. 

This was the spirit of the schools, which had been count- 
ed upon by State Director Puelicher when he laid his plans 
for the campaign. As one of the first steps towards reaching 
Wisconsin's war saving stamp goal there was organized War 
Savings societies for children, the object being to reach the 
parents through the pupils. Later War Savings societies for 
adults were organized, to reach parents who were removed 



290 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wah 

from the centers of population. The object and need of such 
societies were explained in the following statement by Mr. 
Puelicher : 

"The United States Government is requesting that a com- 
munity War Savings Society composed of parents and other 
adults be organized in every school district in the country. 
The school officers are made directly responsible for starting 
this work although all people are urged to help make it a 
success. The purpose of this publication is to give school 
officers and teachers practical suggestions regarding the man- 
agement of these societies and to give suggestive programs 
for the meetings. 

"The idea of organizing War Savings Societies for adults 
has been suggested by the success of the War Savings Socie- 
ties for children. These organizations have been found to 
have valuable educational features in connection with the 
school work. Through them the children can get training in 
the management of public meetings and in the preparation 
of special programs. 

"In a country like ours in which the government is in the 
hands of the people, it is very desirable and even highly im- 
portant that people should have some agency through which 
they may meet in their various communities and discuss 
questions pertaining to the national welfare. Many such or- 
ganizations have been effected, known as the Parent-Teacher 
Associations, Neighborhood Clubs, and the like. In order 
that the good results coming from such activities may be 
made universal it is the plan that an organization be effected 
in every community. 

"The necessity for developing in all of us a habit of thrift 
is something that is apparent to all thinking people. As a 
nation we have been extravagant. The development of the 
thrift idea can be accomplished best by co-operative effort. 
Thrift societies can bring about better results than can be 
secured by individual effort. Tn union there is strength' is 
an adage that is applicable in this movement as well as in 
any other. Moreover, the discussions are likely to bring 



Wisconsin In The Wobld War 291 

about in our minds a clearer understanding of what thrift 
really is. 

"Aside from the inculcation and the development of the 
notion of thrift, these societies will furnish an excellent op- 
portunity to enable people to become better acquainted with 
American institutions, history and traditions. 

"The War Savings Societies should be kept up during the 
year even if war hostilities cease. Great problems will arise 
in the reconstruction and it is well for the people to continue 
these organizations for the purpose of keeping in touch with 
these problems. Through the discussion of questions that 
arise people can keep better informed than is possible through 
individual effort alone. Besides, there will be great need ox 
promoting thrift, economy and conservation after the war, 
lest we fall back into habits of extravagance and luxury. 
There will be a tendency on the part of many to become spend- 
thrifts and for that reason it will be well for the more thought- 
ful portion of the population to continue banded together in 
order to develop in our nation a greater appreciation of the 
things in life that are really worth striving and working for." 

During the war programs were given in the schools by 
members, but it was made certain that children took part. 
The following program was given in hundreds of district 
schools : 

Song — America Everybody 

Salute to the Flag Pupils of the School 

"Breathes there a Man with Soul so Dead" 

Concert Recitation by Pupils 

"Why We Came to America". Four Minute Speech by a Pupil 

Chorus — "Over There" Pupils of the School 

"The Flag Goes By" Recitation by a Pupil 

"Some Ways Little Americans Can Help" 

. .' Four Minute Speech by a Pupil 

"There's a Long, Long Trail A Winding". . . .Song by Pupils 

"Your Flag and My Flag" Concert Recitation by Pupils 

Lincoln's Dedication Speech at Gettysburg. .. .Former Pupil 



292 Wisconsin In The World Wak 

"When Our Boys Come Marching Home Again" 

Song by Pupils 

"Nolan's Speech" from "A Man Without A Country"... 

Pupils of the School 

Patriotic Speech 

Speaker furnished by County Council of Defense 

Signing the American Pledge of Thrift 

Distributing Buttons to Members of War Savings Society. . . . 
"Keep the Home Fires Burning" Song by Pupils 

One of the best aids to the selling of stamps was the 
study by schools of the geography of the v/ar. Maps were 
provided showing the countries in the war zone, with cities, 
rivers, mountains, straits, bays and other distinctive physical 
features numbered. By a study of the map the children knew 
where the battle of the Marne had been fought. They were 
able to follow the battle line as it first moved towards Paris, 
through Belgium, and as it neared the channel ports. Later, 
they were able to follow it as it receded towards Berlin, 
through Alsace, again through Belgium, and as it moved with 
the victorious army of occupation across the Rhine. It is 
interesting to note how Wisconsin taught the lesson of pa- 
triotism during the war just as it had taught geography when 
countries were not at war. The map, which is reproduced in 
this chapter, was numbered, and the teacher, in giving the 
exercise, sketched it upon a blackboard, and used a pointer 
in following the talk as suggested as follows : 

"We see here the whole or a part of eleven countries of 
Europe represented. Let us get acquainted with them. 
What countries surround Switzerland? Which countries are 
neutral in the war? 

"Let us next find out how large these countries are and 
how they compare in size with our state. England, includ- 
ing Wales, is about the size of Wisconsin (56,000 sq. miles). 
The four small countries (B, N, D and Sw) together are 
about the size of Wisconsin. The three large countries (G, 
F and Sp) are about the same size, and each is about four 



Wisconsin In The Wo eld War 293 

times the size of Wisconsin. The largest country, A, is about 
five times the size of Wisconsin. How does Italy compare?" 

Pointing to Paris : 

"Taking that city as the center let us see how far it is to 
some of the other cities. What city is this?" 

Pointing to London : 

"From Paris to London is about 200 miles, or about as 
far as from Green Bay to Chicago. From Paris to Bordeaux 
— about 300 miles ; from Paris to Marseilles — about 400 ; 
from Paris to Berlin over 500. From Dover, England, to 
Calais, France, is a distance of 21 miles, about the same as 
the distance from Marinette to Sturgeon Bay. How far from 
Berlin to Vienna? From Berlin to Hamburg? From Vienna 
to Venice?" 

Calling attention to the great plain of Europe : 

"What countries and parts of countries lie in it? What 
rivers drain it? Vistula, Oder, Elbe, Weser, Rhine (with 
Moselle and Meuse) in Germany and Netherlands ; the 
Scheldt (with Lys) in Belgium; the Somme, the Seine (with 
its branches and sub-branches Marne, Oise, Aisne, Vesle, and 
Serre), the Loire and the Garonne in France. This plain rises 
gradually from the sea to the high mountains, the Alps, the 
Carpathians, etc. What countries? The Jura. The Vosges. 
Belgium is level. The boundary line between Germany and 
France is in a hilly country well supplied with forts. 

"Let us travel in an air-ship from Warsaw to Bordeaux, 
passing by the way of Berlin, and Paris ; observe the country 
as we travel. What waters do we see far off to our right i' 
What mountains do we see far off to the left? Name the 
rivers as we fliy over them. Name some of the big cities. 
Notice that the country gets more hilly and mountainous the 
farther it is from the coast. Why did Germany want to go 
through Belgium and Luxemburg instead of crossing her 
own boundary line directly into France? 

"Let us now fly across the high mountains to the south 
into the country beyond. See the plain of Italy. Po, the 
Piave, the Tagliamento, and the Isonzo. Farther toward the 



294 Wisconsin In The World War 

east notice the wide plain of the Danube. In the war be- 
tween Italy and Austria the battle front stretches across the 
plain of Italy, just as in the war betv/een Germany and the 
Allies the battle front stretches across the great northern 
plain of Europe. How far from Ostend to Muhlhausen? 

"Four cities in this map have each a population of two 
million or more. What are they? Nine capital cities can be 
seen." 

Pointing to Serajevo: 

"It is in the province of Bosnia which was a part of the 
Turkish Empire until in 1878, when the Congress of Berlin 
decided that it should be under Austrian administration for 
the purpose of preserving order but was not to be annexed to 
Austria. In 1908 Austria, contrary to agreement, annexed 
the province and also Herzegovina. Bosnia is inhabited 
largely by Serbs and these people have had a desire to be a 
part of the Serbian country. 

"On June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to 
the throne of Austria, a nephew of Francis Joseph who was 
then emperor, visited Serajevo. He and his wife were shot. 
On July 23, Austria sent to Serbia a statement demanding, 
among other things, that Austrian agents be sent into Serbian 
courts to conduct the investigation of this murder. This 
demand was not conceded but Serbia ofifered to refer the 
matter to The Hague Tribunal. Without further discussion 
Austria declared war July 28." 

Pointing to Germany : 

"This empire consists of 25 states, the largest of which 
is Prussia, almost two-thirds of the whole empire. Three of 
these states are the "free cities", Hamburg, Bremen and 
Lubeck. Find Alsace and Lorraine, the two provinces that 
were taken from France in 1871. Alsace-Lorraine is not one 
of the 25 states. Locate Metz and Strassburg. Where is 
Schleswig-FIolstein? These provinces have, since 1866, been 
a part of Prussia. What waters does the Kiel Canal connect? 
It was opened in 1895 and enlarged in 1914 to allow the pas- 
sage of the largest modern ships. 



Wisconsin In The World War 295 

"Find from textbooks and encyclopedias where the miu- 
mg" regions of this section of Europe are located. Is there 
any special reason why Germany wished to get possession of 
Belgium and portions of France?" 

Pointing to Essen, Dusseldorf, Cologne, Liege, Antwerp, 
Ghent, Lille, Amiens, Soissons, Rheims, Verdun. 

"Waterloo. How far from Brussels? For what is this 
place noted? 

"Other names of importance: Bohemia (Prague), Galicia, 
Poland (Warsaw), Luxemburg, Flanders (western Belgium 
and formerly also portions of southern France and western 
Holland), Picardy (old Province in northern France), Helgo- 
land (an island ceded by England to Germany in 1890 in 
exchange for territories in Africa), Czecho-Slovaks, Jugo- 
slavs." 

At the close of the exercise questions were asked and 
answered, and adults as well as children were interested. It 
was followed by the buying of war savings stamps in every 
home, until Wisconsin ranked well with the other states in 
sales. At one period in the war Wisconsin led all the other 
states in war savings society activities. 

In other exercises the pupils recited Lincoln's Gettysburg 
address, the Declaration of Independence and described bat- 
tles of American history and men known in the history of 
America and its allies. The story of the preservation of the 
Union as a result of the Civil War was told and the govern- 
ments of the countries engaged in the war were explained by 
tableaus and dialogues. What was called a "birds-eye-view" 
of the war was given, starting with a history of the ruling 
powers of Germany in 1611 and ending with the battle latest 
described in the daily press. 

Wisconsin sales of war savings stamps on November 1, 
1918, ten days before the signing of the armistice, had reached 
the remarkable total of $26,853,331.11, or an average per 
capita for the state of $10.5885. In other words, the state 
had increased its per capita savings in the few months of the 
campaign from $33.22 to $44. Almost all of the savings had 



296 Wisconsin In The World War 

been from pennies and dimes. Most of them represented 
actual self denial on the part of children. This was true, also, 
with adults, for the total included many purchases in larger 
amounts. All of the money had gone to the government, to 
be used in the carrying on of the war. 

The figures by counties on November 1, 1918, given in 
the order of their standing, were : 

Trempealeau— Sales, $406,182.34; per capita, $17.7156. 

Waukesha— Sales, $646,147.22; per capita, $16.7988. 

Green— Sales, $327,965.08; per capita, $15.1548. 

Walworth— Sales, $451,640.55; per capita, $15.1182. 

Richland— Sales, $282,304.06; per capita, $15.0090. 

Sauk— Sales, $489,788.09; per capita, $14.9012. 

Ashland— Sales, $342,038.72; per capita, $14.6981. 

Monroe— Sales, $427,511.41; per capita, $14.5202. 

Pepin— Sales, $109,532.41 ; per capita, $14.4559. 

Vernon— Sales, $393,525.77; per capita, $13.9965. 

Lafayette— Sales, $275,219.13; per capita, $13.7095. 

Washington— Sales, $327,848.54; per capita, $13.7026. 

Columbia— Sales, $416,506.23; per capita, $13.3774. 

Iowa— Sales, $296,472.75; per capita, $13.1783. 

Racine— Sales, $868,041.28; per capita, $13.1476. 

Dunn— Sales, $333,991.06; per capita, $13.1389. 

Polk— Sales, $311,921.78; per capita, $13.0136. 

Grant— Sales, $505,789.40; per capita, $12.9361. 

Iron— Sales, $118,732.86; per capita, $12.4471. 

Milwaukee— Sales, $6,247,070.09; per capita, $12.2854. 

Marquette— Sales, $133,114.10; per capita, $12.2022. 

Bufifalo— Sales, $192,097.83; per capita, $12.0016. 

Jefferson— Sales, $408,430.47; per capita, $11.9055. 

Pierce— Sales, $261,854.97; per capita, $11.8599. 

Calumet— Sales, $195,854.49; per capita, $11.7271. 

St. Croix— Sales, $296,985.47; per capita, $11.4622. 

Manitowoc— Sales, $530,658.16; per capita, $11.3002. 

Crawford— Sales, $180,328.91; per capita, $11.0713. 

La Crosse— Sales, $491,461.50; per capita, $10.9889. 

Barron— Sales, $357,839.88; per capita, $10.8164. 



Wisconsin In The World War 297 

Jackson— Sales, $182,196.02; per capita, $10.6703. 
Outagamie — Sales, $543,556.00; per capita, $10.6196. 
Oneida— Sales, $139,841.38; per capita, $10.5144. 
Douglas— Sales, $563,109.14; per capita, $10.1433. 
Kenosha— Sales, $413,969.14; per capita, $10.0676. 
Price— Sales, $171,282.80; per capita, $9.9485. 
Chippewa— Sales, $374,004.95 ; per capita, $9.9358. 
Rock— Sales, $567,938.79; per capita, $9.6749. 
Marinette— Sales, $347,811.81; per capita, $9.6630. 
Portage— Sales, $300,278.13; per capita, $9.3802. 
Green Lake— Sales, $142,399.53 ; per capita, $9.1924. 
Dane— Sales, $755,154.59; per capita, $9.0682. 
Juneau— Sales, $175,198.34; per capita, $8.9529. 
Sheboygan— Sales, $518,297.54; per capita, $8.9048. 
Eau Claire— Sales, $293,430.01 ; per capita, $8.7664. 
Florence— Sales, $30,476.95; per capita, $8.6705. 
Waupaca— Sales, $277,440.40; per capita, $8.2491. 
Winnebago— Sales, $534,011.20; per capita, $8.2211. 
Oconto— Sales, $235,277.16; per capita, $8.0724. 
Door— Sales, $157,416.69; per capita, $8.0586. 
Kewaunee— Sales, $133,869.86; per capita, $7.9760. 
Clark— Sales, $263,517.75; per capita, $7.9471. 
Wood— Sales, $269,615.77; per capita, $7.9238. 
Waushara— Sales, $165,284.92: per capita, $7.8662. 
Burnett— Sales, $79,736.43; per capita, $7.8512. 
Langlade— Sales, $154,228.45; per capita, $7.5780. 
Ozaukee— Sales, $129,646.48; per capita, $7.3342. 
Bayfield— Sales, $124,441.44; per capita, $7.2556. 
Adams— Sales, $61,090.36; per capita, $7.1002. 
Brown— Sales, $420,611.09; per capita, $7.0399. 
Sawyer— Sales, $56,954.39; per capita, $6.9883. 
Fond du Lac — Sales, $362,512.17; per capita, $6.6461. 
Taylor— Sales, $97,830.64; per capita, $6.3617. 
Rusk— Sales, $80,274.16; per capita, $6.1344. 
Dodge— Sales, $289,191.60; per capita, $6.0219. 
Vilas— Sales, $40,893.49; per capita, $6.0023. 
Shawano— Sales, $204,896.96; per capita, $5.8374. 



298 Wisconsin In The Wobld War 

Marathon— Sales, $368,178.94; per capita, $5.7831. 

Forest— Sales, $52,996.26; per capita, $4.9469. 

Lincoln— Sales, $101,340.42; per capita, $4.8020. 

Washburn— Sales, $46,256.01 ; per capita, $4.5586. 

The total sales for the state up to December 1, 1918, which 
included sales in November before the armistice was signed, 
and therefore are given as part of the war time activity of 
Wisconsin, amounted to $29,109,080.99. The average per 
capita for the state was $11.4779. 

Trempealeau county still was leading, with a per capita 
sale of $19.1283. Waukesha county also was above its quota, 
with per capita sales of $17.8590, and other leading counties, 
all with per capita sales of more than $15.00, were, in the 
order named, Richland, $16.1709, Pepin, $16.0488, Green, 
$15.9282, Walworth, $15.9028, Sauk, $15.7538, Ashland, 
$15.6542, Monroe, $15.6183, Lafayette, $15.1419, and Vernon, 
$15.1004. Forty counties had averaged more than $10.00 per 
capita, forty-seven more than $9.00, fifty-six more than $8.00, 
sixty-two more than $7.00, sixty-eight more than $6.00, sev- 
enty more than $5.00, and the seventy-first had a per capita 
sale of $4.9816. 

The records at Washington show that Wisconsin was 
well up in the list of states all through the campaign. For 
sales in January, 1918, the state was twenty-sixth, and at the 
end of January, 1918, was twenty-fourth in total sales. 

The sales in Wisconsin in February, 1918, placed the 
state eighth in sales and eighteenth in total sales. The Wash- 
ington records giving the sales by months and total sales 
thereafter place Wisconsin's position as follows, month by 
month : 

March, 1918, sales, thirty-first; total sales to April 1, 1918, 
twenty-fifth. 

April, 1918, sales, fortieth; total sales to May 1, 1918, 
twenty-seventh. 

May, 1918, sales, thirty-fourth; total sales to June 1, 1918, 
twenty-ninth. 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 299 

June, 1918, sales, eighteenth; total sales to July 1, 1918, 
twenty-sixth. 

July, 1918, sales, eighth ; total sales to August 1, 1918, 
nineteenth. 

August, 1918, sales, eleventh ; total sales to September 1, 
1918, eighteenth. 

September, 1918, sales, seventh; total sales to October, 
1918, sixteenth. 

October, 1918, sales, ninth; total sales to November 1, 
1918, fifteenth. 

November, 1918, sales, seventh; total sales to December 
1, 1918, fifteenth. 

The campaign was under the personal direction of Mr. 
Puelicher, who traveled constantly, making addresses in 
schools, public halls and wherever an audience was provided, 
Mr. Gary, in Madison, had directed the work of education. 
Suggestions for programs had been prepared by W. E. Lar- 
son of his staff. As in all other war activities, county chair- 
men had been appointed and these in turn had enlisted the 
services of men and women, the result being an organization 
which spread all over the state and which worked without 
compensation. 

The state organization was as follows : 

State Director — J. H. Puelicher, Milwaukee. 

State Advisory Committee — Emanuel L. Philipp ; State 
Treasurer Henry Johnson ; A. E. Kuolt, Commissioner of 
Banking; August H. Vogel, Federal Reserve Bank Director; 
Archbishop S. G. Messmer ; Charles R. Van Hise, president 
University of Wisconsin ; William M. Post, president Wis- 
consin Bankers' association ; Magnus Swenson, State Council 
of Defense ; Judson Rosebush, Wisconsin Loyalty Legion ; 
Mrs. H. H. Morgan, women's organizations ; Fred H. Clausen, 
Wisconsin Manufacturers' association, William L. Davidson, 
Boy Scout organization. 

State Executive Committee — Robert W. Baird, George D. 
Bartlett, Dr. Charles H. Beale, C. P. Gary, Joseph M. Crowley, 
Albert Friedman, A. G. Grant, J. J. Handley, E. J. Kearney, 



300 Wisconsin In The World Wak 

Mrs. John W. Mariner, George B. McKerrow, Robert N. Mc 
Mynn, Fred J. Schroeder, F. B. Schutz, H. O. Seymour, M. I. 
Stevens, A. T. Van Scoy, Fred Vogel, Jr., Herman Wagner, 
Dr. Karl Wagner. 

The county chairmen, all of whom served during the en- 
tire campaign, with the exception of Chairman C. B. Melby of 
Trempealeau county were : 

Adams, Charles H. Oilman, Adams ; Ashland, Carl Rud- 
quist, Ashland; Barron, C. C. Coe, Barron; Bayfield, F. W. 
Downs, Washburn; Brown, Mitchell Joannes, Green Bay: 
Buffalo, D. A. Whelan, Mondovi ; Burnett, James A. Corcoran, 
Webster; Calumet, William N. Knauff, Chilton; Chippewa, 
T. J. Cunningham, Chippewa Falls; Clark, W. L. Smith, 
Neillsville; Columbia, T. H. Cochrane, Portage; Crawford, E. 

C. Amann, Prairie du Chien ; Dane, Fred M. Brown, Madison ; 
Dodge, W. H. Sherman, Beaver Dam ; Door, Henry Fetzer, 
Sturgeon Bay; Douglas, F. A. Russell, Superior; Dunn, R. £. 
Bundy, Menomonie; Eau Claire, George B. Wheeler, Eau 
Claire ; Florence, Max Sells, Florence ; Fond du Lac, William 
Mauthe, Fond du Lac; Forest, H. P. Keith, Crandon; Grant, 
O. E. Gray, Platteville ; Green, C. H. Dietz, Monroe; Green 
Lake, John J. Wood, Jr., Berlin; Iowa, Ernst C. Fiedler, Min- 
eral Point; Iron, R. Paul, Hurley; Jackson, Frank Johnson, 
Black River Falls; Jefferson, Henry Schempf, Fort Atkinson; 
Juneau, C. E. Babcock, Necedah ; Kenosha, C. C. Brown, 
Kenosha ; Kewaunee, Edward Seyk, Kewaunee ; La Crosse, 
E. M. Wing, La Crosse; Lafayette, H. W. Burmeister, Gratiot; 
Langlade, J. C. Lewis, Antigo; Lincoln, F. E. Donoghue, 
Merrill; Manitowoc, Maximilian Rahr, Manitowoc; Mara- 
thon, Harry C. Berger, Wausau; Marinette, F. J. Lauerman, 
Marinette; Marquette, Charles T. Dahlke, Neshkoro; Mil- 
waukee, Oliver Clyde Fuller, Milwaukee ; Monroe, Fred 
Gross, Sparta; Oconto, W. A. Holt, Oconto; Oneida, A. J. 
O'Melia, Rhinelander ; Outagamie, Gustave Keller, Appleton ; 
Ozaukee, M. P. Becker, Cedarburg; Pepin, George Tarrant, 
Durand ; Pierce, George B. Skogmo, River Falls ; Polk, Harry 

D. Baker, St. Croix Falls; Portage, P. J. Jacobs, Stevens Point; 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 301 

Price, J. L. Davis, Phillips; Racine, Warren J. Davis, Racine; 
Richland, John Kirkpatrick, Richland Center; Rock, Malcolm 
G. Jeffris, Janesville; Rusk, W. E. Thompson, Ladysmith; 
Sauk, R. P. Perry, Reedsburg; Sawyer, C. E. Wise, Hay ward; 
Shawano, George J. Schutz, Shawano; Sheboygan, Edw. Ham- 
mitt, Sheboygan ; St. Croix, W. J. Barter, Hudson ; Taylor, 
J. W. Benn, Medford ; Trempealeau, C. B. Melby, Whitehall; 
Vernon, W. F, Lindemann, Viroqua; Vilas, Amos Radcliffe, 
Eagle River; Walworth, T. M. Blackman, Whitewater; Wash- 
burn, J. M. Smith, Shell Lake; Washington, B. C. Ziegler, 
West Bend ; Waukesha, E. R. Estberg, Waukesha ; Waupaca, 
William Dressen, Waupaca; Waushara, G. D. Sargent, Plain- 
field; Winnebago, W. J. Wagstaff, Oshkosh; Wood, L. M. 
Nash, Grand Rapids. 

Mr. Melby was succeeded in Trempealeau county by O. 
B. Strouse late in the campaign, when he entered active army 
service. 

The county organizations included thousands of men and 
women, whose names cannot be given here. Among them 
were the teachers and school officers in every county, all of 
whom gave practically all their spare time to the work. Other 
citizens formed committees in towns, cities and villages and 
all worked without compensation. It is probable that no war 
activity in Wisconsin was so completely organized and cer- 
tainly no other enlisted so many enthusiastic volunteers. 

Before the war was ended, nearly every child in the state 
had purchased stamps. Hundreds of school rooms and class- 
es had a 100 per cent marking. State Director Puelicher 
had said, in his appeal to the schools : 

"Let us never rest until we have organized in every school 
district within our country, both the child and the adult pop- 
ulation, into War Savings societies affiliated with the Treas- 
ury department of our government. Let us never rest until 
every class room radiates an unalloyed, active, virile patriot- 
ism, based on a knowledge of the American language, of Amer- 
ican history, of American literature, and on an understanding 
of American ideals. This should ultimately insure to all the 



302 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

world the freedom in which man was intended to live. It .s 
a big work, a necessary work, and the American teacher may 
be depended upon for its accomplishment." 

How the Wisconsin teachers met this appeal can be il- 
lustrated by an incident in the schools of Monroe, in Green 
county, during the campaign. It could have occurred in a 
hundred schools in the state. 

Mr. Puelicher, in visiting the counties, arrived in Monroe 
without announcement, and when arrangements had been 
made for a meeting of adults, the superintendent of the Mon- 
roe schools said: 

"Mr. Puelicher, you are going to give us a treat today, 
and we are going to give you one. I want you to be at the 
high school promptly at 4 o'clock." 

When the state director arrived, he was interested to see 
that exactly on the hour processions of children, from the 
kindergarten to the fourth grade, began to file into the build- 
ing. When he entered the auditorium he found a sea of little 
faces before him. 

Superintendent Neverman, in introducing him, said: 

"Children, this is Mr. Puelicher." 

He paused, and then added : 

"Can any one tell me who Mr. Puelicher is?" 

Instantly there were dozens of little hands in the air, and 
the children shouted, with one voice : 

"He's the thrift stamp man !" 

And before that meeting was over every child had shown 
Mr. Puelicher three cards filled with stamps ! 

One of these was the school record of pennies and nickles 
saved. Another was the child's thrift card. The third was 
the child's war savings stamp card. 

Since the armistice was signed Wisconsin has been hon- 
ored by the appointment of its state director as Federal Di- 
rector for the Seventh Federal Reserve district for War Sav- 
ings Stamps. The plan of issuing the three cards to the 
children, as practiced in Wisconsin has been adopted for the 
district. 




Spain ^ 



MAP OF TH 



A — Alsace. B — Belgium. D — Denmark. H — Holstein. L — I^uxemburg 
2 — Seine River. 3 — Maine River. 4 — Oise River (Was). 5 — Ai.sne River i 
River. 10 — Lys River (Lees). 11 — Ostend. 12 — Lille (Leel). 13 — Calais (( 
18— Verdun. 19 — Metz. 20 — Strassburg-. 21 — Muhlhausen. 22 — Dover. 23 
(Lwar). 27 — Garonne River. 28 — Bordeaux. 29 — Rhone River. 30 — Saon 
34 — Rhine River. 35 — Lieg-e (Leeazh). 3G — Antwerp. 37 — The Hague. 38 
43 — Bremen. 44 — Helg'oland. 45 — Elbe River. 46 — Hamburg-. 47 — Lubeck. 
53 — Vistula River. 54^ — Warsaw. 55 — Prague. 56 — Munich. 57 — Danube B 
62 — Isonzo River. 63 — Trieste. 64 — Venice. 65 — Piave River (Pe ah 'vay). 
stance. 70 — Marseille. 71 — Genoa. 72 — Matterhorn. 73 — Sarajevo. 74— Be 
Ghent. 78 — Reims. 79 — Soissons. 80 — Berne. 







Serbia 



^VAR ZO?^E 



— Lorraine. N — Netherlands. S- — Schleswig'. Sw — Switzerland. 1 — Paris. 

6 — Vesle River (Vale). 7 — Meuse River. 8 — Moselle River. 9 — Scheldt 
). 14 — -Amiens. 15 — Somme (Some) River. 16 — Brussels. 17 — Waterloo, 
imes River (Temz). 2-1 — London. 25 — Strait of Dover. 26 — Loire River 
er. 31 — Jura Mountains. 32 — Vosg-es Mountains (Vozh). 33 — Mont Blanc, 
sterdam. 39 — Cologrne. 40 — Dusseldorf. 41 — Essen. 42 — Weser River. 
-Kiel. 49 — Kiel Canal. 50 — Berlin. 51 — Oder River. 52 — Copenhagen. 

58 — Carpathian Mountains. 59 — Vienna. 60 — Budapest. 61 — Gorizia. 
-Tag-liamento River. 67 — Po River. 68 — Lake Geneva. 69 — Lake Con- 
e. 75 — Serre River. 76 — Channel Islands (Jersey and Guernsey). 77 — 



CHAPTER ELEVEN. 
The University and the War. 

In common with all great universities, the University ot 
Wisconsin was, in 1917, an institution which had been built 
up from a small academic school to an educational center with 
far reaching influence, with a student population of many 
thousands. Years of striving for ideals had been repaid. 
The University had been accepted as one of the great schools 
of the nation. Naturally, those connected with it, from Presi- 
dent Van Hise down to the freshman class members, looked 
upon it as the world in which they lived. It came first in 
their thoughts. 

Then came the war. The University gave way to the 
only rival in the affections of its builders — the Nation. 

During the war 180 members of its faculty entered actual 
war service — and 133 of these put on the uniform of Uncle 
Sam. 

Its student population dwindled — for 2,150 students en- 
tered the army or navy — and most of them were volunteers. 

And the University became, during the war, an institution 
bent on helping to win the war, with its plans and ideas and 
hopes for itself laid aside until that war was won. 

The outbreak of the war in 1914 came upon the Uni- 
versity, as it did upon the country, as a crisis requiring time 
for adjustment. President Van Hise echoed the message of 
President Wilson to the American people, urging abstinence 
from all partisan discussions. While this suggestion was 
heeded, the war soon began to occupy a considerable propor- 
tion of the time of professors and students. Members of the 
faculty were generous in their contributions to war relief. 



308 Wisconsin In The World War 

and active in local, state and national organizations for this 
purpose. The movement for the establishing of the National 
Council of Defense originated in the University. In 1915 a 
Peace and War club united faculty and students in the dis- 
cussion of the basic problems of the war. In 1916 the name 
of this organization was changed to War and Peace club. 
The presentation of the war situation by outside lecturers 
became more frequent. 

A campaign in February, 1917, begun for the purpose of 
providing an ambulance for the American Field Ambulance 
corps, soon caused many to enlist in the service, and ended 
in sending about twenty-five men to France, the first Wis- 
consin men, except for those who had entered the Canadian 
service, to take part in the war. 

The first step towards actual war preparation was the 
petitioning of the War Department for the establishment at 
the University of a branch of the reserve officers' training 
corps authorized by the federal law of 1916. This request 
was not granted until the summer of 1917, but the committee 
on military administration became immediately active. 

In April, 1917, before the declaration of war, an intensive 
military training course, under the military administration 
committee, was authorized to prepare students for officers' 
commissions. The University had an ofificers' training camp 
in full swing six weeks before the national camps were ready. 
Of the 450 men who received training, nearly all received 
commissions, and some gave their lives for their country. 

In authorizing this course, the faculty accepted the policA- 
of allowing some degree of University credit to men leaving 
school in mid-career for military service. Seniors were to be 
graduated, and members of the lower classes were to receive 
credit for the current semester. This was the practice of the 
University during the Civil War. Similar credits were grant- 
ed to students authorized to leave the University for agri- 
cultural work. 

December 3, 1917, the faculty consolidated all credit leg- 
islation. War diplomas were granted seniors in full standing, 



Wisconsin In The World War 309 

actually enlisted in the American or allied arms. War certifi- 
cates were issued to other students leaving the University 
for military service. Cases of special, non-enlisted, war serv- 
ice were subject to the action of the committee on war 
credits. The credit policy adopted was more liberal than 
that adopted by most American universities, but it met the 
approval of the state. 

The harvesting of the spring crops was considered not 
less essential in 1917 than the formation of the fighting line. 
Dean H. L. Russell of the College of Agriculture, having at- 
tended a meeting at St. Louis, called by the Secretary of War 
to discuss the situation, recommended that students certified 
as having farm training be released on the same terms as 
those going into military service. This recommendation was 
adopted by the faculty. 

For the formation of a general war policy for the Uni- 
versity a war committee was authorized. This committee 
arranged a war convocation, held on May 3, 1917. The rea- 
sons for our entrance into the v/ar were officially presented 
to the students, the war aims were discussed, and advice was 
given as to the best method of personal service. 

In accordance with the attitude of the government, it 
was urged that students remain in college long enough to 
complete their equipment for the highest service. They were 
also urged to employ their summer vacation in profitable in- 
dustry. A plan was subsequently worked out for assisting in 
placing such summer volunteers and recognizing their serv- 
ice by a medal. 

The war committee further undertook to press to the 
limit the resources of the University for war service. In the 
spring of 1917 a complete census of all available resources 
was taken, and the returns placed in the hands of the State 
Council of Defense and other appropriate authorities. A re- 
search committee secured funds on its own initiative and un- 
dertook important work which was subsequently taken over 
by the National government. 

The faculty accordingly recommended to the regents 



310 Wisconsin In The World War 

that leave of absence for war work be granted to members 
called upon, and that the University make up the difference, 
if any, between the salary paid in the new position and the 
regular salary. The regents voted that leave for war service 
be liberally granted, but without any payment by the Uni- 
versity. The president was granted considerable freedom in 
the use of contingent funds for war purposes. 

The year 1917 saw a rapid expansion of war work. A 
war course, begun in the summer session, systematically 
brought the facts of the war before the students. A large 
number of courses in various departments dealing with vari- 
ous aspects of the war, and many fitting directly for war serv- 
ice, were authorized. A series of war pamphlets under the 
editorship of a faculty committee was undertaken, as was 
also a speaking campaign throughout the state. These and 
other activities soon assumed so great an importance that 
on January 8, 1918, the president reorganized the war com- 
mdttee, making it a committee of chairmen, and himself as- 
suming the chairmanship of the whole. 

Eight sub-committees were formed, on credits and per- 
mits, industrial training, lectures, military, publicity, records 
and documents, speaking campaign, woman's work. 

One of the more important executive actions was the 
provision for the gathering of records of all students, alumni, 
and faculty engaged in war activity, and the provision for the 
exhibition of these names on permanent honor rolls. 

By authorization of the faculty and regents, the univer- 
sity entered into active cooperation with the state historical 
society for the collection of material for the study of the war. 
By vote of the faculty, the Easter vacation was omitted in 
order to give a longer period for summer work, and the same 
policy was extended to the year 1918-19 by allowing for a 
later opening in 1918. In June, 1918, the faculty voted to 
extend the R. O. T. C. requirements and to use the resources 
of the academic departments more effectively for the purposes 
of officers' training. 

On January 14, 1918, the faculty by unanimous vote ac- 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 811 

cepted a resolution prepared by the war committee express- 
ing its hearty approval of President Wilson's Message to 
Congress, January 8, 1918, on the war issues. 

In the meantime the students were adjusting themselves 
to war conditions. The women students, early in the fall, 
organized a war council which pressed the work of the Red 
Cross and other war activities. The first occasion to rouse 
the whole student body to strong patriotic action was the 
Y. M. C. A. War fund campaign. This was immediately fol- 
lowed by the organization of a Students Patriotic league, gov- 
erned by a student council of defense, which became the 
center of all student patriotic effort. It lent its aid to the 
food conservation campaign, the Liberty Loan campaign, 
the thrift campaign, and held a special convocation for the 
dedication of the University honor roll. Other student or- 
ganizations constructed a service flag, unique among service 
flags, in that every star was embroidered with the name of 
some particular student. Complete cooperation was estab- 
lished between the faculty and student organizations and 
after the middle of the year 1917-18, the University was so 
organized as to give its fullest service to the nation. 

In March, 1917, the Home Economics department sent, 
on request, the names of 300 graduates who could act as food 
experts in the industrial preparedness movement. The War 
Department requested a census of mining, chemical, and 
other technical students. The navy sent a call for pharmacy 
graduates. Women organized Red Cross work. Students 
circulated a petition asking for more military drill. 

A "War Service" census of alumni was begun on March 
20 by the Wisconsin branch of the nation-wide Intercol- 
legiate Intelligence bureau. Questionnaires and enrollment 
blanks were sent to all graduates since 1901 and by mid-sum- 
mer about half had enrolled. A "war census" of undergrad- 
uate students was conducted later by the same bureau. 

Meanwhile a state-wide drive for greater food crops was 
being conducted by a group of men in the College of Agri- 
culture and other departments. Through twenty special .bul- 



312 \yiscoNSiN In The World Wab 

letins, four mimeographed bulletins, numerous newspaper 
articles, nine posters, and eight pamphlets, — 1,226,000 copies 
in all — they carried the message to the smallest hamlets. 
Bankers' and millers' associations, business men's clubs, and 
all agricultural organizations were enlisted in the drive — even 
country school teachers were told to send the message home 
to the farms through their pupils. Each week saw a new 
subject — more wheat, more potatoes, more and better corn, 
more beans, plant a garden, no food hoarding. When the 
State Council of Defense was organized this campaign was 
consolidated with the council's work. 

The home economics faculty at the same time carried on, 
through the same organization, drives on canning and drying 
food, and undertook many war-time studies of food substi- 
tutes and clothing economies. The director and others of 
her department were enlisted at once in the service of the 
national food administration. 

The close of the spring recess, April 18, 1917, saw the be- 
ginning of actual military preparations. Out of 470 men who 
had applied for the intensive training course, 284 were selected 
and began an all-day grind of drill and classes. Seventy-two 
faculty members voluntarily took up the work of teaching the 
special classes required and aiding the two military officers in 
conducting the course. To brush up on drill tactics, some 
seventy faculty men organized a military company that drilled 
daily until the middle of June. The Y. M. C. A. conducted 
lectures on army morals. This intensive course preceded the 
establishment of the national officers' training courses and 
was not repeated because of their subsequent establishment. 

Demands for farm labor became so urgent early in April 
that the university decided to send its students into the work. 
The College of Agriculture organized a "war council" and 
began releasing its students, investigating each student's fit- 
ness and granting full academic credit to each man who went 
into farm or other food production work. Academic depart- 
ments took up the idea, and by May 1, a total of 448 students 
had gone into food work. Most of them continued through- 



Wisconsin In The World War 313 

out the summer. Similarly credit was awarded for enlistment 
in certain industrial work. 

Resulting- reduction in the student body of the College 
of Agriculture enabled the staff to turn more of its atten- 
tion to the food problem. Within a short time, thirty-one 
members had laid aside teaching work to go out as county 
agents or emergency food agents, and others had gone into 
government food administration work or had undertaken ex- 
periment station research to aid the cause. 

The university wireless station, which for some months 
had been increasing its range and taking part in transcon- 
tinental relays, was ordered dismantled along with all other 
amateur stations about April 15. Three weeks later, how- 
ever, it was requested to resume operations so as to carry on 
experiments for the government. It developed an ever-in- 
creasing amount of experimental work and trained many op- 
erators for the army and navy. A new aerial tower was 
erected and another station for experimental purposes was 
established at the University by the signal corps of the army. 

Although many students had enlisted during April, the 
first formal departure of a university contingent was cele- 
brated on May 12, when 150 members of the intensive course 
went to Fort Sheridan to enter the first officers' training- 
camp. The men remaining in the intensive course continued 
their work until the middle of June and most of them entered 
the second Fort Sheridan camp. 

While the soldiers were drilling, women students were 
not to be outdone. Women faculty members organized a 
War Council of Woman's Service and began emergency work 
to aid women students in finding their bits to do. They had 
special classes in sewing, in nursing, in public health work, 
in cooking, in gardening, chicken-raising, investigation of 
food substitutes. Many worked for the Red Cross. The co- 
operative cottages cultivated cooperative gardens. Among 
other economies, the women gave up their annual May fete 
and held an athletic field meet instead. 

Exodus of faculty men for war service began in earnest 



314 Wisconsin" In The Would War 

about May 1. Among- others, Prof. C. E. Mendenhall went 
to the National Research Council and has since been com- 
missioned a major. Prof. A. L. P. Dennis became secretary 
of the State Council of Defense and has since been com- 
missioned captain in the general staff. The largest phase 
of special faculty war work began, however, with the organ- 
ization of the University War Research Council in respon-^c 
to government requests for special research on the submarine 
problem and other emergency scientific work. Every scien- 
tist or engineer whose experimental work had a bearing on 
war problems was set to work — some on part-time, some on 
full time, and some on missions far from Madison. 

Among the things that they undertook were special 
problems in aeronautics, both of aeroplanes and balloons, in- 
novations in wireless on land, from ships, and in the air, 
poison gas attack and defense, special chemical problems and 
surgical work. 

Submarine detection was one of the earliest problems to 
be taken up at the University. While this work was first 
carried on at the University, it was later made a navy enter- 
prise, the same men, however, continuing the work — some at a 
naval station and some at Madison. 

Development of cooperation with the state council made 
May, 1917, a busy month. The University offered its entire 
resources and staff to the council, appointed special war com- 
mittees in its various departments to report on what each 
could do. The council drafted the services of students and 
faculty men. When the most needed services had been sort- 
ed out of the mass of suggested services, few departments 
were not doing at least one bit of work "in cooperation with 
the state council." Among the men who gave much time to 
the council were Prof. A. H. Melville, who succeeded Mr. 
Dennis as secretary, Professors A. L. Goddard, John R. Com- 
mons, and H. C. Taylor, Dean L. E. Reber, and Dr. J. S. 
Evans. 

The extension division began at this time much work to 
aid the prosecution of the war through its great organization 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 315 

of representatives, publicity, and clerical resources. It organ- 
ized a Red Cross bureau to aid in forming local chapters and 
supplying speakers. Twenty-two of its field men threw their 
entire energy into Red Cross, liberty bond, and other cam- 
paigns in various cities, besides serving on county councils of 
defense. It devoted its seventeen summer chautauquas to 
arousing patriotism. It organized the Red Cross civilian re- 
lief of the state and Prof. J. L. Gillin, who later became di- 
rector of the work for the central division, conducted many 
classes for relief workers. It held classes in war-time social 
service in eighteen cities. It sent out films on war-time thrift, 
war pictures in slides and films, some of which were shown 
in the state capitol ; waged campaigns for gardens, fruit can- 
ning and drying, clothing economy ; supplied v/ar-time ma- 
terial to debating clubs and schools; cooperated vv^ith the Y. 
M. C. A. in instructing men in army camps; taught French to 
soldiers. Its fuel-saving campaign through publicity and 
posters led forty employers to have special classes for their 
firemen. Its campaign for using garl^age to raise pork was 
taken over by the food administration. The details of one 
extension war activity — that of aiding the Red Cross — will 
illustrate the thoroughness with which some of these activ- 
ities were carried on. In aiding the organization and work 
of the Red Cross in Wisconsin, the division sent out 150 
package libraries, 146 syllabi for speakers, 147 outlines of Red 
Cross objectives, served directly 85 communities, organized 
three counties with 50 local managers and 1,800 workers, 
supplied many speakers, and ansv/ered hundreds of requests 
for information. Dean Reber organized thousands of Wis- 
consin school boys in the Boys' Working Reserve and then 
went to Washington to help organize the Public Service Re- 
serve "war census" of the department of labor. 

The Medical school offered its entire staff and student 
body to the government. Two staff members, Dr. W. S. 
Middleton and Dr. R. Drane, ^were sent to France at once. 
Coach P. Withington, just appointed instructor in anatom}', 
joined a medical unit. The medical students were enrolled 



316 Wisconsin In The World War 

in the reserve medical corps and sent back to their studies 
until needed. Almost every staff member undertook special 
medical or surgical research. In cooperation v^ith the gas de- 
fense board, twenty psychological chemists, pathologists, bac- 
teriologists, and men from other departments worked on the 
medical treatment of gas effects and automatic apparatus for 
detecting poison gas. 

In May, 1917, President Van Hise announced the uni- 
versity's platform of service in the war and declared that 
every student must report his summer plans and seriously 
undertake some special work to aid the war. Questionnaires 
were prepared by the bureau that had conducted the alumni 
war census, and June 1 was appointed registration day. After 
meetings of various classes, each faculty member was made 
responsible for the enrollment of his advisees. The state 
council and the extension division found the jobs, and 1,650 
students were at work during the summer. A bronze Wis- 
consin War Service button was given to each student who 
enlisted or engaged for a certain time in any work to aid the 
war. By fall, 2,000 men and 500 women were wearing these 
buttons. 

May 15, the government asked the University to train men 
for quartermaster and ordnance corps work. The course in 
commerce at once started a special course in "Classification 
of Army Stores," enrolling 100 men. The course was repeat- 
ed during summer session and again in the fall. 

May 23, 1917, the honor roll included 300 in officers' 
training, 448 in food production, 216 women in emergency 
work, seventy-five men recorded as enlisted, and 2,500 alumni 
enrolled in war census. At that time, twenty-eight faculty 
men were in government work, thirty-one were acting as food 
agents, and seventy-two were teaching in the intensive course. 
The commandant, Major Grain, and his assistant. Captain 
Fitzmaurice, were called away June 6. 

The feature of the 1917 Commencement was not the fact 
that the University granted 1,105 diplomas — ninety-five more 
than in any previous year — but that the names of 252 grad- 



Wisconsin In The World Wae 317 

uates were "starred" as "absent in war service," and certifi- 
cates were granted for completion of the intensive military 
course to 109 who remained after the Fort Sheridan draft. 
Special graduating exercises were held at Fort Sheridan for 
seventy-six men. Besides these, the starred names included 
twenty-one in the intensive course, ninety-one in food work, 
twenty-four in industries, and forty in navy, marine, corps, 
state council work, Y. M. C. A. work, secret service, and 
aviation. 

The summer session opened June 25 with 2,334 students, 
of whom 1,369 were women. About seventy men drilled in 
a volunteer company. Seventy students took a special course 
in Red Cross civilian relief. There were special wireless 
courses, a series of lectures on the war, food lectures, a course 
to train quartermasters, and other emergency features. 
Twenty women took a special course in bacteriology and 
seven of them have since filled men's places in public health 
work. 

Further exodus of faculty members marked the early 
summer. Some 146 devoted the summer to war work, in- 
cluding fifty-two in uniform. Sixteen members of the French 
department taught French in army camps. Others organized 
choruses and managed other work at the camps. The Uni- 
versity clinic was devoted to the examination of about 1,000 
drafted men, after examining previously nearly 1,000 appli- 
cants for officers' camps. 

Historians went to work for the U. S. department of state 
and committee on public information. Some of their work 
came out in a document on "German War Practices." One 
published a historical outline to aid study of the war's causes. 
Economists went to Washington to aid in reorganizing the 
quartermaster's department, to aid in food and fuel control, 
and to organize civilian relief. 

The Chemistry department sent more than a score of 
men into government service, carried on experiments in gases, 
explosives, and problems of industrial chemistry. Geologists 
cooperated with the Geological Survey on the problem of 



318 Wisconsin In The Woeld Wak 

mineral resources, especially iron, manganese, and nickel. 
The department of education developed apparatus for testing 
candidates for aviation and sent a professor to direct the work. 

The new college year began Sept. 24, 1917, with the Uni- 
versity on a war basis. Enrollment decreased nineteen per 
cent, from 5,020 to 4,064. The number of men students de- 
creased from 3,330 to 2,307 ; the number of women grew from 
1,690 to 1,757. Seventy-four faculty men were in war 
service and few of their places were filled. The student 
honor roll numbered over 2,000. 

Enrollment in German classes fell off 42.9 per cent — 63 
per cent in elementary courses. Elementary French classes 
increased 30 per cent. Women invaded in greater numbers 
commerce, journalism, advertising, law, and medicine. The 
sewing classes made hospital garments instead of aprons. 
Three women began work in the engineering shops. The ex- 
tension division reported a great increase in study by cor- 
respondence of university credit courses. The class schedule 
included twelve new war courses, and every department had 
its war program. 

A war class in aviation, studying motors and the laws of 
aeronautics, began the training of thirty men for entrance 
into aviation schools. A new course in wireless was started. 
The quartermasters' course began its third session. There 
were special courses in tractors, war marketing, and Red 
Cross nursing. 

An infantry unit of the Reserve Officers' Training course 
was established and all freshmen and sophomores, as well as 
about fifty upperclassmen, enrolled. Major A. R. Kerwin was 
detailed as commandant. 

A course of twice-a-week public lectures on the war, by 
professors and others, was established. Among the speak- 
ers were General P. E. Vignal, Major Stanley Washburn, 
Mrs. Kate Upson Clarke, Mrs. Maria Rohling, Bernadotte 
Schmitt, a French and an Italian aviator. The enrollment in 
this course ran up to 1,030. 

President Van Hise delivered a series of lectures on food 



Wisconsin In The Woeld Wab 319 

conservation which he had prepared for the food administra- 
tion. Early in the war he was asked to take charge of or- 
ganizing the food administrator's work in the higher edu- 
cational institutions and devoted much of his summer to lec- 
tures throughout the country. In the fall he wrote two series 
of lectures which were published by the Government and 
distributed among about 900 higher educational institutions. 
He was called to Washington several times to confer with 
such bodies as the food administration, the fuel administra- 
tion, the department of agriculture, and certain of the emer- 
gency boards. 

Early in October, 1917, the women formed a Woman's 
War Work council that attracted wide attention. Its four 
committees organized all women's war work in the institu- 
tion, conducted drives for the Liberty loan, the Y. M. C. A. 
war fund, the war orphan's fund, the food pledge, the loyalty 
pledge, and enlisted hundreds of women in Red Cross work. 

A free course for telegraphers was started in October, 
especially for drafted men, both in the University and out- 
side. Fifty men and twenty women enrolled. 

When the department announced the third officers' train- 
ing camp on Oct. 20, the university was allotted a quota of 
forty-seven, but more than 150 students and 150 alumni ap- 
plied. 

War activity at the Forest Products laboratory resulted 
in temporary additions to the plant, increase of stafif, and the 
presence of many army men. The staff of the laboratory was 
increased from 50 persons in 1914 to 475 in 1917. Several 
buildings of the College of Agriculture were loaned by the 
University for the increased work. Among the activities 
which it carried on were the testing of aeroplane wood, study 
of hydro-aeroplane construction and woods, research in design 
and woods for packing boxes for foreign shipments, answers 
to numerous inquiries from the federal government and other 
nations, study of wood for mine props, research in substitutes 
for woods in packing, crating, and other uses, instruction of 
government airplane instructors, study of methods of produc- 



320 Wisconsin In The World Was 

ing rosin, investigation of charcoal for gas masks, testing of 
template paper for the navy, development of fibre plug for 
shells, study of waterproof paper for overseas shipment, prep- 
arations of wood specifications for timber parts of ships, air- 
planes, wagons, development of method for rapid drying of 
spruce for airplanes, and many other special war problems. 

Many Wisconsin towns heard patriotic lectures by Wis- 
consin professors during the summer and fall. In the fall of 
1917 their activities were consolidated into a patriotic lecture 
bureau under the auspices of the state council. 

Early in January, a new draft rule provided for the en- 
listment of engineering students in the engineers' reserve so 
that they might continue their studies. 

While the seventy-five members of the Patriotic Speak- 
ing bureau were going about the state speaking on the causes 
and issues of the war and emphasizing its righteousness, 
another group of professors had undertaken to do a similar 
work through the printed page. This war publication com- 
mittee of six men devoted many weeks to a thorough survey 
of the literature on the war and laid out a series of articles 
designed to answer the principal current objections to Amer- 
ica's entrance into the war, as well as a clear statement of the 
causes and issues. The committee then asked various pro- 
fessors to write the separate articles and supplied them with 
the bibliography and other material thus prepared. From 
those written, twenty articles were eventually selected and 
disseminated in various ways. A series of 900-word news- 
paper articles was circulated in stereotype plate by the State 
Council of Defense for the 400 English and forty German 
newspapers published in Wisconsin. Those for the German 
newspapers were translated by members of the German de- 
partment. The circulation began on January 31 and the 
articles, eighteen in English, and tv/enty in German, were 
released one each week thereafter. For each newspaper 
article, a 3,500 word article by the same author and on 
the same subject was published in pamphlet form. These 
University war pamphlets, of which between 15,000 and 20,- 




ROY P. WILCOX. 

EAU CUAIREL. 



M. J. CLEARV. 

MADISON ■ 



Wisconsin In The World War 321 

000 each were published, were sent free to pubHc and travel- 
ing libraries, school principals, county councils of defense, 
and private persons who asked for them. The demand rose 
to 35,000 each. The pamphlets were mailed one each week 
beginning Jan. 31 and the total circulation reached nearly 
400,000 copies mainly within Wisconsin. In June the war 
pamphlets were republished as "The War Book of the Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin" at university expense. About 8,000 
copies were published and of these about one-half were dis- 
tributed free. 

The mobilization of "Liberty Choruses," a group of mu- 
sicians in Wisconsin towns organized and prepared to conduct 
the musical programs at patriotic meetings, was undertaken 
in February by Prof. E. B. Gordon, of the extension division. 
in cooperation with the State Council of Defense. By fall 
230 choruses in all parts of the state had been organized and 
supplied with programs and music. 

The first gold star on the university's service flag was an- 
nounced in March, when news came of the death of Clarence 
O. Docken, of Mt. Horeb, class of '17 in commerce, who died 
of spinal meningitis in France. The first university man to 
be killed in action is thought to be Alexander B. Burns, of 
Downer's Grove, '20 agriculture, whose death was announced 
in March. 

The first army Vocational detachment of 400 soldiers 
arrived on the campus on April 8 to begin two months' train- 
ing in army artisan work in the shops and laboratories of 
the University. They were housed in the Gymnasium, 

On April 4, at a patriotic mass meeting of the student 
body, the Honor Roll cabinet, containing the names of 1,500 
university men who had entered the army or navy, was ded- 
icated. Immediately after the dedication, several student so- 
cieties undertook the making of a huge service flag to bear 
the names of all men in service. University women em- 
broidered on the individual stars the names, classes, and serv- 
ice notes. The huge flag, with 1,750 embroidered stars on it, 
was dedicated on Memorial Day. 



322 Wisconsin In The World War 

An unpleasant episode, known as "the McElroy affair," 
occurred on April 6, when Prof. Robert McNutt McElroy, of 
Princeton University, representing the National Security 
league, spoke at a Liberty Day mass meeting in the stock pa- 
vilion. The meeting was marred by a drenching rain during 
the parade which preceded it and the consequent impatience 
of the military cadets and other students, who, wet to the 
skin, were forced to remain during a long program. After 
the meeting, Professor McElroy, in interviews in city newspa- 
pers, declared that Wisconsin students were disloyal and 
that he had called them Prussians without arousing resent- 
ment. The regents, faculty. President Van Hise, Governor 
Philipp, Chief Justice Winslow, and others took up the mat- 
ter and demanded redress from the Security league. No 
formal satisfactory redress was offered by the league but the 
University's defenders carried its case into the newspapers 
far and wide and undid some of the damage which the insult 
had done to its name. 

As in the case of former officers' training camps, the War 
Department granted the University a quota of students and 
alumni to be sent to the Fourth R. O. T. C. at Camp Grant 
on May 15. Out of about 300 who applied, fifty-six entered 
the camp. 

Commencement on June 19 was made significant as a 
war-time event by the granting among the 1,031 degrees, of 
"war diplomas" to 242 graduates who were absent in military 
or naval service. 

The second detachment in the Army Vocational School 
arrived on the campus on June 15, numbering 515 soldiers. 

The war record of the University, as in the case of the 
state, can be given only in partial detail. 

When peace finally has been declared the men who left 
classes, either as instructors or students, will come back 
wearing, for a time, the uniform of their country. As they 
reenter civilian life many will not return to the University. 
These will have learned greater lessons than can be taught 
in school or college. Many of the University volunteers will 



Wisconsin In The World War 323 

be numbered among the honor roll of the dead in the great 
war. 

To those who return, to lay away military or naval uni- 
forms and treasure badges of bravery upon the field, the Uni- 
versity will be a greater institution than ever. To the people 
of the state, by whom the University was held in high esteem 
before the war, the institution will have taken in greater sig- 
nificance, and its brilliant war record will long be remembered 
and revered by those who knew its value when the crisis was 
at hand. 

Its president died suddenly soon after the armistice was 
signed, perhaps with his life shortened by the strenuous labors 
during the war. He closed his career as head of the Univer- 
sity at a time when the institution which he loved, and 
worked for and fought for, was doing its greatest work. 



CHAPTER TWELVE 
Soldiers' and Sailors' Relief. 

Wisconsin neglected few opportunities to thoroughly pre- 
pare itself for war in 1917, and at the same time the state 
paid the proper attention to conditions at home. One of the 
most practical laws passed was that providing relief for the 
dependents of soldiers or sailors while they were in the serv- 
ice of the United States. 

The state paid out $110,000 up to the date of the signing 
of the armistice, November 11, 1918, to the families of soldiers 
and sailors, and the payments were made after thorough in- 
vestigations, which taxed an energetic department in the ad- 
jutant general's office. 

The aid provided under this legislation was by far the 
most liberal ever granted by any state, and the men who en- 
tered the military or naval service from Wisconsin were 
cheered by the consciousness that their wives and children 
or dependent parents would not be permitted to suffer for the 
comforts of life during their absence. 

This legislation marks the progress of the ages and the 
ability of the people to meet the burdens of unusual emer- 
gencies. 

In the administration of the State Aid law of 1917, there 
were a few instances where calls were made by people own- 
ing comfortable homes and having incomes that placed them 
outside the dependent class. To the credit of the many who 
called for aid it should be said that attempts to secure it for 
persons not dependent on enlisted men were so few as to 
merit only a passing notice. 



Wisconsin In The World War 325 

As evidence of the care exercised in the administration 
of the 1917 aid law, it was first determined by complete proofs 
that the person named in the application was being in the 
naval or military service of the United States was in fact in 
the service as alleged, and that the wife or parents were re- 
lated as set forth and that they were dependent wholly or par- 
tially on the enlisted man. Every application was verified. 
It gave the name and postoffice address of the applicant, the 
name of the enlisted man with rank and organization, date of 
enlistment, whether married or single, and if married the date 
of marriage. If the enlisted man was in the National Guard, 
it had to be shown and his business or employment at the time 
of the call of the President on July 15,- 1917. The amount per 
month contributed for the support of the dependent members 
of the family, and the names and addresses of those who were 
contributing to such support, whether any support was con- 
tributed directly or indirectly by former employer, and if so 
how much. The names, ages, relationship and address of 
each member of the family dependent upon the enlisted man 
for support. If any dependents had any means of support 
it had to be stated. In case any dependent owned a home, 
that fact was required, and its appraised value given. Any 
income from employment or from other sources had to be 
stated. The names and addresses of three persons were re- 
quired who were not related to the applicant for aid, from 
whom information might be obtained supporting the state- 
ments in the application. 

In addition to all of this a supporting affidavit was re- 
quired from some person acquainted with the dependent ap- 
plicant, but not related, showing the relation of the applicant 
to the enlisted man, the facts constituting dependency and 
any other information that mig^ht aid the adjutant general in 
fixing a proper allowance under the law. 

In the administration of this law much valuable assist- 
ance was rendered by the Red Cross organization throughout 
the state. Their investigators were patient, intelligent and 
tireless. 



326 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Between June 28, 1917 and November 11, 1918, 616 
certificates were issued granting aid to soldiers' families. In 
three cases the certificates called for only $5 a month and in 
three other cases for $55 per month. The usual allowance 
was $20 to $25 per month. 

In 386 cases allowances were to dependent parents and in 
224 cases to the wives of enlisted men. In six cases aid was 
granted to children whose mothers were dead or divorced and 
whose fathers were in military service. 

This, however, does not measure the full value of the aid 
department of the adjutant general's office. Assistance was 
given to a large number of soldiers' dependents in obtaining 
the aid granted by Act of Congress of October 6, 1917; also 
in tracing some delinquent husbands who enlisted as single 
men and securing for their families the aid provided for them 
by state or federal law. This branch of the adjutant general's 
office also aided in securing insurance for soldiers' widows 
and parents and in general rendering any service that might 
be necessary in communicating with the war departments at 
Washington. 

Some of the oddities of human nature were discovered 
during the administration of the law. A widow with a grown 
up son had entered into a common law contract of marriage 
with a young farmer and for two years lived in comparative 
peace near the neighborhood where her husband's parents 
resided. The parents, being orthodox Christians, did not look 
upon a common law marriage as a sacred and binding obliga- 
tion, and the result was that the husband was estranged and 
the wife denied social recognition by parents who ordinarily 
would be friendly. 

When the husband was drafted, the wife had all the feel- 
ings and loneliness of a stranger and v/hen he was called to 
training camp she also changed her residence. The want of 
some formalities in the common law marriage stood in the 
way of securing the $30 a month allotment and allowance 
which the federal law provided for a soldier's wife and to 
bridge this difificulty the husband and wife submitted to a 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 327 

marriage ceremony in the presence of witnesses and per- 
formed by a person duly authorized by law. 

A few instances of family desertion were brought to the 
attention of the state aid department, where after a domestic 
storm the husband enlisted as a single man. In one of these 
instances the man was traced fr©m place to place and finally 
located on a war vessel in a port in China. When confronted 
with his family record he acknowledged his guilt and made 
the usual application for family support, dating back to the 
time that he entered the service. 

Bryan J, Castle, Madison, who for many years had been 
in the service of the state, was called by Adjutant General 
Holway to assist him in the administration of the state aid 
law and he assumed this duty July 7, 1917. Mr. Castle was 
aided in his work by Miss Frances E. Ryan, Janesville. The 
records of the department were kept in such a way that it 
was but the work of a moment to find any application or let- 
ter relating to any transaction. 



CHAPTER THIRTEEN 
The Liberty Loan Campaigns. 

Washington had, during the war, its "Dollar-a-Year- 
Men," who gave up time worth thousands of dollars a year 
for their government. 

Wisconsin had hundreds of men — and women — who gave 
time to their state and nation — many months of hard, nerve- 
racking toil — and did not receive the dollar a year. 

Perhaps in no department of the state's war activities 
was this more true than in the campaigns for the sale of 
Liberty Bonds. Naturally a financial undertaking, it required, 
along with a knowledge of human nature and certain enthu- 
siasm for the job a cold, calculating experience in finance. 
Bankers were ideal managers of the Liberty Loan campaigns, 
and many of them were drafted early for the work. Profes- 
sional men, merchants, farmers, manufacturers, industrial 
workers, all classes entered into the work, and each contrib- 
uted to its success. 

Wisconsin was divided into two districts. Forty-five 
counties in the southern and eastern part of the state were 
a part of the Seventh Federal Reserve district, which main- 
tained headquarters in Chicago. Twenty-six counties, in the 
northern and western part, were under the direction of the 
Ninth district, with headquarters in Minneapolis. 

Because the counties in the Seventh district represented 
the bulk of the population, with the greatest wealth and the 
larger number of large newspapers, they received much more 
attention in the public mind when Wisconsin's record was 
compared with that of other states than did the other twenty- 
six counties. But while the Seventh district counties made 



Wisconsin In The Wobld War 329 

a splendid record and deserved all of the praise given them, 
it must be remembered that the northern and western counties, 
with few exceptions, were, after all, facing a harder task. 
Their wealth was less concentrated, they had less wealth per 
capita, and their workers had greater distances to travel. In 
those Ninth district counties where wealth and population and 
other considerations might be considered equal, the financial 
record was equal to that of any other county in the state. In 
the northern counties where wealth was scattered and the 
country new, the men and women who handled the campaign.s 
deserve the greatest praise. 

The campaigns in the Seventh district were handled dur- 
ing the first three loans by a committee which was headed by 
William L. Ross of Chicago, Federal Reserve Director of 
Sales for Wisconsin. His general committee included Walter 
Alexander of Wausau, Norman Carle of Janesville, Oliver 
Clyde Fuller of Milwaukee, Martin Gillen of Racine, A. E. 
Kuolt of Madison, Mrs. John W. Mariner of Milwaukee, 
Mrs. H. H. Morgan of Madison, J. W. P. Lombard of Mil- 
waukee, Richard Meyer, Jr., of Lancaster, George Mead of 
Grand Rapids, Ernest Perry of Fond du Lac, Gov. E. L. 
Philipp, A. E. Proudfit of Madison, J. H. Puelicher of Mil- 
waukee, Peter Reiss of Sheboygan, John Schuette of Manito- 
woc, F. J. Sensenbrenner of Neenah, Z. G. Simmons of Keno- 
sha, Magnus Swenson of Madison, J. A. Van Cleve of Mari- 
nette, A. H. Vogel of Milwaukee, Fred Vogel, Jr., of Mil- 
waukee, and J. Russell Wheeler of Columbus. 

During the Fourth Loan campaign Mr. Ross was suc- 
ceeded by E. J. Kearney of Milwaukee as Federal Reserve 
Director of Sales for Wisconsin. The same general organ- 
ization was retained by Mr. Kearney. 

The general committee was made up, as will be seen at a 
glance, of men and women who were identified with many 
other war activities, and, with a few exceptions, their work 
was merely advisory. It was the men and women in the coun- 
ties, where the work was done, who put over the loans. 

Wisconsin earned an enviable place in the Liberty Loan 



330 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

campaigns. Even in the First Loan, which was little ad- 
vertised and not well understood by the average citizen, the 
state subscribed 95 per cent of its quota in the Seventh dis- 
trict, and made a good showing in the Ninth. The First 
Loan appealed largely to bankers and others who had been 
used to investing funds in bonds. Thousands of Wisconsin 
citizens never had owned a bond of any description, and when 
the sale was on many were not asked to buy. The county 
organizations were far from complete, and the reasons why 
the loan was being floated had not been so generally ex- 
plained. It would be an easy task to find hundreds of Wis- 
consin citizens who do not own a First Liberty Bond, and 
that is as true in other states, but it would be hard to find 
the man in Wisconsin — or woman, either — who does not own 
at least one bond. Most of them are represented in the sales 
lists of the Second, Third and Fourth loans. 

Figures compiled covering Wisconsin counties in the 
Seventh district show that the state ranked first in five states 
in the average percentage of subscriptions, with a subscrip- 
tion of $183,738,300 in the First, Second and Third Loans, and 
an average percentage of 144. Illinois, with Cook county, 
which includes the city of Chicago, led with 145 per cent, but 
that state, outside Cook county, was third with 124 per cent. 
The average percentage of Michigan was 133, that of Iowa 
121 and that of Indiana 118. The position of the five states 
in the three first loans were : First — Illinois, 145 ; Michigan, 
123 ; Wisconsin, 95 ; Indiana, 93 ; Iowa, 68. Second — Wiscon- 
sin, 155; Illinois, 152; Michigan, 142; Indiana, 122; Iowa, 111. 
Third — Wisconsin, 165; Iowa, 165; Illinois, 138; Indiana, 132; 
Michigan, 130. The average percentage for the district in 
the first three loans was 135. 

In the Fourth Loan Wisconsin's percentage of the dis- 
trict's quota was raised lYi per cent. The states were 
grouped in the percentage of quota obtained in this loan, the 
standings being: Illinois, 1.12; Michigan, 1.11; Iowa, 1.10; 
Wisconsin, 1.09; Indiana, 1.08. 

In the Seventh district the forty-five Wisconsin counties 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 331 

subscribed $30,296,650 to the First Loan. In the Second Loan 
the subscription in this district was $78,276,400, in the Third 
Loan $77,628,920 and in the Fourth Loan $108,907,950. 

The twenty-six counties in the Ninth district subscribed 
$4,072,550 to the First Loan, $8,850,650 in the Second Loan, 
$11,726,450 to the Third Loan and $15,250,150 to the Fourth. 

The total subscriptions by the seventy-one counties by 
loans were: First, $34,369,200; Second, $87,127,050; Third, 
$89,355,370; Fourth, $124,158,100. 

The total for the twenty-six counties in the Ninth dis- 
trict for the four loans during the war was $39,899,800. The 
total for the forty-five Seventh district counties for the four 
war loans was $295,109,920. 

In the seventy-one counties the total subscription during 
the four war loans was $335,009,720. If the bonds were dis- 
tributed between the men, women and children of the state 
every one would own a bond worth a fraction more than $132. 

The subscriptions, by counties, for the four loans, by 
those Wisconsin counties in the Seventh Federal Reserve 
district, are shown in the following figures, which show, also, 
the population, banking resources and assessed valuation : 

Adams — Population, 8,173; banking resources, $378,051; 
assessed valuation, $10,582,782; First Loan, $2,050; Second 
Loan, $22,650; Third Loan, $169,400; Fourth Loan, $225,850; 
Total, $419,950. 

Brown — Population, 60,291 ; banking resources, $12,689,- 
570; assesesd valuation, $8,558,513; First Loan, $536,350; 
Second Loan. $1,679,400; Third Loan, $2,378,400; Fourth 
Loan, $2,707,400; Total, $7,301,550. 

Calumet — Population, 16,398; banking resources, $3,167,- 
930; assessed valuation, $34,635,398; First Loan, $24,800; Sec- 
ond Loan, $301,600; Third Loan, $383,950; Fourth Loan, 
$523,350; Total, $1,233,700. 

Clark — Population, 33,456; banking resources, $5,058,017; 
assessed valuation, $40,765,707; First Loan, $67,000; Second 
Loan, $553,350; Third Loan, $649,250; Fourth Loan, $1,130,- 
000; Total, $2,399,600. 



332 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Columbia — Population, 31,135; banking resources, $8,- 
444,022 ; assessed valuation, $56,274,095 ; First Loan, $339,350 ; 
Second Loan, $1,102,550; Third Loan, $1,125,750; Fourth 
Loan, $1,631,400; Total, $4,199,050. 

Crawford — Population, 15,488; banking resources, $3,- 
452,815; assessed valuation, $21,788,344; First Loan, $33,350; 
Second Loan, $333,800; Third Loan, $655,100; Fourth Loan, 
$627,750; Total, $1,650,000. 

Dane — Population, 83,835 ; banking resources, $26,712,- 
394; assessed valuation, $181,089,177; First Loan, $1,470,600; 
Second Loan, $4,399,550; Third Loan, $3,016,000; Fourth 
Loan, $5,747,950; Total, $14,634,100. 

Dodge — Population, 48,081; banking resources, $11,011,- 
020; assessed valuation, $99,211,721; First Loan, $440,550; 
Second Loan, $1,451,900; Third Loan, $1,630,650; Fourth 
Loan, $2,711,200; Total, $6,234,300. 

Door — Population, 19,615; banking resources, $2,676,770; 
assessed valuation, $21,272,163; First Loan, $54,900; Second 
Loan, $384,600; Third Loan, $492,500; Fourth Loan, $619,- 
150; Total, $1,551,150. 

Fond du Lac — Population, 54,287 ; banking resources, 
$13,556,445 ; assessed valuation, $83,063,853 ; First Loan, $840,- 
850; Second Loan, $2,069,500; Third Loan, $3,175,300; Fourth 
Loan, $2,833,850; Total, $8,919,500. 

Grant — Population, 39,109; banking resources, $12,149,- 
806; assessed valuation, $77,409,602; First Loan, $150,450; 
Second Loan, $844,900; Third Loan, $1,899,050; Fourth Loan, 
$2,046,750; Total, $4,941,150. 

Green — Population, 20,777 ; banking resources, $7,383,- 
189; First Loan, $150,600; Second Loan, $621,400; Third 
Loan, $981,800; Fourth Loan, $1,273,600; Total, $3,027,400. 

Green Lake — Population, 15,245; banking resources, $4,- 
262,024; assessed valuation, $28,142,822; First Loan, $118,650; 
Second Loan, $647,250; Third Loan, $624,550; Fourth Loan, 
$797,350; Total, $2,187,800. 

Iowa — Population, 22,002; banking resources, $6,632,860; 
assessed valuation, $52,500,101 ; First Loan. $164,450; Second 



Wisconsin In The World Wae 333 

Loan, $432,900; Third Loan, $963,950; Fourth Loan, $1,293,- 
500; Total, $2,854,800. 

Jackson — Population, 16,762; banking resources, $2,837,- 
041; assessed valuation, $21,682,212; First Loan, $53,200; 
Second Loan, $192,900; Third Loan, $401,250; Fourth Loan, 
$525,000; Total, $1,172,350. 

Jefferson — Population, 33,919; banking resources, $10,- 
377,843; assessed valuation, $67,348,306; First Loan, $313,- 
350; Second Loan, $939,800; Third Loan, $1,272,190; Fourth 
Loan, $1,777,450; Total $4,302,799. 

Juneau — Population, 18,721; banking resources, $4,708,- 
932; assessed valuation, $20,989,942; First Loan, $53,950; 
Second Loan, $208,400; Third Loan, $428,950; Fourth Loan, 
$480,000; Total, $1,171,300. 

Kenosha — Population, 41,907; banking resources, $8,748,- 
084; assessed valuation, $61,761,569; First Loan, $864,350; 
Second Loan, $3,363,550; Third Loan, $2,374,100; Fourth 
Loan, $3,532,100; Total, $10,134,100. 

Kewaunee — Population, 16,440; banking resources, $4,- 
449,544; assessed valuation, $25,715,766; First Loan, $50,150; 
Second Loan, $450,300; Third Loan, $990,650; Fourth Loan, 
$768,200 ; Total, $2,259,300. 

Lafayette — Population, 19,367 ; banking resources, $7,- 
116,484; assessed valuation, $54,531,483; First Loan, $269,- 
600; Second Loan, $793,700; Third Loan, $958,200; Fourth 
Loan, $1,424,500; Total, $3,446,000. 

Langlade — Population, 20,671 ; banking resources, $2,- 
232,896; assessed valuation, $22,495,683; First Loan, $138,750; 
Second Loan, $434,300; Third Loan, $425,400; Fourth Loan; 
$701,100; Total, $1,699,550. 

Manitowoc — Population, 47,153; banking resources, $7,- 
221,422; assessed valuation, $69,592,037; First Loan, $254,450; 
Second Loan, $873,300; Third Loan, $1,680,850; Fourth Loan, 
$1,992,950; Total, $4,801,550. 

Marathon — Population, 64,494 ; banking resources, $10,- 
037,170; assessed valuation, $68,230,354; First Loan, $650,900; 



334 Wisconsin In The Wokld Wab 

Second Loan, $1,574,100; Third Loan, $1,352,550; Fourth 
Loan, $2,438,200; Total, $6,015,750. 

Marinette — Population, 36,204; banking resources, $4,- 
774.196; assessed valuation, $31,014,335; First Loan, $217,500; 
Second Loan, $865,300; Third Loan, $859,200; Fourth Loan, 
$1,203,700; Total, $3,145,700. 

Marquette — Population, 10,927; banking resources, $1,- 
448,934; assessed valuation, $13,937,371; First Loan, $33,050; 
Second Loan, $127,900; Third Loan, $294,350; Fourth Loan, 
$297,400; Total, $752,700. 

Milw^aukee — Population, 515,723; banking resources, 
$175,580,149; assessed valuation, $693,842,403; First Loan, 
$16,164,700; Second Loan, $32,701,950; Third Loan, $23,301,- 
200; Fourth Loan, $36,214,350; Total, $108,382,200. 

Monroe — Population, 29,505 ; banking resources, $5,454,- 
448; assessed valuation, $36,994,425; First Loan, $106,100; 
Second Loan, $287,500; Third Loan, $805,700; Fourth Loan, 
$1,125,250; Total, $2,324,550. 

Oconto — Population, 29,484; banking resources, $2,760,- 
325; assessed valuation, $25,648,827; First Loan, $60,000; 
Second Loan, $289,350; Third Loan, $575,000; Fourth Loan, 
$556,000; Total, $1,480,350. 

Outagamie — Population, 51,387; banking resources, $11," 
824,971; assessed valuation, $69,184,817; First Loan, $780,- 
750; Second Loan, $2,147,900; Third Loan, $2,019,000; Fourth 
Loan, $2,720,550; Total, $7,668,200. 

Ozaukee — Population, 17,731 ; banking resources, $2,966,- 
921; assessed valuation, $27,990,772; First Loan, $64,300; 
Second Loan, $248,000; Third Loan, $475,500; Fourth Loan, 
$697,350; Total, $1,485,150. 

Portage — Population, 32,115; banking resources, $4,569.- 
7Z2)\ assessed valuation, $32,561,935; First Loan, $170,150; 
Second Loan, $560,850; Third Loan, $651,950; Fourth Loan, 
$1,095,850; Total, $2,478,800. 

Racine — Population, 66,848; banking resources, $15,491,- 
956; assessed valuation, $94,107,543; First Loan, $1,653,650; 



Wisconsin In The W o e l d W a b 335 

Second Loan, $3,369,300; Third Loan, $3,351,700; Fourth 
Loan, $4,427,050; Total, $12,801,700. 

Richland — Population, 18,269; banking resources, $3,- 
602,807; assessed valuation, $35,316,987; First Loan, $33,150; 
Second Loan, $266,050; Third Loan, $527,100; Fourth Loan, 
$861,850; Total, $1,688,150. 

Rock — Population, 59,007; banking resources, $17,101,- 
607; assessed valuation, $98,958,401 ; First Loan, $598,950; Sec- 
ond Loan, $2,299,650; Third Loan, $2,694,600; Fourth Loan, 
$3,771,400; Total, $9,364,600. 

Sauk — Population, 32,758; banking resources, $9,269,310; 
assessed valuation, $58,233,327; First Loan, $222,550; Second 
Loan, $571,300; Third Loan, $1,295,800; Fourth Loan, $1,- 
550,000; Total, $3,639,650. 

Shawano — Population, 35,413; banking resources, $3,906,- 
054; assessed valuation, $35,761,576; First Loan, $80,800; Sec- 
ond Loan, $392,300; Third Loan, $990,430; Fourth Loan, $1,- 
000,000; Total, $2,463,530. 

Sheboygan — Population, 58,523; banking resources, $15,- 
697,197; assessed valuation, $83,168,067; First Loan, $334,600; 
Second Loan, $2,219,750; Third Loan, $1,907,450; Fourth 
Loan, $2,834,350; Total, $7,296,150. 

Vernon — Population, 27,927; banking resources, $6,067,- 
116; assessed valuation, $40,721,875; First Loan, $74,750; Sec- 
ond Loan, $281,600; Third Loan, $1,372,500; Fourth Loan, 
$1,064,500; Total, $2,793,350. 

Walworth — Population, 29,899 ; banking resources, $8,- 
650,617; assessed valuation, $66,011,165; First Loan, $391,900; 
Second Loan, $1,000,900; Third Loan, $1,357,000; Fourth 
Loan, $1,725,000; Total, $4,474,800. 

Washington — Population, 23.941 ; banking resources, $5,- 
458,010; assessed valuation, $44,603,874; First Loan, $156,800; 
Second Loan, $413,750; Third Loan, $761,400; Fourth Loan, 
$1,130,000; Total, $2,461,950. 

Waukesha — Population, 38,597 ; banking resources, $10,- 
491,555; assessed valuation, $65,509,686; First Loan, $481,350; 



336 Wisconsin In The World War 

Second Loan, $1,653,150; Third Loan, $1,522,800; Fourth 
Loan, $2,210,100; Total, $5,867,400. 

Waupaca — Population, 33,717; banking resources, $6,- 
895,662; assessed valuation, $41,766,634; First Loan, $184,100; 
Second Loan, $621,800; Third Loan, $1,604,600; Fourth Loan, 
$1,650,850; Total, $4,061,350. 

Waushara — Population, 21,218; banking resources, $1.- 
975,841; assessed valuation, $21,892,348; First Loan, $10,800; 
Second Loan, $291,800; Third Loan, $457,900; Fourth Loan, 
$603,000; Total, $1,363,500. 

Winnebago — Population, 65,229; banking resources, $17,- 
317,185; assessed valuation, $79,181,775; First Loan, $1,092,- 
000; Second Loan, $2,689,750; Third Loan, $1,922,550; Fourth 
Loan, $3,613,950; Total, $9,318,250. 

Wood — Population, 34,359; banking resources, $7,804,- 
195; assessed valuation, $38,311,382; First Loan, $342,050; 
Second Loan, $1,300,850; Third Loan, $851,400; Fourth Loan, 
$1,650,000; Total, $4,144,300. 

The subscriptions for the counties in Wisconsin in the 
Ninth Federal Reserve district, with their population, banking 
resources and assessed valuation, are given below : 

Ashland — Population, 23,271 ; banking resources, $4,122,- 
000; assessed valuation, $21,652,000; First Loan, $352,000; 
Second Loan, $563,000; Third Loan, $520,750; Fourth Loati, 
$802,350; Total, $2,238,100. 

Barron — Population, 33,083; banking resources, $4,315,- 
000; assessed valuation, $35,698,000; First Loan, $97,250; Sec- 
ond Loan, $384,050 ; Third Loan, $506,000; Fourth Loan, $701,- 
300; Total, $1,688,600. 

Bayfield — Population, 17,151 ; banking resources. $1,341,- 
000; assessed valuation, $20,003,000; First Loan, $52,450; Sec- 
ond Loan, $233,500 ; Third Loan, $251,800; Fourth Loan, $388,- 
000; Total, $925,750. 

Buffalo — Population, 16,006; banking resources, $2,934,- 
000; assessed valuation, $24,287,000; First Loan, $52,750; Sec- 
ond Loan, $125,950; Third Loan, $479,100; Fourth Loan, 
$457,150; Total, $1,114,950. 



Wisconsin In The World War 337 

Burnett — Population, 10,156; banking resources, $1,136,- 
000; assessed valuation, $10,399,000; First Loan, $10,500; Sec- 
ond Loan, $60,250; Third Loan, $149,100; Fourth Loan, $136,- 
650; Total, $356,500. 

Chippewa — Population, 37,642; banking resources, $5,581,- 
000; assessed valuation, $40,786,000 ; First Loan, $234,500; 
Second Loan, $526,150; Third Loan, $656,000; Fourth Loan, 
$724,550; Total, $2,141,200. 

Douglas — Population, 55,515 ; banking resources, $7,534.- 
000; assessed valuation, $63,197,000; First Loan, $749,600; 
Second Loan. $1,354,200; Third Loan, $1,623,000; Fourth 
Loan, $2,247,900; Total, $5,976,700. 

Dunn — Population, 25,240 ; banking resources, $4,058,- 
000; assessed valuation, $35,047,000; First Loan, $87,000; Sec- 
ond Loan, $196,800; Third Loan, $430,050; Fourth Loan, $562,- 
450; Total, $1,276,300. 

Eau Claire — Population, 33,472; banking resources, $7,- 
418,000; assessed valuation, $35,923,000; First Loan, $406,500 
Second Loan, $740,250; Third Loan, $896,650; Fourth Loan 
$1,218,250; Total, $3,261,750. 

Florence — Population, 3,515; banking resources, $247,000 
assessed valuation, $6,204,000; First Loan, $5,300; Seconc 
Loan, $36,350; Third Loan, $56,850; Fourth Loan, $60,550 
Total, $159,050. 

Forest — Population, 10,713; banking resources, $570,000 
assessed valuation, $14,170,000; First Loan, $27,300; Second 
Loan, $108,250; Third Loan, $138,550; Fourth Loan, $131,800 
Total, $405,900. 

Iron — Population, 9,539; banking resources, $501,000; as- 
sessed valuation, $13,315,000; First Loan, $22,650; Second 
Loan, $55,800; Third Loan, $121,700; Fourth Loan, $233,400; 
Total, $433,550. 

La Crosse — Population, 44,724; banking resources, $15,- 
220,000; assessed valuation, $48,117,000; First Loan, $834,250; 
Second Loan, $1,548,550; Third Loan, $1,834,450; Fourth 
Loan, $2,276,650; Total, $6,493,900. 

Lincoln — Population, 21,104; banking resources, $3,247,- 



338 Wisconsin In The World Wak 

000; assessed valuation, $21,852,000; First Loan, $343,100; 
Second Loan, $397,100; Third Loan, $342,150; Fourth Loan, 
$512,300; Total, $1,594,650. 

Oneida — Population, 13,300; banking resources, $1,671,- 
000; assessed valuation. $14,867,000; First Loan, $223,050; 
Second Loan, $362,650; Third Loan, $368,550; Fourth Loan, 
$440,550; Total, $1,394,800. 

Pepin — Population, 7,577; banking resources, $1,239,000; 
assessed valuation, $9,766,000; First Loan, $11,000; Second 
Loan, $89,000; Third Loan, $155,750; Fourth Loan, $243,100; 
Total, $499,450. 

Pierce — Population, 22,079; banking resources, $3,710,- 
000; assessed valuation, $29,599,000; First Loan, $127,800; 
Second Loan, $333,400; Third Loan, $510,850; Fourth Loan, 
$758,050; Total, $1,730,100. 

Polk — Population, 23,969; banking resources, $3,656,000; 
assessed valuation, $32,139,000; First Loan, $124,750; Second 
Loan, $376,200; Third Loan, $482,800; Fourth Loan, $538,050; 
Total, $1,521,800. 

Price — Population, 17,217; banking resources, $1,455,000; 
assessed valuation, $17,057,000; First Loan, $23,600; Second 
Loan, '$167,050; Third Loan, $181,650; Fourth Loan, $255,500; 
Total, $627,800. 

Rusk — Population, 13,086; banking resources, $1,242,000; 
assessed valuation, $16,013,000; First Loan, $27,550; Second 
Loan, $122,050; Third Loan, $146,550; Fourth Loan, $214,150; 
Total, $510,300. 

Sawyer — Population, 8,150; banking resources, $661,000; 
assessed valuation, $11,460,000; First Loan, $11,750; Second 
Loan, $40,500; Third Loan, $101,450; Fourth Loan, $119,750; 
Total, $274,450. 

St. Croix — Population, 25,910; banking resources, $4,069,- 
000; assessed valuation, $39,307,000; First Loan, $124,900; 
Second Loan, $466,900; Third Loan, $610,400; Fourth Loan, 
$733,400; Total, $1,935,600. 

Taylor — Population, 15,378; banking resources, $935,000; 
assessed valuation, $17,312,000; First Loan, $38,200; Second 



Wisconsin In The World War 339 

Loan, $74,400; Third Loan, $135,950; Fourth Loan, $155,200; 
Total, $403,750. 

Trempealeau — Population, 22,928 ; banking resources, $5,- 
286,000; assessed valuation, $32,289,000; First Loan, $76,450; 
Second Loan, $373,600; Third Loan, $801,050; Fourth Loan, 
$1,023,800; Total, $2,274,900. 

Vilas — Population, 6,813; banking resources, $221,000; as- 
sessed valuation, $7,442,000; First Loan, $500; Second Loan, 
$38,250; Third Loan, $90,150; Fourth Loan, $76,600; Total, 
$205,500. 

Washburn — Population, 10,147; banking resources, $1,- 
182,000; assessed voluation, $11,352,000; First Loan, $7,850; 
Second Loan, $75,850; Third Loan, $135,150; Fourth Loan, 
$238,700; Total, $457,550. 

R. B. Wood, Adams, was chairman in Adams county for 
the First Loan. In the Second Loan he was succeeded by J. 
W. Purves, Friendship, and the organization included A. S. 
Neff, Grand Marsh, vice chairman; Miss Agnes Bredesen, 
Arkdale, vice chairman ; Judge W. S. Gilman, Friendship, 
chairman of publicity; R. B. Wood, Adams, chairman of 
speakers. 

In Brown county William L. Evans, Green Bay, was 
the first chairman. In the Second Loan his place was taken 
by Dr. A. O. Olmsted, Green Bay, who handled the two fol- 
lowing campaigns also. The other workers were W. L. 
Evans, Green Bay, vice chairman ; Mrs. W. P. Wagner, Green 
Bay, vice chairman; John Kline, Green Bay, chairman of pul)- 
licity; Max Strehlow, Green Bay, chairman of speakers. 

Frederick BuUwinkle, New Holstein, was chairman for 
the First Loan in Calumet county. He was succeeded by 
Frank J. Egerer, Chilton, who was chairman during the last 
three war loans. His organization included George G. Berg- 
er, Chilton, vice chairman ; Mrs. W. S. Lloyd, Chilton, vice 
chairman; George M. Goggins, Chilton, chairman of publicity; 
William S. Luehrs, New Holstein, chairman of speakers. 

In Clark county the First Loan chairman was E. J. Ross- 
man, Neillsville. In the Second and Third Loans W. L, 



340 Wisconsin In The World War 

Smith, Neillsville, was chairman, and in the Fourth Loan the 
position was held by James A. PhilHps, Neillsville. The or- 
ganization then included W. L. Smith, Neillsville, vice chair- 
man; Mrs. F. S. Hewitt, Neillsville, vice chairman; L. Wil- 
liamson, Neillsville, chairman of publicity; T. E. Henderson, 
Neillsville, chairman of speakers ; E. J. Rossman, Neillsville, 
secretary-treasurer. 

Henry Otto, Prairie du Chien, was chairman for the First 
Loan in Crawford county. O. P. Vaughan, Wauzeka, held 
this position for the subsequent loans. The organization in- 
cluded Thomas Bergen, Prairie du Chien, vice chairman; Mrs. 
C. B. Lunsford, Gays Mills, vice chairman; J. O'Neil, Prairie 
du Chien, chairman of publicity ; A. B. Curran, Prairie du 
Chien, chairman of speakers. 

In Columbia county W. S. Stroud, Portage, was chair- 
man for the First Loan. In the subsequent loans T. H. 
Cochrane, Portage, was chairman, and his organization in- 
cluded A. J. Jamison, Poynette, vice chairman ; Gertrude Het- 
tinger, Portage, vice chairman ; W. T, Scott, Kilbourn, chair- 
man of publicity and speakers. 

Joseph M. Boyd, Madison, handled the First Loan in 
Dane county as chairman. In the Second and Third Loans 
George A. Boissard, Madison, was chairman and in the Third 
Loan this position was held by F. J. Vea, Stoughton. Other 
workers were M. J. Cleary, Madison, vice chairman; Mrs. L. 
M. Hanks, Madison, vice chairman ; John Moran, Madison, 
chairman of speakers. V. A. Arnold was chairman for the 
city of Madison in the Fourth Loan. 

In Dodge county Charles Hawks, Horicon, was chairman 
for the First Loan. B. W. Davis, Waupun, was chairman 
for the Second Loan, and Silas McClure, Beaver Dam, for the 
Third and Fourth. The organization included A. W. Luek, 
vice chairman, Beaver Dam ; Mrs. A. G. Hill, Beaver Dam, 
vice chairman ; August Kading, Juneau, chairman of speak- 
ers; James F. Malone, Beaver Dam, chairman of publicity. 

H. C. Scofield, Sturgeon Bay, was the Door county chair- 
man for the First Loan. For the subsequent loans H. A. 



Wisconsin In The World War 341 

Wagener, Sturgeon Bay, was chairman. The other worker^ 
included Rudolph Soukop, Sturgeon Bay, vice chairman ; Mrs. 
M. B. Goff, Sturgeon Bay, vice chairman ; Earl La Plane, 
Sturgeon Bay, chairman of publicity. 

Fond du Lac county had four chairmen. They were H. 
R. Potter, Ernest J. Perry, F. J. Rueping and P. P. Peeke, all 
of Fond du Lac. The organization included F. W. Chad- 
bourne, Fond du Lac, vice chairman ; C. W. Keys, Fond du 
Lac, vice chairman ; Miss Helen Ahern, Fond du Lac, vice 
chairman; L. J. Fellenz, Fond du Lac, chairman of speakers; 
J. J. Harlin, Fond du Lac, chairman of publicity. 

Richard Meyer, Jr., Lancaster, served as chairman of the 
First Loan in Grant county. C. H. Baxter, Lancaster, was 
chairman for the subsequent loans. His organization in- 
cluded B. L. Marcus, Boscobel, vice chairman ; E. L. McCoy, 
Lancaster, vice chairman ; Charles A. Loveland, Jr., Platto- 
ville, vice chairman ; Milton F. Woodhouse, Bloomington, 
vice chairman ; Mrs. David Crichton, Lancaster, vice chair- 
man; T. Emery Bray, chairman of publicity. 

In Green county Howard W. Chadwick, Monroe, was 
chairman for the First Loan. He was succeeded by Willis 
Ludlow, Monroe, as chairman, who held the position for the 
Second, Third and Fourth Loans. His organization included 
L. J. Stair, Brodhead, vice chairman ; P. F. Neverman, Mon- 
roe, vice chairman ; Mrs. E. M. Churchill, Monroe, vice chair- 
man ; John N. Burns, chairman of publicity. 

In Iowa county O. S. Rewey, Rewey, was chairman for 
the First Loan. J. B. Egan, Avoca, was chairman for the 
Second Loan and T. M. Priestly, Mineral Point, for the Third 
and Fourth. The organization included John Eagen, Avoca, 
vice chairman; Mrs. John Williams, Edmund, vice chairman; 
A. W. Higgins, Mineral Point, chairman of publicity; J. D. 
McGeever, Dodgeville, chairman of speakers. 

H. H. Richards was chairman in Jackson county for the 
First Loan. He was succeeded by Samuel Lund in the Third 
Loan, who handled the Fourth Loan, also. His organization 
included H. B. Mann, Black River Falls, vice chairman; Mrs. 



342 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

E. S. Jedney, Black River Falls, vice chairman; J. Travel- 
stead, Black River Falls, chairman of publicity; W. J. McGil- 
livray, Black River Falls, chairman of speakers. 

In Green Lake county Ira W. Parker, Markesan, handled 
the First Loan, and the chairman for the Second, Third and 
Fourth Loans was Henry J. Maxwell, Princeton. His or- 
ganization included O. C. Olman, Princeton, vice chairman ; 
Miss Jean Harrington, Berlin, vice chairman; Frank Mueller, 
Princeton, chairman of publicity ; George V. Kelley, Prince- 
ton, chairman of speakers. 

F. W. Woodard, Watertown, was chairman for the First 
Loan in Jefferson county. He was succeeded by O. W. Don- 
kle. Fort Atkinson, in the Third Loan, and the Fourth 
Loan was handled by W. D. James, Fort Atkinson. The or- 
ganization included D. G. Grabill, Fort Atkinson, vice chair- 
man ; Mrs. Zida Ivey, Fort Atkinson, vice chairman ; F. E. 
Woodard, Fort Atkinson, vice chairman ; E. W. Simons, Fort 
Atkinson, chairman of publicity ; Charles B. Rogers, Fort 
Atkinson, chairman of speakers. 

Juneau county's chairman for the First Loan was W. F. 
Winsor, Mauston, who continued during the war. His or- 
ganization included H. D. Winsor, Mauston, vice chairman ; 
Mrs. John Hart, Elroy, vice chairman; J. A. McFarlane, 
Mauston, chairman of publicity; H. J. Mortensen, New Lis- 
bon, chairman of speakers. 

In Kenosha county Charles C. Brown, Kenosha, was 
chairman for the first Loan, and he, also, was chairman for 
the subsequent Loans. His organization included Russell H. 
Jones, Kenosha, vice chairman; W. H. Alford, Kenosha, vice 
chairman ; Mrs. L. M. Thiers, Kenosha, vice chairman ; A. E 
Buckmaster, Kenosha, chairman of speakers ; Ralph S. Kings- 
ley, Kenosha, chairman of publicity. 

M. W. Perry, Algoma, was chairman for the First Loan 
in Kewaunee county. He was succeeded in the Second Loan 
by Edward Seyk, Kewaunee, who served for the Third and 
Fourth, also. His organization included Albert Leyse, Ke- 
waunee, vice chairman; Mrs. J. L. John, Algoma, vice chair- 



Wisconsin In The World Wak 343 

man; Gladys Duvall, Kewaunee, chairman of publicity; Carl 
W. Andre, Kewaunee, chairman of speakers. 

In Lafayette county, for the First Loan, R. E. Orton, 
Darlington, was chairman. Judge J. B. Simpson, Darlington, 
was chairman for the Second Loan, Frank J. McConnell, Dar- 
lington, for the Third, and C. F. Osborn, Darlington, for 
the Fourth. The organization included John P. Williams, 
Shullsburg. vice chairman; F. J. McConnell, Darlington, vice 
chairman; Mrs. J. K. Carey, Darlington, vice chairman; Wil- 
liam Riley, Darlington, chairman of publicity. 

In Langlade county J. C. Lewis, Antigo, was chairman 
for the First Loan. He served throughout the war. His 
organization included Sam B. Ullman, Antigo, vice chairman; 
Mrs. F. V. Watson, Antigo, vice chairman ; Fred L. Berner, 
Antigo, chairman of publicity ; A. M. Whiting, Antigo, chair- 
man of speakers. 

R. J. Findlan, Manitowoc, was chairman for the First 
Loan. He was succeeded in the Third Loan by George Vits, 
Manitowoc, who served, also, in the Fourth Loan. The or- 
ganization included Albert Schuette, Manitowoc, vice chair- 
man ; Mrs. Calla Enderess, Manitowoc, vice chairman ; Sidney 
T. Pratt, Manitowoc, chairman of publicity; Eugene Chlope<, 
Manitowoc, chairman of speakers. 

In Marathon county B. Heinemann, Wausau, was chair- 
man for the First Loan. This place was taken in the Third 
Loan by Charles S. Gilbert, Wausau, who served in the 
Fourth Loan, also. The organization included H. C. Berger, 
Wausau, vice chairman ; Mrs. C. H. Ingraham, Wausau, vice 
chairman ; A. L. Kreutzer, Wausau, chairman of speakers ; 
E. A. Dunn, Wausau, chairman of publicity. 

D. C. Robertson, Marinette, was chairman in all of the 
war loans in Marinette county. His organization included 
Ralph Skidmore, Marinette, vice chairman ; Mrs. Joshue, 
Marinette, vice chairman ; Howard I. Wood, Marinette, chair- 
man of publicity; H. R. Goldman, Marinette, chairman of 
speakers. 

In Marquette county W. F. Currie, Montello, was chair- 



344 Wisconsin In The World War 

man for entire war period. His organization included M. M. 
Smart, Montello, vice chairman ; Lottie Woodford, Westfield, 
vice chairman ; Charles M. Barry, Montello, chairman of pub- 
licity; D. W. McNamara, Montello, chairman of speakers. 

In Milwaukee county the chairman for the First Loan 
was R. W. Baird, the Second Loan A. W. Vogel, in the Third 
and Fourth Fred Vogel, Jr. The organization included Wal- 
ter Kasten, vice chairman; Roy L. Stone, vice chairman; E. 
K. Sweigart, vice chairman ; Mrs. George Lines, vice chair- 
man ; Mortinier L Stevens, chairman of publicity ; Robert 
McMynn, chairman of speakers ; Roger Y. Flanders, vice 
chairman of speakers. 

Monroe county's chairman for the First Loan was H. 
W. Jefferson, Sparta. He was succeeded in the Third Loan 
by R. B. Graves, Sparta, who served in the Fourth Loan, also. 
His organization included M. Syverson, Tomah, vice chaii^- 
man ; Mrs. W. W. Warren, Tomah, vice chairman ; Mrs. H. 
W. Williams, Sparta, vice chairman ; Walter Card, Sparta, 
chairman of publicity ; H. W. Jefferson, Sparta, chairman of 
speakers. 

The Oconto county chairman for the First Loan was C. 
A. Best, Oconto. He was succeeded in the Third Loan by 
J. B. Chase, Oconto, who continued in the position during 
the Fourth Loan. His organization included J. H. Delbridge, 
Oconto Falls, vice chairman ; Mrs. J. B. Chase, Oconto, vice 
chairman; Stephen Bolles, Oconto, chairman of publicity; Al- 
lan Classon, Oconto, chairman of speakers. 

In Outagamie county Charles Hagan, Appleton, was 
chairman for the First Loan. Gustave Keller, Appleton, 
served during the Second, Third and Fourth Loans. His or- 
ganization included Stephen Balliet, Appleton, vice chairman; 
Mrs. James A. Wood, Appleton, vice chairman ; Joseph Steele, 
Appleton, chairman of publicity; Francis Bradford, Appleton, 
chairman of speakers. 

In Ozaukee county the chairman for the First Loan was 
H. J. Adam, Port Washington. For" the Second, Third and 
Fourth Loans F. W. Walker, Cedarburg, filled the position, 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wae 345 

and his organization included Charles A. Mueller, Port Wash- 
ington, vice chairman; Judge J. E. Uselding, Port Washing- 
ton, vice chairman ; Mrs. Julian Zillier, Port Washington, 
vice chairman; Charles J. Kunny, Port Washington, chairman 
of publicity; H. W. Bolens, Port Washington, chairman of 
speakers. 

During the First Loan campaign G. L. Park, Stevens 
Point, was chairman in Portage county. J. R. Pfiffner, 
Stevens Point, took his place in the subsequent loans. His 
organization included T. H. Hanna, Stevens Point, vice chair- 
man; Mrs. E. T. Smith, Stevens Point, vice chairman; M. M. 
Ames, Stevens Point, chairman of speakers ; F. W. Leahy, 
Stevens Point, chairman of publicity. 

In Racine county O. W. Johnson, Racine, was the first 
chairman. He served throughout the war. His organiza- 
tion included James Rohan, Racine, vice chairman ; P. J. 
Meyers, Racine, vice chairman ; Mrs. John Owen, Racine, vice 
chairman ; Arthur Swanson, Racine, chairman of publicity ; 
A. J. Lunt, Racine, chairman of speakers. 

In Richland the first chairman was C. R. Thomson, Rich- 
land Center. During the second campaign Levi H. Ban- 
croft served as chairman, and in the Third and Fourth Loans 
the chairman was W. S. McCorkle. The organization in- 
cluded F. L. Brewer, Richland Center, vice chairman ; Mrs. 
Fred Thomson, Richland Center, vice chairman ; E. E. Brind- 
ley, Richland Center, chairman of publicity; Dr. D. E. Smith, 
Richland Center, chairman of speakers. 

In Rock county R. A. Meech, Beloit, was chairman dur- 
ing the First Loan. In the Second the chairman was Mal- 
colm G. Jefifris, Janesville, who continued in this capacity. 
Mr. Jeffris lost one of his valuable aides in the death of A, P. 
Lovejoy, Janesville, who was a vice chairman. Other mem- 
bers of the organization were Mrs. A. C. Anderson, Edgerton, 
vice chairman; A. E. Matheson, Janesville, chairman of pub- 
licity; W. H. Doughert3^ Janesville, chairman of speakers. 

E. T. McFetridge, Baraboo, was chairman for the First 
Loan in Sauk county. In the Second Loan R. P. Perry, 



346 Wisconsin In The World War 

Reedsburg, was chairman, and for the Third and Fourth 
Loans Frank R. Bentley, Baraboo, held the position. The 
organization inckided Dr. Roger A. Cahoon, Baraboo, vice 
chairman; R. P. Perry, Reedsburg, vice chairman; Mrs. Frank 
Avery, Baraboo, vice chairman ; T. R. Risley, Baraboo, chair- 
man of pubhcity ; A. S. Kingsford, Baraboo, chairman of 
speakers. 

In Shawano county the first chairman was F. W. Hum- 
phrey, Shawano. He was succeeded in the Fourth Loan by 
J. E. Scanlon, Shawano. The organization inchided Robert 
Upham, Shawano, vice chairman; Mrs. H. H. Sanderson, 
Shawano, vice chairman ; A. M. Andrews, Shawano, chairman 
of speakers; J. H. Stanley, Shawano, chairman of publicity. 

For the First Loan R. J. Rietow, Sheboygan, was chair- 
man in Sheboygan county. He was succeeded in the Second 
Loan by Walter X. J. Kohler, Sheboygan, who continued 
in that position during the war. His organization included 
Harry Barrows, Sheboygan, vice chairman ; William C. Roen- 
itz, Sheboygan, vice chairman; Mrs. Harry E. Thomas, She- 
boygan, vice chairman ; William K. Braasch, Jr., Sheboygan, 
chairman of publicity ; Gustav Buchen, Sheboygan, chairman 
of speakers. 

William F. Lindemann, Viroqua, served as chairman in 
Vernon county for the First Loan. He was succeeded by O. 
G. Munson, Viroqua, in the Second Loan, and H. R. Proctor, 
Jr., Viroqua, was chairman for the Third and Fourth Loans. 
The organization included R. W. Rogerson, Viroqua, vice 
chairman ; A. J. Beat, Viroqua, vice chairman ; Miss Maude 
Neprud, Viroqua, vice chairman ; John M. Dawson, Viroqua, 
chairman of publicity; A. H. Dahl, Westby, chairman of 
speakers. 

Walworth county's first chairman was H. G. Adkins, 
Elkhorn. T. M. Blackman, Whitewater, served in the Sec- 
ond Loan and until the end of the war. The organization 
included Mrs. Frank Williams, Whitewater, vice chairman; 
M. G. Halverson, Whitewater, vice chairman ; F. R. Blood- 



Wisconsin In The Woeld War 347 

good, Whitewater, chairman of publicity; H. J. Phoenix, 
Delavan, chairman of speakers. 

B. C. Ziegler, West Bend, was chairman for the First 
Loan in Washington county, and served throughout the war. 
His organization included A. A. Hauser, Hartford, vice chair- 
man ; Mrs. Frank Day, West Bend, vice chairman; Carl 
Pick, West Bend, chairman of publicity; F. W. Bucklin, 
West Bend, chairman of speakers. 

Oscar Olson, Dousman, was chairman for the First Loan 
in Waukesha county. He was succeeded by E. R. Estberg, 
Waukesha, in the Second Loan, who served until the Fourth 
Loan had been put over. The organization included Burton 
M. Smith, North Lake, vice chairman; Mrs. J. B. Noble, 
Waukesha, vice chairman; H. M. Youmans, Waukesha, 
chairman of publicity ; A. L. Blackstone, Waukesha, chairman 
of speakers. 

In Waupaca county William Dressen, Waupaca, was 
chairman for the First Loan. He was succeeded in the Third 
Loan by Llewellyn Cole, Clintonville, who served in the 
Fourth Loan, also. The organization included Fred Fischer, 
Waupaca, vice chairman ; Fay R. Smith, New London, vice- 
chairman ; Soren Johnson, Waupaca, vice chairman; A. B. 
Roberts, Embarass, vice chairman ; Mrs. H. A. Jefferson, 
Clintonville, vice chairman ; Joe D. Clinton, Clintonville, chair- 
man of publicity ; L. D. Smith, Waupaca, chairman of speak- 
ers. 

Waushara county's first chairman was Guy Mumbrae, 
Wautoma. E. F. Kileen, Wautoma, served in the Second, 
Third and Fourth Loans. The organization included George 
Scott, Wautoma, vice chairman ; W. E. Hall, Auroraville, 
vice chairman ; Mrs. Fay Patterson, Wautoma, vice chairman ; 
E. G. Dafoe, Wautoma, chairman of publicity; Harley Eagen. 
Wautoma, chairman of speakers. 

W. J. Wagstaff, Oshkosh, was chairman for the First 
Loan in Winnebago county, and served in that capacity dur- 
ing the war. His organization included J. E. Doyle, Osh- 
kosh, vice chairman ; Mrs. E. R. Smith, Oshkosh, vice chair- 



348 Wisconsin In The World War 

man ; C. W. Hoyt, Oshkosh, chairman of speakers ; E. J. 
Dempsey, Oshkosh, chairman of speakers. 

For the Southern half of Wood county the first chairman 
was F. J. Wood, Grand Rapids, for the First Loan, and the 
chairman for the Northern half of the county was Thomas 
Spaulding-, Marshfield. In the Second, Third and Fourth 
Loans Theodore W. Brazeau, Grand Rapids, was chairman. 
The organization included Mrs. R. J. Strauss, Marshfield, 
vice chairman ; E. S. Bailey, Marshfield, chairman of pub- 
licity; C. B. Edwards, Grand Rapids, chairman of speakers. 

Mrs. John W. Mariner of Milwaukee was the head of the 
women's activity for the Liberty Loans. The women named 
above as vice presidents handled the work in their counties. 
The women had no part in the First Loan, but in subsequent 
campaigns maintained a complete organization. Women's 
speaking bureaus were established throughout the state, and 
in every county a woman was selected to assist in the pub- 
licity work. 

The organization in the Ninth district was in charge of 
Frank P. Hixon, La Crosse, who was assisted by a state com- 
mittee consisting of William B. Banks, Superior, vice chair- 
man; George B. Wheeler, Eau Claire; E. M. Wing, La Crosse; 
E. O. Brown, Rhinelander. 

The following county chairmen served throughout the 
war: 

Ashland, C. N. Cramer, Ashland; Barron, Charles A. 
Taylor, Barron; Bayfield, A. H. Wilkinson, Bayfield; Buffalo, 
S. G. Gilman, Mondovi ; Burnett, H. A. Anderson, Grants- 
burg; Chippewa, William E. De Kelver, Chippewa Falls; 
Douglas, John M. McCabe, Superior; Dunn, Frank Pierce, 
Menomonie; Eau Claire, W. K. Coffin, Eau Claire; Florence, 
Edward Elmer, Florence; Forest, H. P. Keith, Crandon ; Iron. 
Daniel Reid, Hurley ; La Crosse, E. M. Wing, La Crosse ; 
Lincoln, A. T. Curtis, Merrill ; Oneida, E. O. Brown, Rhine- 
lander; Pepin, George Tarrant, Durand ; Pierce, Orin Lord, 
Ellsworth; Polk, Fred Olcott, St. Croix Falls; Price, W. K. 
Parkinson, Phillips ; Rusk, L. C. Streeter, Ladysmith ; St. 



Wisconsin In The Woelu War 349 

Croix, north half, H. H. Smith, New Richmond; St. Croix, 
south half, W. C. Bradley, Hudson ; Sawyer, H. E. Rohlf, 
Hayward ; Taylor, L. W. Gibson, Medford ; Trempealeau, 
Basil I. Peterson, Blair; Vilas, Finn Lawler, Eagle River; 
Washburn, Charles P. Jenks, Trego. 

The work of the women in these counties was under the 
direction of Mrs. John W. Mariner of Milwaukee, and the 
following county chairmen : 

Ashland, Mrs. P. S. Everest; Barron, Mrs. R. B. Hart; 
Bayfield, Mrs. P. T. Trowbridge; Buffalo, Mrs. M. C. Fisher; 
Burnett, Mrs. Alice Anderson ; Chippewa, Mrs. Edward Por- 
ter; Douglas, Mrs. D. E. Roberts; Dunn, Mrs. R. H. Rodgers ; 
Eau Claire, Mrs. A. H. Shoemaker ; Florence, Mrs. E. A. Thie- 
man; Forest, Miss Edmire Quinlan ; Iron, Mrs. C. C. Chris- 
tensen; La Crosse, Mrs. L. H. White; Lincoln, Mrs. L. J. 
Belott; Oneida, Mrs. S. S. Miller; Pepin, Mrs. Harry M. 
Orlady; Pierce, Mrs. Anna D. Little; Polk, Mrs. Thomas 
Odell ; Price, Mrs. William Milne ; Rusk, Mrs. J. A. Michael- 
son ; St. Croix, Mrs. Spencer Haven; Sawyer, Mrs. J. J. Siles- 
ky ; Taylor, Mrs. Chester Perkins ; Trempealeau, Mrs. Henry 
Ruseling; Vilas, Mrs. Delia D. Austin; Washburn, Miss Julia 
M. Donally. 

Mrs. E. M. Wing of La Crosse was vice chairman for 
the state. Miss Ethel B. Scully of Milwaukee was head of 
the state publicity bureau, working under Mortimer I. Stev- 
ens of Milwaukee, who was in charge of publicity for the 
four loans. Mrs. Edna Dunlap of Milwaukee was an able 
assistant to both, working in the state headquarters and in 
Chicago, and having charge of the distribution of posters and 
other advertising matter. 

In the Second, Third and Fourth Loans, the only ones in 
which the women's committee headed by Mrs. Mariner par- 
ticipated, the total sales were $61,153,418.50. 

The sales by loans and by counties were as follows : 

Second Loan, Seventh District — Brown, $270,000; Clark, 
$26,000; Columbia, $24,100; Dane, $159,300; Fond du Lac, 
$90,150; Grant, $113,670; Green, $60,000; Green Lake, $80,450; 



350 Wisconsin In The World War 

Iowa, $19,560; Jackson, $23,850; Jefferson, $108,450; Juneau, 
$38,500; Kenosha, $204,450; Langlade, $46,450; Marathon, $65,- 
000; Marquette, $32,250; Milwaukee, $2,602,450; Monroe, $10,- 
050; Oconto, $38,150; Portage, $100,000; Racine, $275,000; 
Richland, $85,350; Rock, $220,900; Shawano, $6,500; Wal- 
worth, $165,250; Waukesha, $292,800; Winnebago, $429,250; 
Waupaca, $29,900; Waushara, $61,000; Wood, $25,000; Total, 
$5,723,530. 

Second Loan, Ninth District — Ashland, $62,650; Barron, 
$12,000; Bayfield, $25,800; Burnett, $6,200; Douglas, $114,- 
200; Dunn, $21,600; Florence, $3,350; La Crosse, $165,800; 
Lincoln, $62,250; Oneida, $9,750; Pepin, $12,350; Pierce, $19,- 
000; Polk, $10,500; Price, $18,800; Sawyer, $3,450; Trem- 
pealeau, $50,000; Washburn, $13,700; Total, $611,400. 

Third Loan, Seventh District — Adams, $25,100; Brown, 
$252,800; Calumet, $31,400; Clark. $43,250; Columbia, $14,- 
800; Crawford. $25,000; Dane, $721,800; Door, $24,050; Fond 
du Lac, $333,100; Grant, $256,700; Green. $120,000; Green 
Lake, $90,300; Iowa, $61,800; Jackson, $41,000; Jefferson, 
$150,000; Juneau, $115,700; Kenosha, $153,450; Kewaunee, 
$73,050; Lafayette, $77,300; Langlade, $69,550; Manitowoc, 
$70,150; Marathon, $194,100; Marinette, $61,600; Marquette, 
$53,800; Milwaukee, $3,088,600; Oconto, $80,350; Outagamie, 
$28,550; Portage, $110,900; Racine, $110,350; Rock, $399,250; 
Sauk. $9,550; Shawano. $25,450; Sheboygan, $800,000; Vernon. 
$337,500; Walworth, $289,280; Washington, $200; Waukesha, 
$256,200; Winnebago, $624,000; Wood, $50,100; Total, $9,- 
270,080. 

Third Loan, Ninth District— Ashland, $124,850; Barron, 
$39,000; Bayfield, $20,800; Buffalo, $2,650; Burnett, $14,750; 
Chippewa, $15,200; Douglas, $189,550; Dunn, $24,500; Flor- 
ence, $24,000; Forest, $35,450; Iron, $30,300; La Crosse, $192,- 
550; Lincoln, $30,950; Oneida. $26,350; Pepin, $3,250; Pierce, 
$29,400; Price, $68,700; Rusk. $6,050; Sawyer, $11,850; Vilas, 
$2,000; Washburn, $11,000; Total, $903,150. 

Fourth Loan. Seventh District — Brown, $1,336,300; Cal- 
umet, $47,350; Clark, $120,500; Columbia, $200,000; Craw- 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 351 

ford, $50,000; Dane, $2,874,650; Dodge, $39,366; Fond du 
Lac, $708,462.50; Grant, $965,475; Green, $636,375; Green 
Lake, $398,675; Iowa, $627,600; Jackson, $266,125; Jefferson, 
$888,725; Juneau, $240,000; Kenosha, $204,450; Kewaunee, 
$395,050; Lafayette, $740,85L50; Langlade, $356,300; Mani- 
towoc, $500,000; Marathon, $225,955; Marinette, $400,000; 
Marquette, $148,500; Milwaukee, $18,107,275; Monroe, $275,- 
000; Oconto, $291,000; Outagamie, $113,950; Ozaukee, $341,- 
675 ; Portage, $547,925 ; Racine, $475,300 ; Richland, $430,925 ; 
Rock, $440,150; Sauk, $387,500; Shawano, $250,000; Sheboy- 
gan, $1,411,075 ; Vernon, $372,400; Walworth, $893,100; Wash- 
ington, $565,000; Waukesha, $1,137,600; Waupaca, $294,000; 
Waushara, $202,317; Winnebago, $1,808,050; Wood, $400,- 
000; Total, $41,114,952. 

Fourth Loan, Ninth District— Ashland, $199,287; Barron, 
$156,250; Bayfield. $99,287.50; Buffalo, $125,000; Burnett, $41,- 
462; Chippewa, $193,787.50; Douglas, $473,570; Dunn, $147,- 
275; Eau Claire, $291,737.50; Florence, $15,550; Forest, $36,- 
300; Iron, $61,175; La Crosse, $500,000; Lincoln, $121,500; 
Oneida, $98,937.50; Pepin, $9,000; Pierce, $168,750; Polk, $141,- 
150; Price, $58,937.50; Rusk, $51,250; St. Croix, $169,500; 
Sawyer, $26,250; Taylor, $39,162.50; Trempealeau, $237,650; 
Vilas, $25,037.50; Washburn, $42,500; Total, $3,530,306.50. 



CHAPTER FOURTEEN. 

The Newspapers and the War. 

The part taken by the newspapers of Wisconsin in the 
war has no pubhc record. Its story cannot be told in this 
volume. It was thoroughly American, and its work was of 
immense value, in the state, in Washington and on the fight- 
ing fronts. 

Wisconsin had, at the beginning of the war, about 500 
weekly newspapers and fifty dailies printed in English, and 
forty foreign language newspapers, most of which were print- 
ed in German. Almost without exception these papers turned 
their columns over to the winning of the war. 

Before the war was over many of the smaller papers had 
been forced to suspend publication because of the increased 
costs. Many papers published twice a week had been forced 
to go back to a weekly edition and the dailies all reduced the 
size of their papers. This was necessary, at first, because 
of the increase in the prices paid for materials, and later it 
was a practice followed out at the request of the federal gov- 
ernment, as a part of the scheme of the conservation of nat- 
ural resources. 

The attitude of the Wisconsin editors was militant, prac- 
tically every one of them believing that there should be no 
lim.it to the preparation and fighting program of the Nation. 
This spirit is shown in an editorial by J. L. Sturtevant, editor 
of the Wausau Record Herald, on April 12, 1917, in which he 
said: 

"America has just one business at present. Her business 
is to win the war. The individual citizens of America have 
just one business at present. Their business is to help this 



Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 353 

country win the war. All our energies, all our money, all 
our resources of every sort must be devoted to this end. 
Victory is absolutely essential to the survival of this country 
as an independent democracy. Defeat would mean immediate 
impoverishment and ultimate enslavement." 

"No Halfway Measures" was the title of an editorial by 
Editor L. A. Woodle of the Monroe Daily Journal. In the 
following language, which spoke for every editor in the state, 
Mr. Woodle said : 

"Now that the United States is at war with Germany there 
is only one way to do it, and that is to go all the way. 

"Cooperation with the Entente Allies may properly in- 
clude the placing at their disposal of our resources of credit 
and supplies, but it should also include all our naval and mili- 
tary strength. In getting those arms ready we should pro- 
ceed exactly as though we were going to fight the battle alone. 

"If other countries happen to be at war with Germany, that 
is, from a military point of view, a fortunate circumstance 
for us. But it is not one that makes our obligation to protect 
our citizens any less binding upon ourselves. 

"The duty of congress is to immediately enact into law a 
bill to lay the foundation for an army of any size that events 
may show to be necessary. If it should develop that the best 
place to strike the enemy is in France, an army should be sent 
there or if it should be found that the best place to train the 
army, while waiting for a chance to strike is in France, it 
should be sent there for that purpose also. Whatever we do 
to prepare for war we should do in such a way as to leave no 
doubt upon the minds either of friends or enemies in Europe 
that we are going to make war, not a little and not just to 
help the allies out, but on our own account and for all there 
is in us." 

The Eau Claire Telegram, as early as April 6, 1917, said: 

"The president's signature today places the country for- 
mally and definitely in a state of war with Germany. Regret- 
table as this condition is, it is unavoidable. Germany's per- 
sistent disregard of the lives of neutrals on the high seas has 



354 Wisconsin In The World War 

brought about an intolerable situation. This government has 
been remarkably patient and long suffering in enduring re- 
peated acts of inhumanity against American citizens until the 
only course remaining was to officially recognize the condi- 
tion of war which has actually long existed. Thus the time 
has arrived when there can be but one attitude on the part 
of all Americans and that is to place themselves squarely be- 
hind the government. There can be no divided allegiance. 
We must all be for our country or against it." 

That this spirit pervaded the editorial offices of the state, 
whether they were those of struggling country editors or the 
busier offices of metropolitan papers, was shown by the 
columns of the press. On March 1, 1918, the report of the 
State Council of Defense publicity department showed that 
up to that date and from May 15, 1917, the newspapers had 
given space to 786,510 inches of publicity for that organiza- 
tion alone. That meant 39,325 newspaper columns. 

To the uninitiated, this statement may be impressive, but 
to the trained newspaper man, with an idea of the value of 
that space, it was an example of devotion to the cause of the 
war unsurpassed by that of any other organization. News- 
papers depend upon their advertising space for their revenue, 
as is well known. At the same time they must devote a pro- 
portionate amount of space to the telling of the day's news. 
With the war news already crowding their capacity for news, 
the problem of space became acute. Adding to that the neces- 
sity of reducing the size of their papers, its value increased. 

War news came fast. Battles were fought hourly. There 
was activity on many fronts, and the newspapers had difficulty 
in keeping up with events. The editors were "covering" the 
greatest news story in history, beside which the famous San 
Francisco earthciuake, the Illinois theater fire, the sinking of 
the Titanic and the stories of former wars — even that of our 
own conflict with Spain, became mere items of news. The 
sinking of the Lusitania, a part of the story of the world war, 
was the nearest approach to the news of the war, because it 
presented some of the same features. Newspaper men of ex- 



Wisconsin In The World War 35S 

perience had remembered other big stories. The San Fran- 
cisco earthquake had kept men steadily at work, without 
sleep, for days. The watch on the Titanic, while the sur- 
vivors were coming into port on the boats which went to the 
rescue, was thrilling" even to the old newspaper worker, and 
editors and members of their staffs remained at their desks 
for hours for the list of dead, for which all America was wait- 
ing. 

The world war, however, broke all rules and traditions 
of newspaper offices. It made the old headline small. It 
gave the editor the greatest opportunity in history to use his 
space for news. When the casualty lists began to arrive, that 
kind of news was sought by the reader. The various state 
papers, the messages of President Wilson to Congress, the 
action of Congress on measures concerning the conduct of 
the war, all were what is called ''must" copy to newspapers. 

With material costs advancing, the payrolls of newspa- 
pers advanced, perhaps in greater proportion than in any 
other line of industry. The pick of the newspapers reporters 
and copy readers — the men who handle and write the news — 
were of service age. They were intensely patriotic, and those 
who were called by the draft had been preceded to the front 
by many volunteers. With all this added expense, with staffs 
depleted, with space at a premium, the newspapers of Wis- 
consin did more than their part in the success of the various 
war campaigns. The arguments of the Liberty Loan com- 
mittee, the appeal of the Red Cross, the lesson of conserva- 
tion, the thousand and one arguments which had to be made 
reached the people through the newspapers. Without their 
aid not one of the campaigns would have been so much of a 
success. 

The Polish papers of the state were at once militant in 
their Americanism, and it is to the credit of the German press 
that they gave space to all war activities. Early in the war 
the publicity department of the State Council of Defense 
addressed a letter to all the German newspapers, asking what 
their attitude would be in handling war publicity. Without 



356 Wisconsin In The Woeld War 

exception their answers were in the affirmative. The records 
of the council show that hundreds of columns of publicity- 
were secured in these papers. When the University war 
articles were prepared, and were printed in plate in the Ger- 
man language, they were published in practically every Ger- 
man language paper in the state. 

One of the incidents of the war was the printing of an 
editorial entitled "An Open Confession," by the Germania- 
Herold of Milwaukee, in which that paper reversed its opin- 
ion as to the responsibility for the war. The State Council 
of Defense, in a pamphlet circulated all over the state, repro- 
duced that editorial. 

The Wisconsin press helped fight the war in hundreds 
of ways. It gave its space, it continually urged the support 
of war activities in its editorials, it sent its trained men to 
the front. In its New Year edition at the beginning of 1918, 
the Sheboygan Press voiced the sentiments of the editors of 
the state when Editor Broughton said : 

"We have a right to expect that in this great crisis the 
citizens of our country will stand shoulder to shoulder in de- 
fense of the cause we are fighting for. If they fail, then they 
.are not good citizens and their places must be taken by men 
who will think and act for America. As the new year comes 
to us tonight, it is our solemn duty to add no burdens that 
will shorten the life or undermine the cause. Let us stand 
a united people, avowed to withstand suffering and want if 
need be, that humanity shall eventually win in the great con- 
flict." 

The signing of the armistice, November 11, 1918, found 
the Wisconsin editors still at their task, and, in the words 
of a great American, they had just begun to fight. 



CHAPTER FIFTEEN. 
The Farmer's Part In The War. 

Wisconsin more than held its place as an agricultural 
state during the war, in spite of the fact that 40,000 men from 
the farms left their work for the army and navy. 

The production of grain, live stock and dairy products 
were increased, although working conditions were far from 
favorable. This was brought about, first, because of the pa- 
triotism of the farmer and dairyman, who was determined to 
do his part, and, second, through the efforts of organizations 
working through the State Council of Defense and the Agri- 
cultural College. 

Immediately after the declaration of war a campaign was 
started for the testing of seed corn. The public school sys- 
tem was employed, and efforts were made to see that all seed 
used was of high quality. The acreage of corn was increased, 
but, owing to weather conditions, less than 1 per cent of the 
1917 crop fully matured. About 52 per cent of the 1917 crop 
was harvested for silage, and through a special campaign 
about 100,000 bushels were selected for seed for the 1918 
planting. 

In 1918, with the cooperation of the county councils of 
defense, seed corn surveys were conducted and the needs of 
each county determined. The result was that while the aver- 
age corn crop for Wisconsin in the years 1911 to 1916 — before 
the war — was 59,323,000 bushels, the 1918 war crop was 65,- 
187,000 bushels. 

In the production of wheat, probably the most important 
of grains, Wisconsin made a wonderful record. While the 
state had in recent years practically disappeared from the 



358 Wisconsin In The World War 

wheat producing states, the urgency of the situation was all 
that was needed to resume the cultivation of what once was 
the leading crop of the state. 

With an increased acreage of 36 per cent in 1917, the 
yield was increased 55 per cent. Through the cooperation of 
the Wisconsin Bankers' association, a considerable quantity 
of pedigreed seed winter wheat was distributed in the state, 
but the severe winter of 1917-1918 destroyed a large part of 
this crop. 

It was in the spring of 1918 that the campaign for more 
wheat bore fruit. Many Wisconsin farmers had for years 
never sown an acre of wheat, but in 1918 every farm made 
its contribution to the "white bread" need for the soldiers 
abroad. The acreage for the year was increased by 340 per 
cent. The average wheat crop for the five years before the 
war had been 3,743,000 bushels. The crop for 1918, the war 
year, was 7,931,000 bushels, just about double the previous 
record. 

In 1917 the Wisconsin potato crop was increased about 
7,{XX),000 bushels, and in 1918, in spite of the high price of 
seed, the farmers increased their acreage. The result was a 
crop of 32,518,000 bushels, as compared with an average of 
28,865,000 bushels for the preceding five years. 

Wisconsin farmers responded to the appeal of the Na- 
tion to build more silos, more than 10,000 being erected in a 
year when building costs were high. Wisconsin newspapers 
aided in this campaign, and because of the efiforts of other 
agencies the state still is in the lead with more silos than any 
other state in the Union. 

The dairy industry had an unusual development. One 
hundred and twelve cow testing associations were formed, 
an increase of more than 100 per cent. Through the work of 
these associations unprofitable animals were weeded out of 
herds. The improvement of grade stock through the intro- 
duction of pure bred sires, the raising of suitable crops for 
feeding purposes, the building of silos, and the construction 



Wisconsin In The Would Wab 359 

of better dairy barns all were factors that contributed in 
making dairying" yield better than average results. 

Every effort was made to save good dairy calves from 
slaughter by finding out-of-state markets for such animals 
and thus transferring them to regions where they could be 
developed into dairy animals rather than slaughtered. This 
contributed in no small degree to the additions of dairy prod- 
ucts during the war. 

The boys and girls on the farms of the state, through the 
organization of Boys' and Girls' Clubs, aided in furthering 
the food production campaign. This work was coordinated 
with that of the public schools through the state department 
of public instruction and with the county councils of defense 
and the county Y. M. C. A. 

While corn, garden, potatoes, poultry, pig, calf, and can- 
ning clubs were the most popular from the standpoint of en- 
rollment, the new enterprise like the sheep, sugar beet and 
Liberty Bread clubs were a great aid. On June 1, 1918, 37,- 
151 boys and girls were enrolled in club work, 32,326 in or- 
ganized clubs. Each member was carrying on a business 
project, keeping accurate records and attempting regular 
meetings under adult leadership. 

Through the aid of emergency funds provided by the fed- 
eral government, several organizers were kept in the field or- 
ganizing meat production clubs. In Dane county alone sheep 
were put in on over 100 farms. 

Under war conditions which led to the utilization of 
every possible natural resource, farmers and owners of large 
areas of partially improved land made special efforts in 1918 
to meet the strong demand for wool and mutton by increasing 
the sheep industry. The animal husbandry department of 
the College of Agriculture held meetings and demonstrations 
and was especially active in aiding in the introduction of 
sheep into upper Wisconsin. Particular emphasis was placed 
upon the distribution of breeding ewes in small flocks among 
settlers. In 1918 approximately 25,000 breeding animals wee 
brought into the state from the Western ranches. Forty per 



360 Wisconsin In The World W a b 

cent of these animals were placed among farmers in lots of 
from ten to ninety head in a flock. Most of the ewes were 
introduced on farms where sheep had never been raised before. 
Through the medium of the boys' and girls' clubs, 500 breed- 
ing ewes were distributed. Commercial organizations also 
took hold of this problem actively, and ten large sheep ranch- 
es were established, on which from 500 to 5500 head were 
placed. 

The control of plant diseases was more aggressively 
pushed as a conservation measure during the war. Field 
agents of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry, worked 
through the university extension service. 

All these agencies assisted the farmer, and, instead of re- 
ducing his acreage of one crop to increase it in others, every 
crop was increased. The normal barley crop, for instance, 
had been about 20,000,000 bushels. In 1918 it was 22,663,000. 

The production of rye was increased from 6,864,000 
bushels during the five years preceding the war to 7,455,000 
bushels in 1918. 

The average crop of oats during the years 1911 to 1916, 
inclusive, had been 81,787,000 bushels. In 1918 Wisconsin 
farmers harvested 94,349,000 bushels of this grain. 

The production of buckwheat was nearly doubled. For 
the five years preceding the war the average production was 
272,000 bushels. In 1918 it was 414,000 bushels. 

Wisconsin produced 70,000,000 pounds of sugar beets in 
1918, as compared with the average before the war yield of 
40,000,000 pounds. 

The state made 101,000,000 pounds of dairy butter in 
1918, this department of dairying showing a decrease because 
of the use of milk at the condenseries. The production of 
cheese was increased from 234,000,000 pounds during the pre- 
ceding five years to 277,000,000 pounds in 1918. The produc- 
tion of condensed milk was doubled in one year. The average 
for the preceding five years had been 400,000,000 pounds. 
The war year of 1918 had a production of 800,000,000 pounds. 



CHAPTER SIXTEEN. 
Wisconsin Physicians in The War. 

At the beginning of the world war there were 2,634 men 
and women engaged in the practice of medicine in Wisconsin. 
When the armistice was signed 778 of the members of this 
highly trained profession had entered the service of the Unit- 
ed States, either in the army or navy. That record, nearly 
one-third of the profession in the state, will stand as one of 
the greatest answers of the state to the war demands of 
the Nation, and it is doubtful if any other state equals it. It 
is certain that few will surpass it. 

The Wisconsin physicians were organized early in the 
war, with a Wisconsin State Committee, Medical Section, of 
the Council of National Defense. This committee was affil- 
iated, also, with the State Council of Defense, and served 
various boards. 

Dr. Joseph S. Evans of Madison was chairman. Dr. Rock 
Sleyster of Waupun, secretary, and Dr. Hoyt E. Dearholt, 
Milwaukee, assistant secretary. Other members were Dr. 
H. M. Brown, Dr. G. V. I. Brown, Dr. L. F. Jermain, Dr. 
C. H. Stoddard and Dr. G. A. Harlow, Milwaukee, Dr. A. 
B. Barley, Fennimore, Dr. F. Gregory Connell, Oshkosh, 
Dr. J. M. Dodd, Ashland, Dr. C. A. Harper, Dr. R. H. Jack- 
son, Dr. C. R. Bardeen and Dr. C. H. Vilas, Madison, Dr. W. 
T. Sarles, Sparta, and Dr. G. Windesheim, Kenosha. 

To many physicians entering the service meant a sacri- 
fice unknown by others, for they had devoted years of study 
to perfect themselves, had added years of research and many 
were in a position at the beginning of the war to command 
high fees and a constantly growing practice. The pay of the 



362 Wisconsin In The World War 

medical man in the army was small, and his rank was not the 
highest. In spite of this the physicians of Wisconsin answered 
the call quickly. 

The list of those who entered the service from the state 
follows : 

Joseph Aaron, William Ackermann, L. L. Adamkiewicz, 

E. W. Albers, E. D. Angell, J. E. Armitage, R. J. Bach, L. J. 
Bachinski, G. A. Bading, C. A. Baer, E. F. Bauer, W. W. 
Bauer, E. L. Baum, J. M. Beffel, E. Bibby, N. M. Black, R. 
W. Blumenthal, M. A. Bornstein, J. J. Brook, G. V. I. Brown. 
R. C. Brown, Dirk Bruins, H. E. Bundy, T. H. Burbach, R, 
M. Campbell, J. H. Carrol, E. P. Cooke, C. J. Corcoran, W. J. 
Core, A. L. Curtin, H. G. Dallwig, F. E. Darling, H. C. Dar- 
ling, W. G. DarHng, W. S. Darling, H. G. Decker, G. H. Dick- 
enson, L. W. Dudley, E. C. Ebert, W. W. Eichelberger, R. T. 
Elliott, E. P. Evans, C. R. Farnham, C. A. Fidler, E. H. Fisch- 
er, G. M. Fitzgerald, L. H. Flancher, W. J. Fleming, H. R. 
Foerster, Otto H. Foerster, L. J. Foley, W. B. Ford, F. A. 
Forsbeck, P. A. Fox, J. J. France, J. W. Frew, R. T. Gil- 
christ, W. W. Gillespie, E. A. Gotterdam, H. H. Graebner, 
H. J. Gramling, A. W. Gray, Harry Greenberg, E. C. Gross- 
kopf, W. F. cVotjan, Cecil B. Hake, B. M. Hall, R. M. Hall, 
J. W. Hansen, T. L. Harrington, J. J. Heffron, J. A. Heraty. 
W. L. Herner, H. B. Hitz, G. H. Hoffman, G. L.'Hogue, T. J. 
Howard, W. G. Hyde, R. M. Ivy, A. G. Jenner, A. W. Johnson, 
A. J. Kampmeier, T. P. Keenan, C. J. Kenney, G. F. Kenney, 
R. L. Kenney, J. T. Klein, P. J. Korthals, F. C. Kracow, W^ 
T. Kradwell, A. A. Krygiar, H. J. Kuhn, O. E. Lademan, D. 
Lando, C. C. Lawhorn, J. D. Leahy, C. Leasum, S. T. Lewis, 

F. C. Liefert, O. R. Lillie, E. G. Linkman, W. T. Lochemes. 
T. F. Loughlin, H. McCabe, S. C. McCorkle, H. J. McCoy, J. 
R. McDill, R. A. Mcjunkin, F. H. McLaughlin, F. B. Mc 
Mahon, J. F. McNary, W. T. McNaughton, O. W. Maercklein, 

G. M. Malkin, C. D. Martin, D. D. Mehigan, H. F. Mehl, E. 
H. Mensing, W. P. Miller, S. R. Mitchell, A. A. Mitten, M. 
N. Moeller, W. J. Murphy, G. W. Neilson, J. D. Neilson, A. 
C. Nugent, R. E. Olson, A. J. Patek, E. N. Pfeffer, H. D. Pod- 



Wisconsin In The World Wak 363 

lasky, G. R. Randall, G. G. Reichhoff, E. D. Rigby, D. B. 
Riley, D. W. Roberts, R. C. Rodecker, P. F. Rogers, P. M. 
Ross, G. C. Ruhland, L. F. Ruschaupt, H. C. Russell, E. R. 
Ryan, S. S. Salinko, H. C. Saltzstein, H. L. Sargent, J. P. 
Schlaikowski, H. E. Schmidt, E. A. Scholter, F. J. Schubert, 
A. B. Schwartz, G. E. Seaman, S. J. Seeger, G. M. Segal, 
Ulrich Senn, J. F. Sennatt, J. R. Sheehan, W. A. Sickels, A. 
W. Sivyer, E. A. Smith, J. W. Smith, A. C. Soudel, L. P. 
Stamm, H. S. Steenberg, C. E. Stolz, G. A. Sullivan, E. H. 
Sutter, L. G. Sykes, J. G. Taylor, E. L. Tharinger, F. A. 
Thompson, M. J. Trock, L. P. A. Valentine, John Van de 
Erve, G. G. Wallschlaeger, L. M. Warfield, A. J. Weber, Wil- 
liam Weingart, J. F. Wenn, R. C. Westhofen, C. I. Wheatley, 
J. J. Wilkinson, Maud R. Williams, C. A. Wilske, R. S. Wil- 
son, H. F. Wolters, A. Yaffe, Milwaukee ; T. C. H. Ableman. 
W. C. Becker, E. W. Bowen, F. C. Haney, Ralph Kaysen, G. 
E. Lindow, L. H. A. Nowack, Watertown ; J. W. Adair, F. 

E. Andre, M. A. Bernstein, J. R. Eastman, W. J. Hanley, J. 
C. Holland, P. P. M. Jorgenson, S. W. Murphy, W. E. Nelson, 

A. J. Randall, H. M. Ripley, H. A. Robinson, J. B. Spaulding, 
G. E. Thompson, Kenosha ; H. Ainsworth, G. Benson, R. F. 
Breeden, C. F. Dougherty, P. G. Lasche, H. C. McCarthy, E. 
Vv^ McKee, Richland Center; E. P. Allen, F. W. Alpine, R. E. 
Davis, W. W. Eichelberger, W. T. Murphy, A. J. Williams, 
Waukesha; J. S. Allen, C. A. Cooper, Norwalk; L. L. Allen, 

B. F. Koch, J. S. Cutler, Wauwatosa ; W. E. Allen, S. G. 
Blanton, F. F. Bov\^man, H. M. Carter, R. T. Cooksey, J. P. 
Dean, R. Drane, J. C. Elsom, J. A. Eyster, F. T. H'Doubler, 
H. A. Heise, P. C. Hodges, A. G. Hough, H. M. Kay, E. C. 
McGill, W. S. Middleton, R. C. Montgomery, C. E. Moore, 
N. O. Nelson, I. R. Sisk, K. W. Smith, F. B. Taylor, W. F. 
Whyte, Madison; Jens Anderson, G. N. Brazeau, L. A. Gibe- 
lius, F. C. Christensen, J. G. Conley, J. T. Corr, M. A. Froney, 
W. C. Hanson, J. H. Hogan, C. H. Johnson, W. W. Johnston, 

F. W. Pope, W. P. Salbeiter, C. Schaefer, L. N. Schnetz, A. 
M. Foster, Racine ; G. F. Andrew, I. D. Tiedeman, De Sota ; 

C. W. Andrews, Waupaca; Neil Andrews, H. H. Bassler, E. 



364 Wisconsin In The Wobld War 

F. Bickel, R. L. Bowen, Frank Brockway, M. M. Bunch, C. J. 
Combs, W. D. Harvey, H. J. Haubrick, D. G. Hugo, J. W. 
Lockhart, C. H. Nims, A. J. Provost, J. F. Schneider, Osh- 
kosh ; D. E. Armstrong, J. W. Monstad, A. C. Borchardt, New 
London; J. M. Arneson, J. C. Baird, H. F. Derge, L. H. Flynn, 
H. A. Fulton, E. P. Hayes, E. O. Mason, William Montgom- 
ery, W. O. Seemann, I. Stoland, A. E. Williams, J. E. B. 
Zeigler, Eau Claire; R. G. Arveson, Frederic; A, A. Axley, 
Butternut; J. M. Baasen, Mt. Calvary; H. A. Bachman, E. J. 
Barrett, E. W. Bedford, O. A. Feidler, George Fredericks, 
O. T. Gunther, F. A. Nause, C. N. Sonnenberg, Sheboygan ; 

G. I. Badeaux, Spooner; M. A. Bailey, E. C. Howell, Fenni- 
more; G. R. Baker, W. C. McCormick, L. M. Pearson, Toma- 
hawk; F. H. Baldwin, P. J. Lewis, J. E. Heraty, Blooming- 
ton ; W. F. Baker, Birnamwood ; J. A. Ballard, S. G. Pake, 
Hayward; Edgar Barnes, E. E. Dockery, J. S. Foat, C. U. 
Senn, Ripon; H. T. Barnes, G. H. Larson, Pewaukee; H. J. 
Barry, M. F. DuFrenne, J. E. Rueth, Sun Prairie; W. H. 
Bayer, Gleason ; C. M. Beebe, J. W. Christensen, J. M. Scantle- 
ton, Sparta; H. B. Beeson, Cornell; G. L. Bellis, J. D. Gillis, 
R. Luetsker, E. R. F. Murphy, L. A. Steffen, Antigo; B. O. 
Bendixen, Kewaskum ; J. F. Bennett, Waterford; L. J. Ben- 
nett, W. T. Clark, Fort Atkinson; W. C. Bennett, H. L. 
Garner, C. A. Richards, 1. E. Scheik, Rhinelander; J. E. Bent- 
ley, W. A. Taylor, W. J. Thompson, Portage; A. J. Berger, 
New Holstein; S. Berglund, J. W. Boren, Russell Heim, L. 
H. Redelings, J. C. Scott, Marinette ; L. Beringer, E. L. Sharp, 
Plymouth; J. W. Bird, W. D. Cowan, L. D. Cutting, V. T. 
Shippy, R. B. Smiley, F. A. Walters, Stevens Point; C. C. 
Birkelo, W. L. Rantz, Rosholt; F. A. Boeckman, F. H. Ken- 
nedy, Greenwood ; J. E. Boland, J. E. Mulsow, A. M. Farrell, 

E, M. Kersten, E. Gates, Two Rivers ; E. L. Bolton, W. P. 
Forkin, C. H. Dodge, Chilton; F. R. Borden, Plainfield; B. 

F. Boyd, G. J. Flannagan, A. M. Foster, Kaukauna; W. L. 
Boyden, Seymour; F. J. Broghammer, V. E. Ekblad, E. Char- 
bonneau, G. H. Conklin, C. W. Giesen, H. T. Ground. W. E. 
Ground, W. E. Hatch, R. H. Lohmiller, W. A. McEachern, 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 365 

C. J. Rollefson, C. B. Rydell, A. O. Sanders, J. C. Kyllo, Su- 
perior; J. T. Brooks, Minong; F. O. Brunckhorst, M. E. Ride- 
out, Hortonville; J. R. Bryant, F. E. Fleming, R. W. Jones, 
M. L. Jones, S. M. B. Smith, W. A. Ladwig, H. T. Scheldel, 
G. A. Thielke, Wausau ; W. E. Buckley, J. G. Hoffman, D, 
H. Witte, Hartford; H. A. Buell, Prairie Farm; H. E. Berger, 
W. H. Hecker, B. O. Fosse, H. M. Helm, M. O. Gunderson, 
E. L. Hennig, H. C. Maurer, T. F. Shinnick, Beloit; H. J. 
Burns, J. Harding, Hudson; H. C. Caldwell, St. Croix Falls; 
S. Campbell, W. B. Campbell, Menomonee Falls ; L. W. Carey, 
C. R. Rowley, Winnebago ; E. C. Gary, Reedsville ; Arthur 
Charbonneau, P. M. Clifford, R. L. Cowles, F. L. Crikelair, 
Alphonse De Pierre, Edwin Dockery, F. G. Button, D. F. 
Gosin, F. J. Gosin, H. Hendrickson, G. H. King, C. O. Latham, 
I. E. Levitas, A. J. McCarey, J. E. McGinnis, W. E. Mueller, 
E. S. McNevins, A. C. Mix, G. T. Mortell, Green Bay; C. 
P. Clarke, G. W. Fifield, W. A. Munn, T. W. Nazum, J. F. 
Pember, T, J. Snodgrass, F. W. VanKirk, Guy Waufle, F. 
B. Welch, Janesville ; T. C. Clarke, C. J. Oullette, C. W. Wat- 
kins, Oconto; H. N. Coleman, C. C. Post, Barron; G. E. Col- 
lentine, L. A. Moore, Monroe; J. G. Conley, R. B. Quinn, 
Darlington; G. L. Converse, Webster; J. M. Conway, Spring 
Valley; C. S. Cook, G. F. Spencer, Evansville; G. E. Coor, 
Milton Junction; W. B. Cornwall, Turtle Lake; M. D. Cot- 
tinger, O. C. Willhite, Lake Geneva ; J. A. Cox, L. A, Van 
der Linde, Wautoma ; M. C. Crane, Osseo; E. S. Christman, 
Almena; C. A. Critchlow, C. W. Lockhart, Mellen; N. F. 
Crowe, G. W. Curless, Walworth ; A. C. Dana, P. R, Mina- 
han, G. M. Fitzgerald, S. E. Gavin, F. M. Harris, G. H. 
Lawrence, J. R. Longley, E. P. Marshall, Frank Oates, G. 
H. Schlesselman, J. Elmer Twohig, Fond du Lac; G. S. 
Darby, L. B. Rowe, J. Sutherland, E. J. Mitchell, L. B. Rowe, 
Brodhead; C. A. Davin, L. J. Phillips, C. B. Rantz, Weyer- 
hauser; C. C. Davin, O. H. Epley, New Richmond; C. A, 
Dawson, A. E. Gendron, River Falls; D. L. Dawson, A. S. 
White, E. J. White, Rice Lake; C. O. Decker, Crandon; R. 
A. Dehmel, South Germantown ; C. C. Del Marcelle, F. H. 



366 Wisconsin In The World War 

Russell, T. D. Smith, Neenah ; C. B. Devine, Marshall; G. 
C. Devine, Abbotsford; D. B. Dishmaker, Kewaunee; C. 
H. Dodge, Clinton; Carl Doege, Jr., W. G. Sexton, R. ?. 
Potter, J. B. Vedder, Marshfield ; R. E. Doern, W. McLaugh- 
lin, Stockbridge; J. E. Donnell, Cuba City; F. J. Donnelly, 
Nashotah ; W. E. Donohue, C. L. R. MacCollam, Max Stehle, 
A. J. Schimek, Manitowoc ; S. W. Doolittle, J. H. Fowler, 
Rush Godfrey, Lancaster; J. N. Doyle, A. A. Drill, W. H. 
Fortner, Princeton; M. H. Draper, C. A. S. Gunderson, Deer- 
field; R. A. Dreyer, Wheeler; S. J. Driessel, Barton; R. L. 
Eagen, Lone Rock; G. E. Eck, P. Leicht, Lake Mills; W. 
A. Edwards, Edward Evans, R. E. Flynn, E. A. Gatterdam, 
R. H. Gray, C. B. Grissom, A. C. Rolls, M. A. McGarty, A. 
A. Maurer, H. C. Meyer, G. R. Reay, Jens Rosholt, V. L. 
Simones, J. C. Zuercher, La Crosse; W. J. Egan, Hurley; 
A. Egdahl, L V. Grannis, G. C. Nedry, Menomonie; R. S. 
Elliott, Laona; E. B. Elvis, Medford ; H. C. Erickson, Stanley; 
R. C. Faulds, Abrams ; E. H. Federman, William Van De 
Erve, Montello; F. H. Ferguson, C. C. Vogel, Elroy; E. G. 
Festerling, Reedsville; W. H. Finney, FL A. Jefferson, Clin- 
tonville ; R. F. Fitch, T. J. Sheehy, A. E. Winter, Tomah ; 
L. H. Flanchar, Caledonia ; P. H. Fowler, Plain ; J. J. France, 
Bloomer; W. J. Frawley, J. T. Hegner, E. F. McGrath, V. 
F. Marshall, W. N. Moore, J. R. Scott, Appleton ; C. O. Ful- 
ler, Stratford; A. J. Gates, Tigerton; A. Gerend, Cato; A. T. 
Gillette, Amherst Junction; FL F. Gillette, Packwaukee; J. 
P. Gillis, Deerbrook ; Jacob Comber, Gillett ; W. M. Gratiot, 
H. D. Luddon, Mineral Point; C. M. Griswold, G. W. Gris- 
wold, R. L. MacCormack, Alma Center; F. L. Griswold, 
Mazomanie; E. C. Hafemeister, North Prairie; F. J. Hager, 
Denmark; E. E. Hagerty, La Farge ; M. W. Hall, E. L. Par- 
menter, Mondovi; H. A. Halsey, Hiles ; E. W. Hanson, Three 
Lakes ; J. P. Harkins, Forest Junction ; D. C. Harrison, Ma- 
son ; G. W. Harrison, C. O. Hertzman, R. G. Hinrichs, F. M. 
Rohow, Ashland ; G. R. Harvey, Footville ; F. M. Hawley, 
H. G. Mertens, Bayfield; R. A. Hebron, Cataract; C. A. Hefty, 
New Glarus ; H. F. Hoesley, Shullsburg; L. A. Hoffman, 



Wisconsin In The World War 367 

Campbellsport; B. H. Holmes, C. W. Rice, Delavan ; D. F. 
Hudek, Statesan; F. C. Huff, Sturgeon Bay; C. W. Hughes, 
T. Laughlin, Winneconne ; J. R. Hughes, Dodgeville; C. M. 
Hunter, Stetsonville; S. E. Hutchins, J. C. Tyvand, White- 
hall; O. E, Ishmael, A. S. Thompson, Mt. Horeb ; D. Jackey, 
Thorpe; A. W. James, Muscoda; A. T. Johnson, Sauk City; 
J. C. Johnson, Ogdensburg.; W. M. Johnston, Dale; W. J. 
Jones, Rockland; W. A. Joseph, M. J. Treichler, Hancock; 
H. Railing, Black River Falls; H. A. Keenan, A. L. Olson, 
Stoughton ; J. A. Keithley, Palmyra; C. D. Kelly, Blair; E. 

A. Ketterer, H. Sylvester, Montfort ; E. S. Knox, Bowler; G. 
W. Krahn, Oconto Falls; A. H. KuHg, Dodge; S. M. Kyes, 
Owen; A. L. Kyllo, Grantsburg; E. A. Lampham, Rib Lake; 

C. E. Lauder, Viroqua ; W. G. Law, Glidden ; W. F. Loren", 
Mendota ; A. J. Loughnan, Thomas Miller, C. N. Stuesser, 

D. Townsend, M. R. Wilkinson, Oconomowoc; D. W. Lynch, 
West Bend ; H. M. Lynch, Allentown ; A. F. Lyon, Camp- 
bell, Florence ; N. E. McBeath, L. H. Treglown, Livingston , 
P. G. McCabe, Dotyville ; H. E. Laughlin, C. E. Smith, Am- 
herst ; L. T. McNicholas, W. J. Winneman, Athens; T. E. 
Mackedon, Cedarburg; A. G. Maercklein, Exeland; P. J. 
Majerus, Sullivan; J. J. Malcolm, Chetek ; J. M. Mecum, F. 

B. Morrissey, Bagley; W. G. Merrill, F. X. Pomainville, Grand 
Rapids ; C. H. Meyst, W. A. Prouty, J. A. Powers, F. Newall, 
Burlington; A. E. Midgley, H. C. Miller, Whitewater; D. 

C. Miller, E. C. Pfeiffer, Loyal; E. L Moquin, Fairwater; 

C. E. Myers, Milladore ; J. J. Minahan, St. Nazianz ; 1. A. 
Myers, Cottage Grove; C. F. Myre, Boyd; A. L. Myrick, 
Eastman ; Frank Nee, Spring Green ; F. P. Neis, Gilman, A. 
O. Nelson, E. A. Riley, Park Falls; R. N. Nelson, L. J. 
Simon, Horicon ; R. M. Nichols, Sheboygan Falls ; D. L. R. 
Notbohm, Dousman ; H. N. O'Brien, Darien ; Daniel O'Con- 
nor, Verona; C. H. Oliver, Boyceville ; L. H. Oliver, Siren; 
J. A. Palmer, Arcadia ; George Parke, Viola ; A. S. Parler, 
Clinton; T. G. Parker, Rome; O. F. Partridge, Mattoon ; 

D. D. Paulus, Random Lake; C. M. Pearson, Ogema; Gentz 
Perry, Amery; N. A. Peterson, Soldiers Grove; R. C. Pfeil, 



368 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

Thiensville; E. J. Phelps, Elderon ; P. R. Pierson, Reedstown; 
I. P. Pippan, Excelsior; A. A. Pleyte, Delafield; J. A. Powless, 
West De Pere; W. M. Pretts, W. M. Richards, C. M. Schuldt, 
Platteville; H. J. Prill, West Salem; A. J. Pullen, North Fond 
du Lac; E. O. Raven, H. Saylor, D. S. Van Hecke, Merrill; 
G. H. Riddick, Wabeno ; C. F. Rehling, Fremont; W. C. 
Reineking, Wales; W. H. Rem^r, Chaseburg; H. A. Rice, 
Gays Mills; Verne Roberts, National Home; B. N. Robinson, 
P. L. Scanlon, Prairie du Chien ; R. C. Rodecker, Holcombe ; 
A. M. Rosenheimer, Fox Lake; J. Ross, Bloom City; W. C. 
Roth, Franksville ; B. B. Rowley, Whitefish Bay ; E. A. Ruka, 

F. S. Tuffley, Boscobel; L. W. Sayles, Baraboo; G. H. Schlen- 
ker, Cazenovia ; O. P. Schoofs, Johnsburg; E. L. Schroeder, 
Shawano ; S. G. Schwartz, Humbird ; B. E. Scott, Berlin ; 
George Senn, De Pere ; A. T. Shearer, F. E. Shearer, Edger- 
ton; N. S. Simons, Taylor; J. E. Simpson, Endeavor; H. A. 
Sincock, Odanah ; Rock Sleyster, L. L. Taylor, Athel H. 
Wedge, Waupun ; A. D. Smith, Gilmanton ; George T. Smith, 
C. W. Wilkowski, Chippewa Falls; H. A. Smith, Winter; L. 

G. Smith, Ellsworth ; Brand Starnes, Mauston ; W. L. Steph- 
enson, Ladysmith ; A. F. Stueck, Michicott; E. X. Thompson, 
Cudahy; J. H. Thompson, Wittenberg; R. D. Thompson, 
Reedsburg; G. E. Towle, Mosinee; E. H. Townsend, New 
Lisbon ; P. T. Trowbridge, Washburn ; L. O. Voorus, E. P. 
Webb, Beaver Dam ; F. C. Walch, Black Creek ; O. E. 
Westedt, Loganville; George D. Whiteside, Plover; H. C. 
Wiger, Dallas; Thomas Willett, West Allis ; F. J. Woodhead, 
Merten; C. A. Yates, Bangor; L. E. Youmans, Mukwonago. 

In many cases the honor of representing the profession 
at the front went to one physician in a small town, the other 
remaining at home to do a "double shift" in caring for the 
health of the civilian population. Many physicians who did 
not see actual war service at the front did equally as valuable 
service in the state. 



CHAPTER SEVENTEEN 
The Y. M. C. A. and Its Record. 

The opportunity of proving itself was given to many or- 
ganizations during the war, and to none was this true more 
than the Young Men's Christian Association. Its men wore 
uniforms which typified actual service. They went over the 
top with the soldiers, and served side by side with the men 
of the navy. The value of the organization had long been 
known to thousands of Americans. Now that the war is over, 
it means to added millions an organization for practical, 
human Christianity, the kind that has service to humanity as 
its goal. 

In every army camp, on every battle front, on every 
ship, the Y. M. C. A. was the haven for the man in the service. 
There he wrote his letters home, he found reminders of home 
which made him a better soldier, he brought his daily prob- 
lems and found assistance and comradeship. 

Wisconsin's Y. M. C. A. did its share. The people of the 
state, quick to recognize its worth, contributed generously to 
its war funds, and in this made another splendid record. 

Much of the work of organizing and inspiring the work- 
ers in the three financial campaigns in Wisconsin fell upon 
Dr. J. B. Modesitt, general secretary of the Milwaukee Y. 
M. C. A. The campaigns were officially handled by a state 
committee, which included C. C. Gittings, Racine, president of 
the state association ; Herbert F. Lindsay, Milwaukee, treas- 
urer; C. B. Willis, Milwaukee, recording secretary; O. H. 
Ingram, Eau Claire, who died during the war; A. E. Mielenz, 
Milwaukee; Emerson Ela, Madison; N. J. Ross, Beloit; J. H. 
Taylor, Green Bay; H. E. Andrews, Portage; H. P. Breese, 



370 Wisconsin In The World War 

Waukesha; R. P. Perry, Reedsburg; F. C. Comstock, Milwau- 
kee; F. J. Harwood, Appleton; E, W. Kellogg", Milwaukee; 
W. W. Vincent, Kenosha; H. A. Moelenpah, Clinton; George 
B. Wheeler, Eau Claire ; F. G. Findley, Milwaukee ; W. S. 
Naylor, Appleton. 

After the first campaign, in May, 1917, the state associa- 
tion forwarded $120,000 to New York as the result of Wis- 
consin contributions. 

For the second campaign the state was divided into ten 
districts with the following district chairmen and campaign 
directors : 

No. 1— T. J. Roth, Superior; Wallace G. Wright, Su- 
perior. No. 2 — George B. Wheeler, Eau Claire ; E. P. Hunt, 
Eau Claire. No. 3 — J. N. Manson, Wausau ; F. A. Hathaway, 
Kenosha. No. 4 — J. H. Taylor, Green Bay; E. W. Branden- 
burg, Milwaukee. No. 5 — George W. Burton, La Crosse ; 
A. C. Gran, La Crosse. No. 6 — Isaac P. Witter, Grand Rap- 
ids; O. C. Artman, Beaver Dam. No. 7 — F. J. Harwood, Ap- 
pleton ; John Gredler, Waukesha. No. 8 — A. W. Kopp, 
Platteville; A. Z. Mann, Madison. No. 9— H. A. Moelenpah, 
Clinton; F. O. Leiser, Madison. No. 10 — H. F. Lindsay, 
Milwaukee; Louis C. Bradshaw, Racine. 

It was estimated that not less than 1,000 communities 
conducted active campaigns for this war fund, and that more 
than 16,000 workers were engaged as team members, working" 
under the following county chairmen : 

District No. 1 — Douglas, J. M. Walz, Superior; Bayfield, 
T. F. Beers, Washburn ; Ashland, Allan T. Pray, Ashland ; 
Iron, A. L. Ruggles, Hurley ; Sawyer, Henry E. Rohlf, Hay- 
ward ; Washburn, L. H. Mead, Shell Lake; Burnett, O. H. 
Caspers, Grantsburg. 

District No. 2 — Eau Claire, A. J. Keith, Eau Claire ; Chip- 
pewa, L. W. Newman, Chippewa Falls ; Dunn, Al C. Ander- 
son, Menomonie ; Pierce, J. E. Foley, Ellsworth ; Barron, Or- 
rin Ingram, Rice Lake ; Rusk, J. A. Carow, Ladysmith ; Pepin, 
Shirley Tarrant, Durand ; Polk, Harry Baker, St. Croix Falls ; 
St. Croix, T. M. Olsen, Hudson. 



Wisconsin In The Woeld Wak 371 

District No. 3 — Marathon, Harry Berger, Wausau ; Lang- 
lade, E. H. Palmer, Antigo; Lincoln, W. J. Tesch, Merrill; 
Oneida, C. P. Crosby, Rhinelander; Vilas, Grant Cook, Eagle 
River; Price, L. D. Sperry, Phillips; Taylor, J. S. Landon, 
Medford; Clark, George E. Crothers, Neillsville. 

District No. 4 — Brown, C. J. Fogarty, Green Bay; Door, 
Henry Fetzer, Sturgeon Bay; Kewaunee, Edward Seyk, Ke- 
waunee; Shawano, Ira J. Weeks, Shawano; Oconto, J. B. 
Chase, Oconto; Marinette, Dr. H. F. Schroeder, Marinette; 
Forest, O. J. Swanson, Crandon; Florence, Edward Elmer, 
Florence. 

District No. 5 — La Crosse, F. P. Hixon, La Crosse; Trem- 
pealeau, C. B. Melby, Whitehall; Jackson, Samuel Lund, Black 
River Falls; Monroe, Dr. F. P. Stiles, Sparta; Vernon, C. J. 
Smith, Viroqua; Buffalo, S. G. Gilman, Mondovi. 

District No. 6 — Wood, G. O. Babcock, Grand Rapids; 
Portage, T. H. Hanna, Stevens Point; Juneau, C. A. Veeder, 
Mauston ; Adams, S. H. Mills, Friendship ; Waushara, C. T. 
Taylor, Wautoma; Green Lake, H. D. Stoor, Berlin; Mar- 
quette, R. W. Richards, Montello. 

District No. 7 — Outagamie, William Wolf, Appleton ; 
Waupaca, W. A. Olen, Clintonville ; Winnebago, W. G. Max- 
cy, Oshkosh ; Manitowoc, George Vits, Manitowoc ; Fond du 
Lac, Dr. A. J. Pullen, North Fond du Lac ; Sheboygan, Walter 
Kohler, Sheboygan ; Calumet, Rev. A. T. Dewey, Chilton. 

District No. 8 — Crawford, W. R. Graves, Prairie du 
Chien ; Richland, J. T. Mordy, Richland Center ; Grant, F. C. 
Meyer, Lancaster; Iowa, R. E. Hoskins, Dodgeville ; Lafay- 
ette, C. F. McDaniel, Darlington, 

District No. 9 — George W. Davies, North Freedom ; Co- 
lumbia, F. A. Chadbourn, Columbus ; Dane, C. P. Norgord, 
Madison ; Jefferson, William Ballentine, Jefferson ; Green, P. 
F. Neverman, Monroe ; Rock, S. M. Smith, Janesville. 

District No. 10 — Washington, F. W. Bucklin, West Bend : 
Ozaukee, Harry W. Bolens, Port Washington ; Waukesha, 
E. R. Estberg, Waukesha; Milwaukee, H. O. Seymour, Mil- 
waukee; Walworth, J. F. Lyon, Elkhorn; Racine, C. C. Git- 



372 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

tings, Racine; Kenosha, M. S. Moss, Kenosha; Dodge, A. W. 
Wilcox, Horicon. 

The amounts raised for this fund, by counties, follow : 

Adams, $1,695.20; Ashland, $7,500.00; Barron, $7,500; 
Bayfield, $3,900; Brown, $20,000; 3,219.02; Burnett, $1,- 
500; Calumet, $906.71; Chippewa, $8,605.88; Clark, $5,- 
977.91; Columbia, $10,276.84; Crawford, $3,243.73; Dane. 
$53,448.95; Dodge, $8,596.49; Door, $4,000; Douglas, $20,- 
065.84; Dunn, $6,365.82; Eau Claire, $14,852; Fond du Lac, 
$17^844.49; Forest, $1,100; Grant, $15,039.64; Green, $9,- 
313.44; Green Lake, $4,370.15; Iowa, $7,681.11; Iron, $2,- 
533.50; Jackson, $3,000; Jefferson, $12,718.70; Juneau, $3,- 
437.45; Kenosha, $25,000; Kewaunee, $2,450; La Crosse, $35,- 
666.30; Lafayette, $5,578.65; Langlade, $5,528.28; Lincoln, $5,- 
036.37; Manitowoc, $10,500; Marathon, $25,776.33; Marinette, 
$15,000; Marquette, $1,813.89; Milwaukee, $174,000; Monroe, 
$7,096.50; Oconto, $3,988.85; Oneida, $5,800; Outagamie, $27,- 
442.25; Ozaukee, $908.75; Pepin, $1,000; Pierce, $3,600; Polk, 
$2,000; Portage, $6,000; Price, $2,083; Racine, $65,817; Rich- 
land, $7,610.95; Rock, $39,728.95; Rusk, $2,451.30; St. Croix, 
$4,108; Sauk, $12,000; Sawyer, $1,500; Shawano, $1,700; She- 
boygan, $23,023.59; Taylor, $2,722; Trempealeau, $6,424.45; 
Vernon. $8,517; Vilas, $1,000; Walworth, $12,665; Washburn, 
$690.55; Washington, $2,550; Waukesha, $12,374.18; Wau- 
paca, $4,260; Waushara, $500; Winnebago, $29,188.69; Wood, 
$14,851.85. 

The total contributed by Wisconsin to this campaign was 
$900,000, or $250,000 more than its quota. Nearly all of the 
counties sent in amounts which increased their totals, and 
other funds came in through student organizations. 

In the United War Work campaign the Y. M. C. A. work- 
ers did their part, also. Many of the chairmen of county or- 
ganizations were men who had handled the two strictly Y. 
M. C. A. campaigns. 



CHAPTER EIGHTEEN. 
The Knights of Columbus. 

With the Catholic population of about 600,000, Wisconsin 
contributed more than a million dollars to Knights of Co- 
lumbus war funds. 

While many non-Catholics subscribed to this amount, thie 
contributions came mainly from members of the church with 
which the order is affiliated, and the organization of the work 
was all in the hands of members of the order. 

The state was first called upon to contribute to the im- 
portant work of the Knights of Columbus abroad and at army 
camps at home when, in 1917, at a meeting in Chicago, W. H. 
Dougherty of Janesville, state deputy, reported that Wiscon- 
sin would raise $50,000 towards a national fund of $1,000,000. 
This meant a subscription for Knights of Columbus members 
of $5. Similar reports coming from other states, the conven- 
tion decided to raise $5,000,000. 

Walter M. Burke of Kenosha, state chairman on war 
activities, immediately called together a committee to plan 
the drive in the state. The members were Thomas A. De- 
laney, Kenosha, state secretary; W. H. Dougherty, Janesville, 
state deputy; Rev. Joseph E. Hanz, Beloit, state chaplain; 
John F. Martin, Green Bay. 

The total payments made by councils, including assess- 
ments and contributions, with the number of members par- 
ticipating, were : 

Superior, $263, $6,608 ; Milwaukee, 1321, $122,957.08; Mad- 
ison, 454, $9,069.54; Carroll, Janesville, 346, $5,484.65; St. 
Thomas, Beloit, 220, $6,500; Appleton, 168, $2,939.12; Osh- 
kosh, 198, $2,246.01; Green Bay, 463, $12,627.42; Fond du 



374 W I s c K s I N In The World W a e 

Lac, 553, $12,437.45; Hurley, 117, $1,943.71; Racine, 403, $5,- 
696.75; Manitowoc, 277, $4,839.86; Marinette, 196, $4,803.72; 
Sheboygan, 191, $3,744.44; Baraboo, 164, $3,597.15 ; Cuba City, 
153, $930; Ashland, 263, $3,033.65; La Crosse, 503, $16,993.28; 
Kenosha, 315, $8,305; Goldsmith, Chippewa Falls, 218, $4,- 
737.46 ; Antigo, 253, $4,242.22 ; Kaukauna, 202, $2,976.60 ; Wau- 
sau, 210, $3,000; Darlington, 270, $4,610.95; Merrill, 151, $1,- 
652; Stevens Point, 116, $1,459.06; Eau Claire, 276, $4,500.60; 
PlatteviUe, 94, $1,295.45; Monroe, 158, $667.97; Oconto, 113, 
$803.56; Watertown, 117, $1,423.40; Shullsburg, 130, $1,500; 
Manawa, 63, $814; Berlin, 69, $1,013; Grand Rapids, 129, $1,- 
802.31; Burlington, 181, $3,530.87; Columbus, 93, $1,089.35; 
Delavan, 147, $1,900; Portage, 135, $1,970; Lake Geneva, 89. 
$1,392; Arcadia, 118, $2,152.60; Waterloo, 67, $674.10; White- 
water, 74, $900; South Milwaukee, 65, $1,880; Elroy, 111, 
$551.54; Medford, 96, $1,739.60; St. Croix, Hudson, 174, $3,- 
433.76; Plymouth, 117, $2,128.88; New London, 119, $1,587.72; 
John Risen, Alarshfield, 115, $2,109.38; Waukesha, 80, $2.- 
347.15; Beaver Dam, 17, $1,747.53; Nicolet, Neenah-Menasha, 
100, $2,011.48; Campion, Prairie du Chien, 97, $2,065.60; Jef- 
ferson, 68, $1,025.75; total, $306,952.72. 

To this was added $500 from the county board of La- 
fayette county, personal contributions amounting to $821, 
and contributions from the following other sources : 

Milwaukee churches, $8,985.15; St. Mary's congregation, 
Richland Center, $551.85; St. Mary's congregation, Algoma, 
$213; Parish of Milton Junction, $1,090.50; A. O. H. Benton, 
$25; Collections at Ripon, $243.75; St. Patrick's congregation, 
Benton, $94.50; Normal Catholic association. River Falls, 
$151.50; Catholic students. University of Wisconsin, $835.50; 
citizens of Edgerton, $1,856; women of St. Mary's church, 
Colby, $19; Forest county, $1,522.36; Alumnae association, Su. 
Clare college, Sinsinawa, $100; St. Francis church. Hazel 
Green, $148; young people of Island Lake, $15; Royal Neigh- 
bors, Hayward, $5.30; young people, Buena Vista, $36; Cath- 
olic Order of Foresters, Eagle, $180.40; total, $16,172.81. 

The grand total raised in this campaign was $324,346.53. 



Wisconsin In The World Wak 375 

The per capita contribution by councils was : 

Milwaukee, $93.07; La Crosse, $33.78; St. Thomas, $29.54; 
Waukesha, $29.33; South Milwaukee, $28.92; Green Bay, 
$27.27; Kenosha, $26.36; Marinette, $24.50; Superior, $23.07; 
Beaver Dam, $22.69; Fond du Lac, $22.49; Baraboo, $21.93; 
Goldsmith, $21.73; Campion, $21.29; Nicolet, $20.11; Madi- 
son, $19.98; St. Croix, $19.73; Sheboygan, $19.60; Burlington, 
$19.50; John Eisen, $18.34; Arcadia, $18.24; Plymouth. $18.19; 
Medford, $18.12; Appleton, $17.49; Manitowoc, $17.47; Dar- 
lington, $17.07; Antigo, $16.76; Hurley, $16.61; Eau Claire, 
$16.30; Lake Geneva, $15.64; Jefferson, $15.08; Kaukauna, 
$14.73; Berlin,' $14.68; Portage, $14.59; Wausau, $14.28; Ra- 
cine, $14.13; Grand Rapids, $13.97 ; Platteville, $13.78; New 
London, $13.34; Janesville, $12.96; Manawa, $12.92; Delavan, 
$12.92; Stevens Point, $12.57; Watertown, $12.16; White- 
water, $12.16; Columbus, $11.71; Ashland, $11.53; Shulls- 
burg, $11.53; Oshkosh, $11.34; Merrill, $10.94; Watertown, 
$10.06; Oconto, $7.11 ; Cuba City, $6.07; Elroy, $4.96; Monroe, 
$4.22. 

On September 11, 1918, the first plans for participation in 
the United War Work Campaign were made. On September 
26 a booster meeting was held in the Auditorium in Milwau- 
kee, at which every council was represented. Bishop Paul 
Rhode of Green Bay addressed that miceting and gave assur- 
ance of whole hearted support by Catholic citizens. In this 
campaign the Knights of Columbus were represented by Rev. 
Joseph E. Hanz of Beloit, Walter M. Burke of Kenosha and 
W. J. Nuss of Sheboygan. The state quota for all war work 
was $3,390,000, but it raised $4,537,182. Of this amount the 
Knights of Columbus were credited with $798,544.03. 

The total contribution of the state, therefore, to the 
Knights of Columbus was $1,122,887.56. 

The campaigns for the collection of funds were handled 
in the councils by the following members who headed local 
committees : 

Sheboygan, Henry A. Detling, William A. Reiss. Henrv 
W. Trester, J. R. Davy, Edward Sohre, Anton Starich. 



376 Wisconsin In The World Wab 

Plymouth— William W. Birkle, Michael H. Hand, Prof. John 
Enright, Leo P. Fox, Louis Zeigler, Karnes Prindeville. Ap- 
pleton — F. J. Rooney, Rev. W. J. Fitzmaurice, Stephen Bal- 
liet, Gustave Kellar, C. E. Mullen, William Fountain, George 
A. Smith, Thomas H. Ryan. Jefferson — F. J. Beck, N. J. 
Braun, T. J. Mistele, John Herman, Joseph Eiden, O. J. 
Kerschenstiener, William J. Berg. Grand Rapids — C. E. 
Boles, W. H. Carey, J. L. Reinhart, J. L. Nash, Rev. William 
Reding, Ray F. Johnson, Henry E. Fitch. Green Bay — H. F. 
Sutton, Fred E. Burroll, John F. Hogan, Arthur E. Schu- 
macher, Earl Murray, John F. Martin. Marinette — Edw^ard 
A. Golden, Leo J. Evans, Robert Murphy, Henry McGev^an, 
Frank J. Lauerman, John Moore. Baraboo — M. J. Caughlin, 
Rev. E. C. O'Reilly, John A. Malone, C. A. Hoffman, J. E. 
Buckley, O. J. Hornung, George W. Hov^e. Nicolet, Neenah- 
Menasha — John Mayer, Andrew W. Anderson, Dr. George F. 
Fork, John Schreibies, T. Edward McGillan, F. J. Senseii- 
brenner. St. Thomas, Beloit — E. J. Rinehart, M. T. George, 
John B. Clark, Joseph E. Knight, M. H. Schwellenbach, Wil- 
liam O'Neil, Timothy Kelley. Carroll, Janesville— W. H. Mc 
Guire, John Cullen, Albert Wilbur, W. B. Sullivan, W. T. 
Flaherty, W. H. Dougherty, John E. Kennedy, Rev. William 
Mahoney. Oconto — Mathew P. Bellew, Henry A. Merline, 
Frank Schauer, Louis E. Brazeau, William Flatley, Antone 
Mathey. Columbus — W. J. Riedner, L. L. Tobin, R. J. 
Luders, C. P. Zeigler, Lloyd Sharrow, Rev. H. R. Murphy. 
Marshfield — John Ersen, John Basselbalch, T. D. Spaulding, 
L. J. Clark, T. J. Tuchscher, E. C. Meichler, Rev. H. J. Stehl- 
ing. Wausau — A. E. Lussier, W. Del Curtis, J. S. Coel, J. 
L. Kelley, D. V. Hart, Dr. R. M. Frawley. New London— 
W. M. Garot, Dr. F. S. Loss, J. F. Croak, Jacob Werner, 
Mark V. Murphy, Michael McLaughlin, John T. Kelley, 
Joseph Kalmes, Matthew Clark, Russell Wilkinson. Ashland 
— E. H. Quistorff, Frank Keena, Francis L Sullivan, Thomas 

E. Sullivan, E. J. Hoppenyan, Howard Garvin, Clarence Mc 
Donnell. Berlin— F. H. Younglove, J. M. O'Connell, Rev. 

F. J. Fiss, Dr. J. F. Riordan, H. B. Basing, Lawrence Fin- 



Wisconsin In The Wokld War 377 

nesty, John Krabling. Campion, Prairie du Ciiien — S. F. 
Corken, E. L. Grady, H. E. Seipp, Carl Ivers, A. B. Curran, 
Thomas J. Bergen, S. V. Taylor. Fond du Lac — Dr. Coad, 
Edward Kramer, M. Fitzsimmons, Charles Snow, D. F. Blew- 
ett, M. K. Reiley, T. E. Ahern. Lake Geneva — A. J. Smith, 
Edward F. Dunn, Richard Powers, William Thiel, Ernest J. 
Host, Paul Gavin. Goldsmith, Chippewa Falls — John M. Ben- 
nett, Eugene O'Neil, J. B. Piotowski, W. P. Cruse, F. R. 
Hughes, William E. De Kelver, Rev. P. J. Fullen. Water- 
town — Henry Winkler, Fred J. Ruesch, William Klecker, 
James W. O'Brien, William Kelley, Ray Higgins, Ray Casey, 
Edward Carey, Edward O'Bryne, William Collins. Kaukauna 
— L. F. Nelson, F. W. Grogan, Joseph Jansen, A. R. McDon- 
ald, H. B. McCarthy, H. L. Donahue. Racine— A. J. Weber, 
James Higgins, Henry Keefe, John R. Powers, Lewis Sanders, 
Jerome Foley. Madison — Charles O'Neil, Rev. P. B. Knox, 
John Moran, Leo Lussuschlos, Leo Crowley, Michael Cleary. 
Darlington— B. B. McGreane, Dr. W. H. McWilliams, John 
O'Brien, Rev. G. P. O'Riley, John G. McGrath, John J. 
O'Boyle. La Crosse — W. L. Rissiter, Rev. Ambrose Murphy, 
Joseph M. La Vaque, John C. Burns, Dr. Edward Evans, A. 
H. Schubert. Medford— J. J. Kostner, V. A. Hursch, J. 
Bauernfeind, Jodge M. A. Buckley, Max Bach, E. O. Paquet. 
Stevens Point — James B. Sullivan, D. J. Leahy, F. M. Glen- 
non, J. J. Hart, F. J. Blood, Dr. D. S. Rice, J. W. Glennon. 
Platteville— L. C. Boulia, Rev. F. J. Lillis, Dr. T. M. Savage, 
James E. Kennedy, James Dolan, Casper Eberhardt, Charles 
Burg, Thomas Haley, Ira Murphy, Michael Trainor. Osh- 
kosh— R. M. Kutchin, J. E. Doyle, B. A. Hoffman, William 
M. Castle, Jr., Henry A. Henkel, Rev. J. C. Hogan. Arcadia 
— George Kostner, Rev. Joseph L. Hauck, F. C. Richmond, 
William F. Haines, Joseph D. Stencil, Michael Abts. Monroe 
— George Whalen, M. T. Gettings, Ray Fitzgibbons, Francis 

E. Lawboley, Frank Thorpe, Peter Jones. Beaver Dam — Dr. 

F. J. Metzger, Peter M. Kettenhofen, F. J. Malone, George W. 
Hall, Nicholas Berrigan, J. W. Deniger, John Bodden. Man- 
awa — P. J. Malloy, Rev. McGinley, Dennis Griffin, Edward 



378 Wisconsin In The "World Wae 

Golden, Robert O'Brien, Frank Goetz, Edward Carew. Elroy 
' — Henry G. Rowan, John P. Sheridan, John J. Colhns, John 
Slaney, John P. Conway, R. P. Clark, William Flood. St:. 
Croix, Fludson — C. F. Mayer, Rev. J. A. Barney, James Sher- 
ry, D. F. O'Connell, Frank Coyle, William Cavanaugh. Bur- 
lington — Louis Rein, C. Roy MaCanna, J. T. Prasch, Albert 
M. Brehm, Leonard Cunningham, Henry N. Stang, Rev. Philip 
Dreis. Eau Claire — J. B. Fleming, James Wickham, Roy P. 
Wilcox, Rev. A. B. C. Dunne, Rev. P. H. Toeller, S. J. Mc 
Guinnes, Thorp Wilcox, J. J. Kelley, Jr. Cuba City — M. J. 
Conlon, C. H. Bartlett, George Vosbrige, R. F. Conlon, H. D. 
Meloy, Dr. J. F. Kenney. Whitewater — F. J. Conaty, John 
Ward, Edward Sweeney, George Reddy, T. A. Kachel, 
Thomas Cummings, J. J. Deisch. Portage — Thomas M. Mul- 
cahy, Louis F. Yanko, T. J. Cuny, William O. Kelm, Herbert 
J. Slowey, Oswald E. Hurbuer. Merrill— J. M. O'Reily, R. 
W. Barrett, John Elsen, A. P. Schewe, D. E. Lussier, W. H. 
Aubuchen, B. J. Gahan. South Milwaukee — W. H. Rouse, M. 
F. Keese, T. E. Ward, Jr., C. V. Liner, J. C. Bettinger, W. E. 
Fitzgerald. Waterloo — L. F. O'Bien, Rev. F. Hess, Rev. C. 
M. Nellin. Kenosha — Joseph W. Tully. Frank Isermann, Ed- 
ward J. Sullivan, J. E. Tully, Joseph Zens, Rev. Czerwinski, 
Rev. J. J. Conway, Walter M. Burke. Manitowoc — Aubrey 
Egan, J. E. Gary, Joseph Connell, Harry F. Kelley, Frank 
Hoffman, Edward Kelley. Milwaukee — Joseph H. Zens, 
Frank J. Studnicka, M. D. Byrne, Robert Wittig, Frank J. 
Smith, Joseph N. Hallitz. Antigo— J. J. Fitzgerald, M. A. 
O'Brien, E. J. Fox, T. F. Lee, W. M. Schobinger, J. R. Heben- 
streit. Delavan — James H. Murphy, D. M. Duggan, J. J. 
Cahill, Rev. Fisher, M. Cusack, A. Morrissey. Hurley — T. 
F. Egan, John Flangan, J. E. Murphy, H. J. Connors, Edward 
Gibbons, M. E. Downs. 

The work of the representatives of the Knights of Co- 
lumbus in army camps and wherever the soldiers or sailors 
of the United States were stationed is well known. The work 
in the temporary camps in Wisconsin was undertaken by local 
councils and by the state organization. 



CHAPTER NINETEEN. 
National League For Women's Service. 

In February, 1917, the Woman's Club of Wisconsin sent 
a letter to all the organized associations of women in Mil- 
waukee, asking- them to cooperate in forming a Patriotic 
league. On March 7, 1917, delegates from 109 of these or- 
ganizations met in the Athenaeum, and the League of Patriotic 
Women of Milwaukee was formed. Officers were elected and 
resolutions were adopted offering the services of the league tC) 
the mayor of Milwaukee "in the event of war." The number 
of organizations increased to 160, with a membership of more 
than 15,000. The league was at liberty to call upon the mem- 
bers to assist in any undertaking and 1,044 registered for 
specific service during the war. The league was the pioneer 
in many war activities which later were transferred to nation- 
al organizations. 

The officers of the league were : 

Mrs. John W. Mariner, president ; Mrs. Frank L. Vance, 
first vice-president; Mrs. Fred Vogel, Jr., second vice-presi- 
dent ; Mrs. Nathan Glicksman, third vice-president ; Mrs. 
George Lines, recording secretary ; Mrs. L. C. Wheeler, cor- 
responding secretary ; Mrs. Louis Auer, treasurer ; Mrs. Chas. 
L. Easton, headquarters secretary; Miss Anne E. Peterson, 
executive secretary; Mrs. E. L. Philipp, Mrs. John L. Mitchell, 
Mrs. Robt. A. Johnston, Mrs. E. P. Vilas, Mrs. H. H. Jacobs, 
Mrs. John Laflin, Mrs. August H. Vogel, Mrs. E. J. Kearney, 
Mrs. John P. Hume, Mrs. Fred C. Pritzlaff, Mrs. Abraham, 
LeFeber, Mrs. James H. Hackett, Mrs. Geo. H. Noyes, Mrs. 
C. E. Anderton, Mrs. I. Sawicki, Mrs. Henry Sullivan, Mrs. 
Geo. H. Russell, Mrs. Sidney M. Cohen, board of directors. 



380 Wisconsin In The World War 

At the second meeting of the League of Patriotic Women 
of Milwaukee, it was voted that as the National League for 
Woman's Service was a national organization with practical- 
ly the same aims and ideals as the League of Patriotic Women, 
the Milwaukee league should be merged into the national 
league and that all officers of the league should become the 
officers of the National League for Woman's Service in Wis- 
consin. 

On April 20, 1917, more than 3,000 women attended a 
mass meeting. Registration for paid and volunteer service 
began at headquarters which were opened at 428 Milwaukee 
street. There the registration committee catalogued appli- 
cants and assigned them to various activities. 

Among the first activities was the establishment of three 
demonstration gardens, where 350 women worked during the 
summer under the direction of Mrs. August H. Vogel and 
Mrs. Henry B. Hitz. The produce, transported by the Motor 
corps to canning centers, and additional fruits and vegetables 
purchased for the purpose, were canned by the domestic 
science classes of the public and high schools, and as a result 
4,200 containers of canned and preserved fruits and vegetables 
were distributed to needy persons through the Associated 
Charities, St. Vincent de Paul and the Hebrew Relief soci- 
eties. In 1918 1,000 containers of canned fruits and vegetables 
were collected for distribution to the sick through the Visit- 
ing Nurses association, the Society for the Care of the Sick 
and the Tuberculosis division of the Health department. 

Knowing the scarcity of good camp cooks, the league 
established in June, 1917, under the direction of Aliss Ella 
Babcock and Miss Ora Blanchar, a camp cooking class for 
sixteen men selected by the officers of the National Guard, 
instructions being given in the evening in the domestic science 
department of one of the public schools, the teachers using 
the army cook book and being assisted by a mess sergeant 
from the Guard. 

The league started knitting in May, 1917, for men in 
service. By September they had registered 1,420 knitters 



Wisconsin In The Wobld War 381 

who had completed 5,148 knitted garments which were sent to 
the Navy Welfare league in Washington to equip the 575 
men on the Battleship Wisconsin and other men in the navy. 
Additional garments were knitted for the crew of the Tusca- 
rora, and men in camps at Waco and at Chickamauga park. 
In September, 1917, a call came to the Red Cross for knitted 
goods for the army, and the league knitted 7,347 garments 
for the Milwaukee chapter of the American Red Cross. In 
April, 1918, the league was made the navy auxiliary of the 
Red Cross, and contributed from its own supply of yarn 7,761 
knitted garments, and out of yarn furnished by the Red Cross, 
2190, to the Milwaukee chapter of the American Red Cross. 
This made a total of 23,446 garments. This committee was 
organized by Mrs. George H. Noyes, who was chairman until 
October, 1918, with Miss Dorothy Conway as vice-chairman. 
Upon Mrs. Noyes' resignation, Mrs. John Laflin became chair- 
man. 

The clerical division, of which there are 325 members, did 
valuable work under Mrs. Charles L. Easton. The members 
gave their services to the seventeen local army boards, the 
district board, the Wisconsin Industrial commission, the Loy- 
alty legion, the department of justice, the legal advisory board, 
the county council of defense and the Milwaukee county war 
fund. In all, 568 women gave 46,600 hours of work. 

Two calls came to the league for special groups of women 
to assist in government work. The first was from the legal 
advisory board in December, 1917, when a group of 
100 women was organized under Mrs. George Lines, 
chairman, to take charge of the office work, the in- 
formation desk and the foreign language department. 
These women worked in three shifts from 9 in the morn- 
ing until 9 :30 at night for thirty days and furnished 
interpreters in twenty-three different languages. A total 
of 33,000 select men had questionnaires filled out at this 
session of the legal advisory board. At five succeeding ses- 
sions of the board, members of the same group of women fur- 
nished similar services. In June, 1918, the chief of police of 



382 Wisconsin In The World War 

Milwaukee appealed to the league to furnish registrars for the 
registration of alien women of Milwaukee and this work was 
carried on under the direction of Mrs. Lines. In four days 
the league organized a force of 420 women who in ten days 
registered 11,421 alien women. They worked in shifts of 
100, from 6 in the morning" until 9 at night. 

The Home Relief Committee of the league was organized 
in September, 1917, with Mrs. C. E. Anderton as chairman, 
with separate headquarters, to make new garments and col- 
lect used garments for men, women and children, and dis- 
tribute them through accredited organizations to the needy. 
This department worked in co-operation with the women's 
ward organizations of the council of defense. When Mrs. An- 
derton left this department to take charge of child welfare 
for the Health department, Mrs. August H. Vogel was made 
chairman, and Mrs. Sidney M. Cohen vice-chairman. The 
Home Relief committee made 4,717 new garments. It col- 
lected, mended and distributed 7,072 used garments. In Oc- 
tober, 1918, the committee answered the appeal for clothing 
for fire sufferers of Superior, sending 247 new garments and 
424 used garments. The sewing at headquarters was done by 
one paid worker and a volunteer stafif of 110. Christmas, 
1917, the committee provided twenty-two families, including 
112 children, with clothing and a two-weeks' supply of food. 
Christmas, 1918, it took care of thirty-five families, totaling 
253 individuals and made and filled 897 Christmas stockings. 

The league took part in all campaigns for war work, and 
developed a Booth committee, Mrs. Frank L. Vance, chair- 
man and Mrs. A. C. Umbreit, vice chairman, with 380 mem- 
bers and booths in department stores, hotels, railroad stations 
and other public places. In the campaigns the following 
record was made : Third Liberty Loan, $723,700 ; Fourth Lib- 
erty Loan, $533,050; Second Red Cross War Fund, $20,004; 
Second Red Cross Christmas membership drive, $4,318; War 
Savings Stamp campaigns, $107,434; total, $1,388,506. 

An efficient Motor corps was organized in May, 1918. 
The officers were Capt. Edith Thompson and Lieuts. Flora 



Wisconsin In The World W a b 383 

Forrest and Katherine Boyd. This corps furnished assistance 
to all organizations engaged in war activities, furnishing fifty- 
one cars and answering on an average of 600 calls per month. 
In August the Red Cross was given orders to organize a motor 
corps and applied to the league for assistance. It seemed 
inadvisable to attempt to establish two motor corps in Mil- 
waukee and the league, with the broad spirit of co-operation 
it endeavored to maintain, offered its corps to the Red Cross. 

After September 1, 1917, no soldier left Milwaukee without 
being given at the station a Cheer Package from the league. 
These packages contained chocolate, stationery, stamps and 
cigarettes and were given personally by a member of the 
league. Packages were given to 16,416 Milwaukee county 
soldiers and sailors and members of the Polish Legion. 

A committee, Mrs. L. G. Bournique chairman, collected 
hundreds of books, magazines and Victrola records for the 
Y. M. C. A. and sent ten large boxes of books to the National 
Guard camp at Waco. 

A committee, Mrs. Fred Vogel, Jr., chairman, was ap- 
pointed to keep in touch with the various hospitals and dis- 
tribute flowers to the sick soldiers, sailors and marines. 

When the government called for Baedekers, pictures and 
maps of the war district of Europe, the league established a 
committee, Mrs. C. J. Mcintosh, chairman, to collect thi.s 
material, a large quantity of which w^as sent to the war de- 
partment. 

The league gave a scholarship of $200 in Occupation 
Therapy at Milwaukee Downer College, the beneficiary pledg- 
ing herself to continue this important post-war work for at 
least a year after completing her course. 

The league begun a new work in undertaking the canteen 
department of the new Army and Navy club established in 
Milwaukee under the auspices of the War Camp Community 
Service. 

Much of the success of the league is due to the work of 
the publicity committee, Mrs. Nathan Glicksman, chairman, 
and Mrs. Henry Sullivan, vice-chairman. 



CHAPTER TWENTY. 
Wisconsin Nurses In The War. 

The part that the nurses of Wisconsin played in the war 
called forth this tribute from the Central Division headquar- 
ters of the American Red Cross : 

"Wisconsin is entitled to some very sincere congratula- 
tions. Certainly the splendid showing by Wisconsin nurses 
may give the state the right to proudly feel that she has played 
an important part in the war." 

That statement was made after the record of the nurses 
had been made. It showed that 452 young women had gone 
to war that more men might come back. It does not tell the 
story of the heroism which prompted this service, nor the 
story of the service of these women in camps and at the battle 
fronts. 

The department of nurses is the oldest in the Red Cross, 
and ten years ago there were in the United States 10,000 reg- 
istered nurses, of the highest grade, each of whom had com- 
pleted at least three years in a hospital having an average of 
fifty patients a day, ready for any call the Nation might make. 
When the world war began the first step taken by the Red 
Cross was to take a census all over the country, and in which 
Wisconsin joined, to find the number of nurses available. 

Wisconsin was then divided into three districts, with 
local committees in Milwaukee, Madison and Oshkosh. The 
state was reorganized. For the Eastern district the commit- 
tee had headquarters in Milwaukee, with Miss Regine White 
as chairman. The Southern district headquarters were in 
Madison, with Miss Anna Haswell as chairman. Central dis- 
trict had headquarters in Oshkosh, with Miss Frances Karow 



Wisconsin In The Wokld Wab 385 

as chairman, and the Western district headquarters were in 
La Crosse, with Mrs. Eva Wolf as chairman. 

These chairmen, working under Mrs. G. R. Ernst, Mil- 
waukee, state chairman, enlisted the following young women 
who served in the camps at home and abroad : 

Margaret E. Campbell, Adehne R. Canciain, Eleanor 
Carey, Margaret Considine, Minnie Ethel Cressey, Mary E. 
Cummings, Leona A. Dean, Mary Devine, Josephine Dun- 
schen, Maude E. Feuerstein, Bessie Bricker Fields, Marguerite 
Fisch, Elsie Fischer, Wilamine M. Fisher, Rose A. Flanagan, 
Marie E. Fox, Inez Augusta Fowler, Lucia Freeman, Stella 
Fuller, Ella M. Fullerton, Augusta M. Gehrs, Mathilda C. 
Geimer, Ida E. Gerbing, Amanda Groh, Frances A. Gunz, 
Florence A. Haas, Marie Halloran, Mary Hanley, Margaret 
M. Hartigan, Ruth Winifred Haskins, Nettie A. Hawley, 
Anna Heil, Marguerite L. Howard, Constance H. Hoyt, Kath- 
ryn E. Huenink, Julia Clara Jahn, Elsie Ann Jerrison, Hilda 
Mary John, Emma L. Kelly, Mary D. Kennedy, Elizabeth M. 
Kepper, Norma I. Knapton, Emilie Koeding, Martha C. Koltis, 
Erna Kowalke, Clara A. Kringle, Bertha Krueger, Elizabeth 
Ladwig, Bertha Lampe, Elizabeth Leenhouts, Clara Lewan- 
dowski, Olga Lightenberg, Doris Lindsay, Alma T. Lund, 
Eleanor Maher, Agnes Cecelia Mahon, Eunice Rose Mann, 
Ruth M. Marlowe, Ada Margaret Martin, Kathryn Master- 
son, Stella S. Mathews, Rose E. Michalski, Minnie Ellen 
Mochle, Anna Morgan, Anna Motl, Edith Owen Mueller, Ger- 
trude B. Murphy, Mary K. Murphy, Gudrun Myrseth, Ann 
Esther McEntee, Minnie M. McEwen, Eva B. McGinn, Ella 
McGovern, Nettie Nelson, Olga Nicholine Nelson, Sophie 
Neubert, Alice Norton, Marion E. Oakes, Marjorie E. O'Keefe, 
Agnette C. Olson, Helen O'Neill, Marie Ann Otto, Margaret 
C. Padden, May P. Pelkey, Florence I. Philipp, Amelia Pretti, 
Grace H. Pritchard, Helen F. Rabdall, Esther L. Reinertson, 
Irene M. Riordon, Otilia E. Roob, Kathryn I. Rose, Clara L. 
Ruchti, Anna E. Ryan, Mildred A. Ryan, Clara Salzman, 
Gertrude Sanberg, Alice E. Shafifer, Isabel Eve Schmidt, 
Bertha M. Schultz, Mary V. Shanley, Rose Sherger, Mae Ruth 



386 Wisconsin In The World War 

Sheehan, jNIargaret B. Siegfried, Frances E. Selbaugh, Jean 
Simpson, Evelyn C. Smith, Martha T. Smith, Rose Smith, 
Margaret J. Spellman, Laura I. Stark, Marie Stuchies, Magda- 
lina Suttinger, Dora Stauber, Ruth N. Tanner, Selma E. 
Thamke, Agnes Tompkins, Teresa ]\1. Toner, Jennie K. Tra- 
montin. Bertha M. Turner, Carnelia Van Kooy, Clara Voelz, 
Louise AL Walter, Margaret E. Whalen, Ella A. Wichmann, 
Helen Wipperman, Matilda B. Wolf, Melitta Wupper, Edith 
M. Young, Margaretha H. Zeitler, Ella E. Zwieg, Catherine 
G. Albert, Belle Anderson, Minnie Elfreda Arndt, Caroline 
W. Banghart, Alice Lorinda Barney, Laura Lena Beck, 
Marion D. Behrend, Rosemond M. Blackbird, Bess B. Blais- 
dell, Irene Bollerud, Alma H. Brunk, Margaret Budde, Bessie 
B. Busse, jMilwaukee ; Loretta H. Cape, Racine; Stella E. 
Carlier, Green Bay ; Mar}^ A. Casey, Janesville ; Ella L Cav- 
ender, Green Bay ; Bertha Christensen, La Crosse ; Artha R. 
Clasen, Waukesha ; Beatrice C. Colburn, Appleton ; Eva Irene 
Colyer, Ableman ; Mary L. Coppens, Green Bay ; Anna M. 
Cosgrove, Eau Claire ; Bya Chapman, Bangor, Mich. ; Mary 
A. Collins, Waukesha, 111. ; Irene M. Corbett, Menomonie, 
Mich. ; Frieda Detjen, Sheboygan ; Mary Margaret Early, 
Green Bay ; Helena Martha Erdman, Neenah ; Eleanor E. 
Evans, Waukesha ; Elpha A. Fees, Racine ; Carolyn I. Francken, 
De Pere ; Ada Thomasa Garvey, Seneca; Ruth Vivian Gault, 
Elm Grove ; Nellie Mary George, Racine ; Laura E. Green- 
wood, Rochester, Minn. ; Alma J. Griebel. Elkhorn ; Freda 
D. Grutzmacher, Appleton; Rose Grutzmacher, Wauwatosa; 
Erma Augusta Haas, Green Bay ; Beata Mary Haasch, Green 
Bay ; Millie Halgrim, Dodgeville ; Lucy P. Hardwick, Mari- 
nette ; Mildred Louise Hehne, Appleton ; Zillah Viola Helge- 
con, Irma; Etta Laura Herold, Wauwatosa; Emma L. Horn, 
National Home ; Martha B. Horn, Minneapolis, Minn. ; Mar- 
garet C. Hughes, South Mihvaukee ; Clara M. Hull, Antigo; 
Lillian Iserman, National Home ; Edith Mae Jette, Green 
Bay ; Maude E. Jette, Green Bay ; Mary A. Kaloner, Antigo ; 
Otillie Kawallo, National Home ; Ruth Helene Kimball, 
Beloit; Helen M. Kinney, Wauwatosa; Grace F. Kissling, 



Wisconsin In The World \Var 387 

Chicago, 111. ; Lucile D. Koshnick, Stevens Point ; Gertrude C. 
Kuntz, Salem, Ore.; Nellie M. Lee, Janesville ; Rose Marie 
Lefebvre, Marquette, Mich. ; Anna Marie Lerch, Wauwatosa ; 
Ruth Lieber, Marinette; Elizabeth May Linsdau, Eau Claire; 
Olga Lucks, Wauwatosa ; Anna Luetscher, Beloit ; Carrie 
Barbara Marek, Green Bay; Margaret M. Meany, Manitowoc; 
Ruth J. Myhre, Chippewa Falls ; Mary McGovern, Fond du 
Lac ; Feliceine M. McShane, Flales Corners ; Lydia Margaret 
Neff, Racine ; Marie H. Nigl, Appleton ; Emily Marie Paquette, 
Green Bay; Sophia B. Paulus, Rhinelander ; Mary Anna Plutz, 
Green Bay; Mabel C. Pope, Portage; Bertha M. Reckner, 
Beaver Dam; Mary A. Regan, La Crosse; Blodwyn L. Rob- 
erts, Bangor, Pa. ; Leoba D. S. Sawyer, Rice Lake ; Martha 
E. Schelp, Racine; Laura H. Schneiberg, Beloit; Emily M. 
Schmitz, Fond du Lac; Marthe Schumacher, Port Washing- 
ton; Alice E. Smith, Beloit; Edith M. Smith, Minocqua ; Mar- 
garet M. Smith, Fox Lake; Clarissa M. Snider, Green Bay; 
Ida M. Stanley, Burlington; Helen Hand Stevens, Peru, Ind. ; 
Marion O. Stigler, Waukesha; Charlotte G. Strand, Racine; 
Lois Marguerite Stubbs, Beloit ; Violet C. Talty, Wauwatosa ; 
Margaret Thomas, Eau Claire ; Violet Avellina Tonelle, Green 
Bay; Hortense M. Trautman, Minneapolis, Minn.; Aagot 
Adele Wang, Eau Claire ; Margaret C. Wang, Eau Claire ; 
Clara Wegge, Chicago, 111. ; Anna Marie Weiss, Kenosha ; 
Charlotte Williams, Statesan ; Ruby F. Winn, Granton ; Olga 
Wistoff, Appleton; Janet H. Worden, Racine; Zeta M. 
Wright, Columbus ; Rose R. Zirataky, La Crosse ; Louise 
Zorn, Alexandra, Minn. ; Gertrude K. Zollman, Wauwatosa ; 
Eleanor Zuppann, La Cro.sse ; Minda Greenhelde Henson, 
Merrill; Mary Lillian Stevenson, Fond du Lac; Mabel M. 
Dunlap, Lodi ; Clara Louise Barnette, Oshkosh ; Mary Louise 
Bentley, Sparta ; Agnew Bill, Oshkosh ; Elsie Bohlman, Fond 
du Lac ; Myrtle Golden Chapman, Granton ; Alvida C. Cul- 
vertson, Marinette ; Alta Edith Cross, Oshkosh ; Mary Adrian 
Davenport, Marshfield ; Sybil C. Davis, Appleton ; Claire D. 
Fell, Marshfield ; Nellie E. Folkman, Clintonville ; May Owen 
Franklin, Grand Rapids ; Mary C. Gorman, Wausau ; Lydia 



388 Wisconsin In The World War 

S. Heilman, Oshkosh ; Mabel B, Hubbell, Portage ; Augusta 
A. Johnson, South Bend, Ind. ; Matilda Pauline Knudson, 
Lexington, Ky. ; Christine Olive Kroyer, Oshkosh ; Ruby 
Muriel McKenzie, Arpin; Theta C. Mead, Merrill; Catherine 
Millar, Mary Ann Nigl, Oshkosh ; Rebecca M. Paulson, She- 
boygan ; Lucy E. Ramstead, Newberry, Mich. ; Henrietta 
Rather, Jane Theresa Taylor, Fond du Lac ; Martha Voie, 
Scandinavia; Lydia M. Zwicky, Olga W. Zentner, Osh- 
kosh ; Lenna S. Ahlstrom, Eau Claire ; Eva Margaret Barry, 
Sparta ; Margaret Boschert, Rochester, Minn. ; Anna Marie 
Boyum, Peterson, Minn. ; Mathilda Buchda, La Crosse ; Rose 
Clara Charvat, Wauzeka ; Lena L. Conlam, Sparta ; Ruth E. 
Daub, Eau Claire ; Stella Loretta De Barr, Baraboo ; Blanche 
M. Draper, La Crosse; Leone Elizabeth Faber, Rochester, 
Minn.; Cora M. Fairbanks, La Crosse; Anna B. Fox, Eau 
Claire ; Delia Geneva Gessner, La Crosse ; Clara Hanson, 
Black River Falls ; Neenah Hanson, Taylor ; Selma A. John- 
son, La Crosse ; Mary Elizabeth Kelley, Woodman ; Kather- 
ine B. Kranta, La Crosse ; Clara G. Lewis, Eau Claire ; Carrie 
A. Monate, Chippewa Falls ; Abigail Anne Mahoney, Gales- 
ville ; Inger Maland, Rushford, Minn. ; Mabel Maila, La 
Crosse ; Marie Matson, Eau Claire ; Hilman Pauline Nelson, 
La Crosse ; Jessie L. Nyhus, La Crosse ; Angela B. O'Reilly, 
La Crosse ; Mary Margaret Powers, Eau Claire ; Thelka 
Prens, La Crosse ; Marie E. Rawlinson, La Cro.sse ; Mary A. 
Regan, La Crosse ; Sarah L. Stetter, La Crosse ; Wilhelmina 
Dodothe Wermuth, La Crosse ; Esther Margaret Weymiller, 
Loyal ; Grace Adella Wipf, lola ; Emma Woll, La Crosse ; 
Claudia L Achtenhagen, Mayville ; Helen Cunigunda Bulov- 
sky, Madison ; Irene K. Burdick, Madison ; Amy B. Chamber- 
lain, Madison ; Gertrude C. Clark, Beloit ; Mathilda Cleberg, 
Rio ; Nina Fern Cole, Madison ; Anna Mae Coleman, Mana- 
wa; Letta lone Cooper, Madison; Edna M. Coughlin, Keno- 
sha ; Edna Margaret Doepke, Portage ; Gretchen Esch, Madi- 
son : Florence Foley, Madison ; Catherine Mary Fries, Glid- 
den ; Anna T. Fuerstenberg, Madison ; Georgette C. Genin, 
Madison; Anne C. Gibbs, Beloit; Eva Greisen, Sturgeon Bay; 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 389 

Elma Irene Groves, Lodi; Marguerite Rebecca Hall, Prairie 
du Chien ; Agnes Hansen, Kenosha ; Winifred G. Hickey, 
O'Neill, Neb.; Anna Beatrice Honzik, Madison; Bertha Oliva 
Jacobsen, Madison; Clara Jansky, Yuba, Mich.; Lillian M. 
Knaak, Watertown ; Ida T. Knutson, Madison ; Clare Bertha 
Kuscher, Madison ; Wanda Dreger Kurth, Chippewa Falls ; 
Ruth Miriam Lamphere, Madison ; Agnes L. Larsen, Keno- 
sha ; Clara T. Larsen, Madison ; Anne J. Lockwood, Dane ; 
Annie M. Lowry, Beloit; Emily Lillian Meyers, Madison; 
Ada Grace Miller, Madison ; Susan Bailey Mitchell, Dodge- 
ville; Eva D. M. Monat, Madison; Anna M. Mortonson, Fox 
Lake ; Margaret MacDonals, Janesville ; Sarah V. McGivern, 
Kenosha ; Charlotte E. McGlone, Madison ; Sara J. Nelson, 
Madison ; Grace Pascoe, Cuba City ; Edna Proctor, Janesville ; 
Mary Emogine Ralph, Madison ; Florence J. Ramstead, Eau 
Claire; Minnie J. Reppen, Dane; Geda Jorgina Rosendahl, 
Stoughton ; Teckla Mary Scheldrup, Stoughton ; Clara E. 
Schmitt, Madison; Minnie Schrieber, Baraboo; Sievert Wil- 
helmire. Sun Prairie ; Anna Marie Simonis, Amherst Junc- 
tion ; Molly Bawn Smith, Baraboo; Minnie H. Sommerfeldt, 
Janesville; Lydia Jessie Sprecher, Madison; Vivant M. Stew- 
art, Madison; Ellen Moriel Stubkjaer, Stoughton; Mildred 
M. Tichenor, Madison ; Amy Jean Webster, Madison ; Maude 
Hazel Webster, Madison ; Ida A. Wellman, Janesville ; 
Beatrice E. Wick, Madison ; Maud Williams, Palmyra ; Ella 
Lorena Winn, Beloit; Martha T. Wunderlich, Madison; Meta 
Alberts, Chilton ; Amanda Anderson, Norway, Mich. ; Char- 
lotte H. Baenen, Junction City, Kas. ; Rosetta M. Barbour, 
Sheboygan ; Elizabeth F. Basing, Wautoma ; Margaret E. 
Bender, Wauwatosa; Anna Berrum, Waukesha; Hilda I. Ber- 
rum, Holman ; Amy Leona Bishop, Viroqua ; Alydia Bras- 
kamp. Green Bay; Dorothy Brewster, South Kaukauna; 
Lorena E. Brewster, Appleton ; Marie G. Alio, Green Bay ; 
Caroline A. Bauerman, Elkhorn ; Nina Bishop, South Mil- 
waukee ; Elizabeth N. Casey, Oshkosh ; Ruth E. Daub, Eau 
Claire ; Rose I. Egerer, Milwaukee ; Anna L. Eitel, Milwau- 
kee ; Beatrice A. Emerson, Milwaukee ; Claire D. Fell, Marsh- 



390 Wisconsin In The World War 

field; Anna B. Fox, Eau Claire; Anna Presley, Elroy ; Aurelia 
Fitzgerald, Wauwato.sa ; Sybil C. Grannis, West Menomonee; 
Minda G. Hanson, Merrill ; Jeanette Hays, Milwaukee ; 
Martha J. Heil, Waukegan, 111. ; Selma A. Johnson, La Crosse; 
Ottilie Johnrich, Milwaukee ; Marie Johnson, Westby ; Audrey 
Jones, West Allis ; Lillian N. Knaak, Watertown ; Myra W. 
Kimball, Green Bay; Paula M. Knicks, Fond du Lac; Mate 
J. Kinney, Kenosha ; Pauline Kluempen, Eau Claire ; Frances 
A. Knoblauch, Milwaukee; Harriet Ketter, Milwaukee; Agnes 
L. Larsen, Kenosha; Clara G. Lewis, Eau Claire; Annie M. 
Lowry, Beloit; Susan M. Lucia, Eau Claire; Helen C. Liefert, 
Iron River; Eulalia M. Leahey, Milwaukee; Mae M. Mc 
Namara, Waukegan, 111. ; Emma D. Merkt, Milwaukee ; Anna 
N. Mortonson, Fox Lake; Theta C. Mead, Merrill; Mrs. L. 
A. Moore, Monroe; Katherine Z. Melaney, Milwaukee; Edan 
V. Meuret, Milwaukee; Millicent Northway, Kenosha; Alice 
L. Nolan, Wauwatosa ; Edith O. Roberts, Milwaukee ; Helen 
Robinson, New Richmond ; Sister Catherine, Green Bay ; 
Sarah L. Stetter, La Crosse ; Chloe Stark, Milwaukee ; Mary 
L. Stevenson, Fond du Lac; Anna M. Specht, West Allis. 

These nurses enlisted for the duration of the war, and 
were required to go where they were ordered. Many of 
them were ill during their service, and the roll of honor of 
the war dead will include some of their names. 

They were entitled to a rank in the army service, but had 
none other than that of the Red Cross insignia which they 
wore. An agitation nov/, because of their great service to 
the country, and for reasons that would benefit the service, 
for giving a rank to war nurses, is well w^orth considering. 
During the war many nurses gave orders based upon years of 
experience to men in the hospitals which were countermand- 
ed by men who happened to be officers, but who had no 
knowledge of nursing. It is contended that this situation 
should not continue. The nurses do not ask for more pay, 
but they ask for a rank which will give them authority to 
carry on their work for the greater benefit of the soldiers who 
are patients in the army hospitals. 



CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE. 
The Red Cross. 

The American Red Cross, incorporated by act of Con- 
gress, headed by President Wilson, is the greatest relief or- 
ganization, in war or peace, in the world. Its fundamental 
object in war time is the welfare of our enlisted men and their 
families. It would be impossible to summarize its varied ac- 
tivities — at home and abroad. 

The history of the Red Cross in Wisconsin is simply an 
epitome of Red Cross work throughout the Nation. As one 
of the recent campaign slogans put it, to become a member of 
the Red Cross "All you need is a heart and a dollar." At the 
outbreak of the war there were a few scattered Chapters, 
chiefly in the larger cities of the state, but, with the prompt 
organization of a state headquarters at Milwaukee, every 
county in the state was brought into line totaling seventy- 
seven Chapters at the end of hostilities. 

The Red Cross unit is a Chapter and the general plan 
followed is to organize a Chapter in each county seat cover- 
ing the entire county, where practicable. In a few cases, 
one large Chapter covered several counties, through the media 
of branches and, in a few cases, two or more Chapters were 
formed where there was more than one sizeable city in the 
county. The state is part of what is known in the national 
organization, as Central Division, with headquarters at Chi- 
cago, to which office the Chapters are accountable directly. 

The first War Fund Drive was launched in the spring of 
1917, before the state was fully organized, but this fact did 
not deter Wisconsin from far exceeding its quota of $1,100,000. 
The state contributed $1,563,977.43 to this fund. Individual 



392 Wisconsin In The Woeld War 

contributions varied from thousands of dollars to hard-earned 
dimes. 

Wisconsin settled down immediately to the production 
through Chapter workrooms of hospital garments and 
surgical dressings. In the summer of 1917 it was found no 
longer necessary to maintain a state headquarters, and the 
output of the workrooms was shipped direct to Chicago for 
inspection at the division warehouse. The interest of most 
of the women of the state centered in this patriotic production 
of necessities and comforts for our men and the supplies for 
our hospitals. A partial list of the articles being turned out 
at steadily increasing speed and steadily improving workman- 
ship would include knitted sweaters, socks, helmets, mufflers, 
all sorts of surgical pads and bandages, complete front line 
packets for first aid, pajamas, bed socks, hospital linen of all 
kinds, refugee clothing and the helpful comfort kits with 
which each soldier was provided on embarkation for France- 
Early in 1917 classes were started in the various Chapters 
to give instruction in first aid, elementary hygiene and home 
care of the sick. These classes later proved of great benefit 
because many young women who had taken this training 
helped to combat the influenza epidemic at the hospitals and 
in the homes in the state. 

With the mobilization of the National Guard the home 
service section assumed its first responsibility in the care of 
dependents. The Red Cross found a way of doing for the 
families of soldiers and sailors when trouble or misfortune 
came to them what the men themselves would have liked to 
have done were they at home. When the unforeseen hap- 
pened, when there was delay in the payment of monthly al- 
lowances, or when the allowance needed to be supplemented, 
the Red Cross was ready to help. Shortly after the declaration 
of war with Germany President Wilson, in an official procla- 
mation, designated the Red Cross as the one agency with 
which the government would cooperate in helping the fami- 
lies of soldiers and sailors. Friends, credit, and money might 
be called tools of home service. This assurance to the men 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 393 

at the front or on the high seas was greater because its pur- 
pose was to enable their families to better themselves. Be- 
cause of it, these men were able to "soldier" better. It was 
one of the greatest factors in maintaining morale in the army 
and navy. With the end of the war the home service took 
up a new phase of its work, the "after care" of the returning 
soldier, care of the disabled, and continued assistance to the 
families. Chapters all over the state were organized for home 
service work under trained workers. Thousands of families 
were being given assistance by the Red Cross in Wisconsin 
at the close of the war. 

The Red Cross was the channel through which the gov- 
ernment allowed letters, censored and revised, to be sent to 
and received from civilians in Germany and other enemy 
countries. Many thousands of such letters were dispatched 
from this state asking after the welfare of scattered families. 

Wisconsin was represented in Hospital service in France 
by Base Hospital No. 22, equipped in Milwaukee and recruit- 
ed from the state at large. The Milwaukee Chapter provided 
it with full equipment at a cost of $95,000, including articles 
made by the Chapter hospital supplies department. Base 
Hospital No. 22, stationed at Bordeaux, had the reputation of 
being the most thoroughly equipped and most eflFiciently 
manned of all the base hospitals. 

Partly as propaganda and partly to give the children 
throughout the country a chance to serve, the national head- 
quarters organized the Junior Red Cross. Children in the 
schools — kindergarten, grade, and high schools — became mem- 
bers by paying 25 cents. Each school room joined as a unit 
and when every room had joined the school was made "100 
per cent." Wisconsin claims the distinction of having the 
only Junior Red Cross in the country which publishes a paper 
of its own. 

The first Christmas Membership Campaign of 1917 add- 
ed 515,389 members to the Wisconsin roll, with a quota of 
311,000. 



394 Wisconsin In The World War 

The following May, Wisconsin, with a quota of $1,500,- 
000 subscribed to the Second War Fund $2,228,202. 

The Red Cross was engaged in many minor activities. It 
undertook to collect fruit pits and nut shells for the manu- 
facture of gas masks. It collected many carloads of clothing 
for the Belgian Relief drives. It aided the government's 
conservation program by the collection of tin foil, lead foil 
and kindred materials, and added substantially to the funds 
of its local Chapters by selling all kinds of waste to the junk 
dealers who cooperated loyally. 

In the larger cities motor corps were established through 
which young women devoted themselves and their cars to 
the service. 

Another department was the "watchful Canteen" which 
met troops when moving through towns and furnished them 
with free post cards, cigarettes and chocolate. 

Wisconsin sent many young women into the foreign serv- 
ice of the Red Cross. In addition to the nurses, many can- 
teen, clerical, and hut hostess workers, despite the strict re- 
quirements to which each one was subjected, entered service. 

Scores of Wisconsin boys, ineligible for military service, 
volunteered for the Red Cross automotive school in Chicago 
and saw active service as truck and ambulance drivers. 

The enthusiasm of Wisconsin in the great cause was in- 
dicated by the results in the last roll call, a month after the 
armistice was signed. Though figures are not complete at 
the time of writing, and despite the fact that the epidemic of 
influenza made personal canvassing impossible at that time, 
Wisconsin answered 700,000 strong to the roll call. 



CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO. 
The Spirit of the State. 

The spirit of the State in its war activities was exempli- 
fied by the Normal schools. They represented the great mass 
of the people who did their war work quietly, with no great 
amount of publicity. 

As the headquarters of the Students' Army Training 
Corps the Normal schools and the smaller colleges of the 
state performed an important duty during the war. Forty 
Normal school teachers entered the service, and it is esti- 
mated that more than 3,000 students left these schools for the 
army or navy. In all the war fund campaigns the Normal 
schools carried on individual drives which added to the state's 
total. The sums raised w^ere more than half a million dollars. 
The schools took an active part in Red Cross work, and from 
the staffs of teachers the state patriotic organizations recruited 
many speakers. The first meeting to discuss food conserva- 
tion in the state was held in the Stevens Point Normal school, 
at which every student signed a pledge to save food and urge 
others to do so. 

The Normal schools all offered their buildings and hous- 
ing facilities when the war department established the Stu- 
dents' Army Training Corps. When the problem arose the 
legislature, in special session, appropriated $195,000 for the 
building of barracks, but because of the cooperation of the 
schools only $80,000 was needed. 

The La Crosse Normal housed 120 men, the Milwaukee 
Normal 147, the Oshkosh Normal 92, the Platteville Normal 
102, the River Falls Normal 98, the Stevens Point Normal 62, 
the Superior Normal 90 and the Whitewater Normal 56, a 
total of 767 men inducted. 



396 Wisconsin In The World War 

Ripon College, Lawrence College at Appleton, Marquette 
University at Milwaukee and Delafield were other schools 
where these corps were trained. Beloit College gave special 
training in gas engine work. 

The war activities of the public schools extended into 
every branch. Nowhere was there so militant a patriotism. 

The Boys' Working Reserve, an organization which en- 
listed thousands of high school boys for work on the farms 
during the war, was an activity which reached into every 
county, and aided greatly in producing Wisconsin's great war 
crops. 

In every city and village, and in schools and wherever 
an audience could be found, the Wisconsin Four Minute Men 
did valiant service. Wisconsin theater audiences came to 
expect and applaud the brief address which they knew would 
follow or precede a performance or a film. Men went into 
this work who had not been known as public speakers, but 
the spirit of the time and the patriotism of their state made 
them orators. The arguments they drove home — a brief 
sentence or perhaps a word — were of unestimable value in 
every campaign for funds or other support of the war. 

The churches of the state displayed the patriotism that 
was common with other organizations. Nearly every church 
in the state had a service flag, which was proudly dedicated, 
and, as casualty lists made it necessary, blue stars were 
changed to gold. 

Christian Science congregations all over the state con- 
tributed to a fund which maintained workers at the front. 
More than $100,000 was given for this purpose, and from a 
central office, maintained also by contributions, the soldier 
or sailor was kept in touch with the folks at home. 

Other churches formed war community circles, and were 
militant in their patriotism. 

Wisconsin hotel men responded to the call for cooks for 
the army. The general committee for this activity in Wis- 
consin and Michigan was headed by Ray Smith of Milwaukee, 
and other Wisconsin members were Ernst Clarenbach, Mil- 



Wisconsin In The World Wab 397 

waukee; E. J. Carroll, Watertown and J. S. Smith, Milwaukee. 

In the United War Fund campaign, which included seven 
organizations, the Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., the Knights 
of Columbus, the Jewish Welfare Board, the War Camp Com- 
munity Service, the American Library association and the 
Salvation Army, Wisconsin contributed $4,546,706, or 134 per 
cent of its quota of $3,390,000. 

The state contributed $60,387.31 to the work of the Y. 
W. C. A. during a campaign which was handled mainly by 
the women's committee of the State Council of Defense. In 
this campaign 726 recruits were secured for the United States 
Student Nurse reserve. 

The state capitol was representative of the state in its 
war activities. In the four Liberty Loans the subscriptions 
were: First, $57,000; Second, $166,400; Third, $134,850; 
Fourth, $246,100. 

The capitol honor roll — men and women who went into 
the service — contained 141 names when the armistice was 
signed. The persons on this honor roll were : 

Leroy Herried, A. W. Kalbus, W. T. Hopkins, Orrin C. 
Fried, B. C. Wilcox, F. S. Moulton, F. A. Crocker, Erving 
Leudtke, A. C. Anderson, A. G. Harter, Rose Berry, W. C. 
Bartelt, A. O. Johnson, C. A. Ludwig, J. G. Bennett, John D. 
Leigh. R. S. Sheibel, C. N. Berteling, M. F. Wagner, A. Sli- 
winski, C. W. Blodgett, F, P. Hughes, F. S. Lamb, A. S. Bo- 
denstein, C. T. Anderson, H. B. Evans, W. J. Camlin, Laura 
M. Callen, F. G. Reyer, G. F. Eldred, Eugene Brossard, T. 
G. Bridge, G. J. Germond, Henry Casserly, Earl Taylor, J. 
E. Gillespie, Glen L. Ramsdell, C. E. Ranseen, W. J. Haselton, 
Henry B. Nelson, Will D. Moyer, N. M. Isabella, Howard L. 
Smith, Gardner Allen, C. H. Jaquish, Clarence N. Wolf, E. L. 
Williams, F. J. Kleinheinz, Albert S. Johnson, J. P. Schwada, 
S. A. Roszarek, Glenn L. Dickey, Fred Erickson, G. H. Nickell, 
Leo T Brennen, B. E. Antinoph, J. Pollock, J. C. Sutherland, 
C E. Schreiber, L. C. Rockett, A. O. Ayres, T. Stephens, T. 
B. Casey, W. R. Johnson, W. F. Wagner, Elias Roos, C. L. 
Farabaugh, E. N. Whitney, G. Hoseby, Lawrence Meyers, L. 



398 Wisconsin In The Wo eld War 

A. Carlson, J. H. Coe, William F. White, Edw. J. O'Meara, 
C. N. Brue, A. J. McAdams, Edwin Johnson, E. L. Neff, Ed- 
ward Fitzpatrick, Welton E. Johnson, William Strasser, 
Joseph Rank, Blair Converse, R. H. Bussewitz, George H. 
Ledwith, J. O. Entringer, Marshall Depew, Franklin D. Blu- 
menfeld, Raymond Lewis, A. F. Trebilcock, M. S. Dudgeon, 
Ray S. Mallow, John G. Salsman, Charles C. McCarthy, G. 

B. Noble, Warren Schwartz, Franklin Meyer, M. Regina 
Cameron, Millard Johnson, Harold Meyer, Austin R. 
Matthews, G. F. Davy, James J. Hamilton, Allister B. Alex- 
ander, Edward E. Reichert, Harry Bellows, M. L. Stern, 
Dwight Getchell, L. E. Miles, Theodore Haack, Ovid Blix, 
Matt Patterson, L. G. Hart, E. E. Radke, R. F. Smith, G. E. 
Morris, P. Larson, F. A. Fenton, B. H. Drow, Fred Evans, 
Charles J. Timbers, Guy T. Ellis, C. M. Brown, J. G. Conley, 

C. Holmes, Hugo Reyer, A. E. Gilbert, Carl Young, Herbert 
Whipple, G. T. Grell, Ray S. Erlandson, G. D. Williams, L, 
R. Astell, W. A. Hitchcock, O. E. Bowers, J. R. Jacobson, 
H. Holmes, C. A. Richards, O. Breuer, Otho Fielder, Grady 
H. Hipp. 



INDEX 

Page 

The Pioneers b 

Wisconsin Prepares for War 9 

Roster National Guard Medical Officers 14 

Officer Roster First Infantry 17 

Officer Roster Second Infantry 18 

Officer Roster Third Infantry 19 

Officer Roster Pourtli Infantry 21 

Officer Roster Fifth Infantry 22 

Officer Roster Sixth Infantry 24 

Officer Roster First Field Artillery 25 

Officer Roster First Cavalry 2G 

Numeral Strength National Guard 27 

National Guard Equipped 35 

Health of Wisconsin Troops Safeguarded 39 

National Guard in France 45 

The War Time Legislature 51 

Expulsion of Senator Frank Rag-use 59 

Special War Session of Legislature 65 

Members Enter Service : 68 

War Time Legislative Correspondents 69 

The State Council of Defense 70 

Powers and Membership 71 

Work Is Outlined 75 

First Statewide Conference 77 

County Council Membership 80 

County Labor Bureaus Organized 95 

Distribution of Seed Potatoes and Grain 99 

Farm Labor Mobilized 102 

Investigation of Coal Situation 104 

Insurance Agents Aid Food Conservation 114 

Soldier Pal Movement Organized 117 

Increase In Crops Shown 122 

Move To Market Surplus War Crops 123 

State Meet To Discuss Coal Prices 127 

Wisconsin Press Praised 129 

Peoples Council of America 136 

Second Conference of County Councils 142 

State Council Urges Speedy War Program 152 

Third Conference of County Councils 153 

State Council Organizes Whole State 158 

President Wilson Commends Wisconsin 159 

Non-War Construction Committees 162 

The State Draft Administration 165 

Wisconsin Offers Election Machinery 166 

Offer Accepted by Secretary of War 167 

Local Draft Board Membership 168 

District Draft Board Membership 179 

Medical Advisory Board Membership 179 

Legal Advisory Board Membership 182 

Wisconsin Leads in Draft Legislation 186 

Wisconsin Leads Nation in First Report 190 

Registration of June, 1918 192 

Registration of August, 1918 ' 193 

Registration of September, 1918 193 

Total Registration in State 193 

State Praised by General Crowder 194 

Draft Administration Staff 194 



400 Wisconsin In The Wobld Wab 

The State Food Administration 196 

President Wilson Announces Plan 196 

First Conference in Washington 198 

State Food Administration Staff 200 

County Food Administrators 201 

Food Pledge Campaign 204 

Wheatless and Meatless Days Proclaimed 204 

Hoover Representative Praises State 208 

Nation Adopts Wisconsin Saving Plan 209 

University Students Sign Pledges 210 

Hoover Commends Wisconsin 211 

Hotels Show Great Food Savings 212 

Report of Charitable Institutions 212 

Flying Food Squadron Visits .State 212 

Potato Patriots Organized 213 

Sugar Beet Acreage Campaign Begins 214 

Campaign Against Food Hoarding 215 

Wisconsin Refuses to Eat Wheat Bread 217 

State Bakers Invent War Bread 218 

Farmers Join Food Campaign 219 

Administrators Meet in Madison 220 

Threshing Division Organized 221 

Violators Are Fined 222 

War Time Food Prices 223 

Retail Grocers Sign Pledges 224 

The State Fuel Administration 230 

Early Work By State 231 

Wisconsin White Ways Disappear 232 

Members of Fuel Administration 233 

Hotel Plan to Save Fuel 240 

Wisconsin Women In The War 242 

Executive Committee 244 

County Organizations 246 

Reports of Committee Chairmen 268 

The Wisconsin State Guard 275 

Stations 275 

Officer Roster — Seventh Infantry 276 

Officer Roster — Eighth Infantry 277 

Officer Roster — Ninth Infantry 278 

Officer Roster — Tenth Infantry 279 

Officer Roster — First Separate Battalion 280 

Officers State Guard Reserve 281 

The War Savings Stamp Campaigns 286 

Per Capita Savings by States 287 

Geography of The War 292 

Sales by Counties 296 

State Organization 299 

Map of The War Zone 304-305 

The University and the War 307 

Soldiers' and Sailors' Relief 324 

The Liberty Loan Campaigns 328 

Standing of The State 330 

Subscriptions by Counties — Seventh District 331 

Subscriptions by Counties — Ninth District 336 

County Organizations 339 

Sales by Women 349 

The Newspapers and The War 352 

The Farmers' Part In The War 358 

Wisconsin Physicians In The War 361 

The Y. M. C. A. and Its Record 369 

The Knights of Columbus 373 

National League For Women's Service 379 

Wisconsin Nurses In The War 384 

The Red Cross 391 

The Spirit of The State 395 

The Normal Schools 395 

United War Fund Campaign 397 

The State Capitol 397 



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